The voyage of the 'Fox' in the Arctic seas. A narrative of the discovery of the fate of Sir John Franklin and his companions

Chapter I

The Black Republican Party a Disunion Party — The Unanswerable Proofs — Their Open Hostility to the South — The Fanatics of the North urging on a " Crisis" that will rebound on the heads of the Freemen of the North, and bring down Labor in the North, to Starvation Prices! — The Ball set in motion — Strike of Six Thousand Mechanics ia ' Massachusetts — First Fruits of Republicanism.

Chapter II

Statistical Fallacies of Helper's Book — The True State of the Case — Large Balance in. favor of the South — The boasted Free Labor of the North overshadowed by the Productions of the South — Report of the Secretary of the United States Treasury — The Republican Party trying to Dissolve the Union of the States — The South in favor of Perpetuating the Union of these States, as long as their rights are respected — Republican Party a Sectional Party — The Proofs from Northern Men.

Chapter III

Helper's Slanders on the Non-Slaveholding People of the South Refuted — Better chance in the South for a Poor Man than in the North — The Proofs — Names of Prominent Statesmen of the South who have risen from Poverty to the highest Eminence — The Negro well treated in the South — Richly repaid for his Labor — Comparisons between the poor Whites of the North and the Negro of the South — The Strike of the poor "Whites in Massachusetts — They admit that they are worse off than the Slaves in the South.

Chapter IV

The Hypocrisy of Helper— In favor of Slavery in his Work issued IS.J.j— Driven from ■ the South for stealing three hundred dollars — Writes " Helper's Impending Crisis of the South"— Helper Denounces Free Negroes in his " Land of Gold"— Valuable Statistical information in regard to the Power and Wealth of the South— Seaports of the South— Shore line of States on the Atlantic Ocean in favor of the South of eighteen thousand miles more than the North— The power of the South to establish and maintain a separate and independent Government against the united North combined —The military strength of the South estimated at six million Whites— Her immense resources in case of War.

Chapter V

Helper's ignorance of the feelings of the Non-Slaveholding Population of the South te their Couutry — The Negroes of the South true to their Masters — The Proofs given at Harper's Perry — Nit a Slave attempted to run away — The South have no fears of the uprising of the Negroes — How the Negroes aided their Masters to repel the British, under Lord Comwallis, and at New Orleans — Report of the Virginia Legislature ou the Harper's Ferry Outrage.

Chapter VI

Republican Party Ruining the Trade of the North — Trade Crushed — The Bankruptcy of the entire North Predicted — Helper's Advice to the North adopted by the entire South — Republican Party Responsible for the Withdrawal of the Southern Trad? — "The Shoe commences to Pinch" — Helper's Statistics of the Prices of Land in the South demolished. ' •

Chapter VII

The Declaration of Independence quoted to prove that the Negro was not born " Created Free and Equal" with the White. Man—Judge Taney's Decision in the Dred Scott Case quoted to prove the Author's assertions.

Chapter VIII

N'orthern Testimony in regard to the Aggressions of the Republican Party against the South — Extracts from the Speeches of the Hon. J. A. Logan and Stephen A. Douglass — The Damage inflicted upon the Northern Merchants and Manufacturers by the Republican Party — The Proofs — The South in favor of Disunion in certain Contingencies — Eloquent Defense of the South by Hon. Horatio G. Seymour, of New York, an«l Col. J. W. Wall, of New Jersey.

Chapter IX

The South united to a Man, ready to beat back the Northern Hordes with Cannon and. Sword — Armories going up in the South — Manufactories increasing in every Southern State — The South could create a Bread Riot in the North any season, by withholding the Cotton Crop — Northern men should ponder well over these facts, before urging on this Republican Crusade against the South

Chapter X

Eloquent Defense of the South by the Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi— Who introduced Slavery into this Country? — The Republicans — Their Hypocrisy — A Dissolution of the Union inevitable, if the Republicans succeed — A War of Esterminatioa Predicted, if ouce commenced — Are the Northern People prepared for this ? — Answer at the Ballot-Boxes.

Chapter XI

The Bible sustains Slavery — Christ sustained Slavery — Slavery has existed in every age since the foundation of the World — The Proofs — The Negro as he is— His incapacity to govern himself — Free Negroes relapse into Barbarism — The Proofs — Conclusion and Appeal to the Northern People to sustain this Glorious Confederacy, by putting down the Republican Leaders.

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1JK

The Voyage of the 'Fox' in the Arctic Seas. A-NARRATIVE

OF THE

DISCOVERY OF THE FATE

OF

SIR JOHN FRANKLIN

AND

HIS COMPANIONS.

By CAPTAIN M'CLINTOCK, R.N., LL.D

WITH. MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

PHILADELPHIA:

J. T, L L 0"Z-D, i«t

Dedication

My Dear Lady Franklin,

There is no one to whom I could with so much propriety or willingness dedicate my Journal as to you. For you 't was originally written, and to please you it now appears in print.

To our mutual friend, Sherard Osborne, I am greatly obliged for his kindness in seeing it through the press — a labor I could not have settled down to so soon after my return ; and also for pointing out some omissions and technicalities which would have rendered parts of it unintelligible to an ordinary reader. These kind hints have been but partially attended to, and, as time presses, it appears with the mass of its original imperfections, as when you read it in manuscript. Such as it is, however, it affords me this valued opportunity of assuring you. of the real gratification I feel in having been instrumental in accomplishing an object so dear to you. To your devotion and self-sacrifice the world is indebted for the deeply interesting revelation unfolded by the voyage of the 'Fox.'

Preface

The following narrative of the bold adventure which has successfully revealed the last discoveries and the fate of Franklin, is published at the request of the friends of that illustrious navigator. The gallant M'Clintock, when he penned his Journal amid the Arctic ices, had no idea whatever of publishing it ; and yet there can be no doubt that the reader will peruse with the deepest interest the simple tale of how, in a litttle vessel of one hundred and seventy tons burden, he and his well-chosen companions have cleared up this great mystery.

To the honor of the British nation, and also let it be said to that of the United States of America, many have been the efforts made to discover the route followed by our missing explorers. The highly deserving men who have so zealously searched the Arctie seas and lands in this cause must now rejoice, that after all their anxious toils, the merit of rescuing from the frozen North the record of the last days of Franklin has fallen to the share of his noble-minded widow.

Lady Franklin has, indeed, well shown what a devoted and true-hearted English woman can accomplish.

The moment that relics of the expedition commanded by her husband were brought home (in 1854) by Eae. and that she heard of the account given to him by the Esquimaux of a large party of Englishmen having been seen struggling with difficulties on the ice neai the mouth of the Back or Great Eish Biver, she resolved to expend all her available means (already much exhausted in four other independent expeditions) in an exploration of the limited area to which the search must thenceforward be necessarily restricted.

"Whilst the supporters of Lady Franklin's efforts were of opinion that the Government ought to have undertaken a search, the extent of which was, for the first time, definitely limited, it is but rendering justice to the then Prime Minister* to state, that he had every desire to carry out the wishes of the men of sciencef who appealed to him, and that he was precluded from acceding to their petition, by nothing but the strongly expressed opinion of official authorities, that after so many failures, the Government were no longer justified in sending out more brave men to encounter fresh dangers in a cause which was viewed as hopeless

* Viscount Palmerston.

f See the Memorial (Appendix) addressed to the First Lord of the Treasury, headed by Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, General Sabine, and many other men of science, and which, as President of the Royal Geographical Society, I presented to the Prime Minister ; and also the speech of Lord Wrottesly, the President of the Royal Society, who, in the absence of the lamented Earl of Ellesmere, brought the subject earnestly under the notice of the House of Lords on the 18th of July, 1856.

Hence, it devolved on Lady Franklin and her friends to be the sole means of endeavoring to bring to light the true history of her husband's voyage and fate.

Looking to the list of Naval worthies who, during the preceding years, had been exploring the Arctic Kegions, Lady Franklin was highly gratified when she obtained the willing services of Captain M'Clintock to command the yacht 'Fox,' which she had purchased ; for that officer had signally distinguished himself in the voyages of Sir John Eoss and Captain (now Admiral) Austin, and especially in his extensive journeys on the ice, when associated with Captain Kellett. With such a leader, she could not but entertain sanguine hopes of success when the fast and well-adapted little vessel sailed from Aberdeen on the 1st of July, 1857, upon this eventful enterprise.

Deep, indeed, was the mortification experienced by every one who shared the feelings and anticipations of Lady Franklin when the untoward news came, in the summer of 1858, that, the preceding winter having set in earlier than usual, the 'Fox' had been beset in the ice off Melville Bay, on the coast of Greenland, and after a dreary winter, various narrow escapes, and eight months of imprisonment, had been carried back by the floating ice nearly twelve hundred geographical miles — even to 68 J° N. lat. in the Atlantic ! (See the woodcut map, No. 1.)

But although the good litle yacht had been most roughly handled among the ice-floes (see Frontispiece), we were cheered up by the information from Disco, that, with the exception of the death of the engine-driver in consequence of a fall into the hold, the crew were in stout health and full of energy, and that, provided with sufficient fuel and provisions, a good supply of sledging dogs, two tried Esquimaux:, and the excellent interpreter Petersen the Dane,* ample grounds yet remained to lead us to hope for a successful issue. Above all, we were encouraged by the proofs of the self-possession and calm resolve of M'Clintock, who held steadily to the accomplishment of his original project ; the more so, as he had then tested and recognized the value of the services of Lieutenant (now Commander) Hobson, his able second in command ; of Captain Allen Young, his generous volunteer associate ;f and of Dr. "Walker, his accomplished Surgeon.

Despite, however, of these reassuring data, many an advocate of this search was anxiously alive to the chance of the failure of the venture of one unassisted yacht, which after sundry mishaps was again starting to cross Baffin's Bay, with the foreknowledge that, when she reached the opposite coast, the real difficulties of the enterprise were to commence.

Any such misgivings were happily illusory; and

* Since lis return to Copenhagen, Petersen has been worthily honored by his Sovereign with the silver cross of Dannebrog.

t Captain Allen Young, of the merchant marine, not only threw his services into this cause, and subscribed £500 in furtherance of the expedition, but, abandoning lucrative appointments in command, generously accepted a subordinate post.

the reader who follows M'Clintock across the " middle ice" of Baffin's Bay to Pond Inlet, thence to Beechey Island, down a portion of Peel Strait, and then through the hitherto unnavigated waters of Bellot Strait in one summer season, may reasonably expect the success which followed.

"Whilst the revelation obtained from the long-sought records, which were discovered by Lieutenant Hobson, is most satisfactory to those who speculated on the probability of Franklin having, in the first instance, tried to force his way northwards through Wellington Channel (as we now learn he did), those who held a different hypothesis, namely, that he followed his instructions, which directed him to the S. "W., may be amply satisfied that in the following season the ships did pursue this southerly course till they were finally beset in K lat. 70° 05'.*

At the same time, the public should fully understand the motive which prompted the supporters of

* For a rtsumt of all the plans of research and the speculations of seamen and geographers, see the interesting and most useful volume of Mr. John Brown, entitled, "The North-West Passage and Search after Sir John Franklin," 1858. In an Appendix to this work, we learn that, from the earliest Polar researches by John Cabot, at the end of the 15th century, to the voyage of M'Clintock, there have been about 130 expeditions, illustrated by 250 books and printed documents, of which 150 have been issued in England. Amidst the various recent publications, it is but rendering justice to Dr. King, the former companion of Sir George Back, to state that he suggested and always maintained the necessity of a search for the missing navigators at or near the mouth of the Back River.

Lady Franklin in advocating the last search. Put ing aside the hope which some of us entertained, that a few of the younger men of the missing expedition might still be found to be living among the Esquimaux, we had every reason to expect that if the ships were discovered, the scientific documents of the voyage, including valuable magnetic observations, would be recovered.

In the absence of such good fortune we may, however, well be gladdened by the discovery of that one precious document which gives us a true outline of the voyage of the ' Erebus' and ' Terror.'

That the reader may comprehend the vast extent of sea traversed by Franklin in the two summers before his ships were beset, a small map (No. |) is here introduced representing all the lands and sea3 of the Arctic Eegions to the west of Lancaster Sound which were known and laid down when he sailed. The dotted lines and arrows, which extend from the then known seas and lands into the unknown waters or blank spaces on this old map, indicate Franklin's route, the novelty, range, rapidity, and boldness of which, as thus delineated, may well surprise the geographer, and even the most enterprising Arctic sailor.* For, those who have not closely attended

* The letter A in Baffin's Bay ("fig. 1) indicates the spot where Franklin was last seen. In fig. 2, B is the winter rendezvous at Beechey Island ; C, the greatest northing of the expedition, viz., 770 N. lat. ; Z, the final beset of the 'Erebus' and ' Terror' ; the extreme north and south points of their voyage being represented by two small ships.

■f See map on back of the large map in front of book.

PREFACE. l>j

to the results of other Arctic voyages may be informed, that rarely has an expedition in the first year accomplished more by its ships than the establishing of good winter quarters, from whence the real researches began by sledge-work in the ensuing spring. Franklin, however, not only reached Beechey Island, but ascended Wellington Channel, then an unknown sea, to 77° N. lat., a more northern latitude in this meridian than that attained long afterward in ships by Sir Edward Belcher, and much to the north of the points reached by Penny and De Haven. Next, though most scantily provided with steam-power, Franklin navigated round Cornwallis's Land, which he thus proved to be an island. The last discovery of a navigable channel throughout, between Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands, though made in the very summer he left England, has remained even to this day unknown to other navigators !

Franklin then, in obedience, to his orders, steered to the southwest. Passing, as M' Clin took believes, down Peel's Strait in 1846, and reaching as far as lat. 70° 05' K, and long. 98° 23' W., where the ships were beset, it is clear that he who, with others, had previously ascertained the existence of a channel along the north coast of America, with which the sea wherein he was interred had a direct communication, was the first real discoverer of the North- West Passage. This great fact must therefore be inscribed upon the monument of Franklin.

The adventurous M'Clure, who has been worthily honored for working out another North-Western pass- 2 age, wliicli we now know to have been of subsequent date,* as well as Collinson, who, taking the ' Enterprise' along the north coast of America, and afterward bringing her home, reached with sledges the western edge of the area recently laid open by M'Clintock, will, I have no doubt, unite with their Arctic associates, Bichardson, Sherard Osborn, and M'Clintock, in affirming, that "Franklin and his followers secured the honor for which they died — that of being the first discoverers of the North- West Passage."f

Again, when we turn from the discoveries of Franklin to those of M'Clintock, as mapped in red colors on the general map, on which is represented the amount of outline laid down by all other Arctic explorers from the days when these modern researches originated with f See a most heart-stirring sketch of the last voyage of Sir John Franklin, by Captain Sherard Osborn, in the periodical Once a week, of the 22d and 29th October and 5th November last. Possessing a thorough acquaintance with the Arctic Regions, the distinguished seaman has shown more than his ordinary power of description, in placing before the public his conception of what may have been the chief occurrences in the voyage of the 'Erebus' and 'Terror,' and the last days of Franklin, as founded upon an acquaintance with the character of the chief and his associates, and the record and relics obtained by M'Clintock. This sketch is prefaced by a spirited and graceful outline of all previous geographical discoveries, from the day when they were originated by the father of all modern Arctic enterprise, Sir John Barrow, to whom, and to many other eminent persons, from Sir Edward Parry downward, I have in various Geographical Addresses offered the tribute of my admiration.

Sir John Barrow, we perceive that, in addition to the discovery of the course followed by the ' Erebus' and 'Terror/ some most important geographical data have been accumulated by the last expedition of Lady Franklin.

Thus, M'Clintock has proved that the strait named by Kenedy in an earlier private expedition of Lady Franklin after his companion the brave ^Lieutenant Bellot, and which has hitherto been regarded only as an impassable frozen channel, or ignored as a channel at all, is a navigable strait, the south shore of which is thus seen to be the northernmost land of the continent of America.

M'Clintock has also laid down the hitherto unknown coast-line of Boothia, southward from Bellot Strait to the Magnetic Pole, has delineated the whole of King William's Island, and opened a new and capacious, though ice-choked channel, suspected before, but not proved, to exist, extending from Victoria Strait in a northwest direction to Melville or Parry Sound. The latter discovery rewarded the individual exertions of Captain Allen Young, but will very properly, at Lady Franklin's request, bear the name of the leader of the ' Fox' expedition, who had himself assigned to it the name of the widow of Franklin*

* In his volume before cited, p. 12, Mr. John Brown gave

strong reasons (which he had held for some time) for believing

in the existence of the very channel which now bears the name

of M'Clintock. It is, however, the opinion both of that officer

■ad his associates, as also of Captain Sherard Osborn, that

Neither has the expedition been unproductive of scientific results. For, whilst many persons will be interested in the popular descriptions of the native Esquimaux, as well as of the lower animals, the man of science will hereafter be further gratified by having presented to him, in the form of an additional Ap pendix,* most valuable details relating to the zoology botany, meteorology, and especially to the terrestrial magnetism, of the region examined.

Lastly, M'Olintock has convinced himself, that the best way of securing the passage of a ship from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is by following, as near as possible, the coast-line of North America: indeed, it is his opinion, founded upon a large experience, that no passage by a ship can ever be accomplished in a more northern direction. This, it is well known, was the favorite theory of Franklin, who had himself, along with Richardson, Back, Beechey, Dease, Simpson and Rae, surveyed the whole of that same North American coast from the Back or Great Fish River to Behring Strait. Thus, when Franklin sailed in 1845, the discovery of a North- West Passage wab reduced to the finding a link between the latter sux"- vey and the discoveries of Parry, who had already, to his great renown, opened the first half of a more northern course from east to west, when he was

Franklin could not have reached the spot where his ships were "beset by proceediag down that ice-choked channel, but that he must have sailed down Peel Sound.

* Much of this Appendix will be prepared by Dr. David Walker.

PREFACE. 2l

arrested by the impenetrable ice-barrier at Melville Island.

And here it is to be remembered, that the tract in which the record and the relics have been found, is just that to which Lady Franklin herself specially directed Kenedy, the commander of the ' Prince Albert,' in her second private expedition in 1852 ; and had that intrepid explorer not been induced to search northward of Bellot Strait, but had felt himself able to follow the course indicated by his sagacious employer, there can be no doubt, that much more satisfactory results would have been obtained than those which, after a lapse of seven years, have now been realized by the undaunted perseverance of Lady Franklin, and the skill and courage of M'Clintock.

The natural modesty of this commander has, I am bound to say, prevented his doing common justice, in the following journal, to his own conduct — conduct which can be estimated by those only who have listened to the testimony of the officers serving with and under the man, whose great qualities in moments of extreme peril elicited their heartiest admiration and ensured their perfect confidence.

In writing this Preface (which I do at the request of the promoters of the last search), I may state that, having occupied the Chair of the Eoyal Geographical Society in 1845, when my cherished friend, Sir John Franklin, went forth for the third time to seek. a North- West passage, it became my bound en duty, in subsequent years, when % his absence created much anxiety, and when I reoccupied the same position, ardently to promote the employment of searching expeditions, and warmly to sustain Lady Franklin's endeavors in this holy cause.

Imbued with such feelings, I must be permitted to say, that no event in my life gave me purer delight than when Captain Collinson, whose labors to support and carry out this last search have been signally serviceable, forwarded to me a telegram to be communicated to the British Association at Aberdeen announcing the success of M'Clintock. That document reached Balmoral on the 22d of September last, when the men of science were invited thither by their Sovereign. Great was the satisfaction caused by the diffusion of these good tidings among my. associates (the distinguished Arctic explorers Admiral Sir James Eoss and General Sabine being present) ; and it was most cheering to us to know, that the Queen and our Eoyal President* took the deepest interest in this intelligence — such as, indeed, they have always evinced whenever the search for the missing navigators has been brought under their consideration. The imme-

* At the Aberdeen meeting the Prince Consort thus spoke : "The Aberdeen whaler braves the icy regions of the Polar Sea to seek and to battle with the great monster of the deep ; he lias materially assisted in opening these icebound regions to the researches of science ; he fearlessly aided in the search after Sir John Franklin and his gallant companions whom their country sent forth on this mission ; but to whom Providence alas ! has denied the reward of their labors, the return to their homes, to the affectionate embrace of their families and friends, and the acknowledgments of a grateful nation."

diate bestowal of the Arctic medal upon all the officers and men of the ' Fox ' is a pleasing proof that this interest is well sustained.

But these few introductory sentences must not be extended ; and I invite the reader at once to peruse the Journal of M'Clintock, which will gratify every lover of truthful and ardent research, though it will leave him impressed with the sad belief, that the end of the companions of Franklin has been truly recorded by the native Esquimaux, who saw these noble fellows "fall down and die as they walked along the ice."

Looking to the fact, that little or no fresh food could have been obtained by the crews of the ' Erebus' and 'Terror' during their long imprisonment of twenty months, in so frightfully sterile a region as that in which the ships were abandoned — so sterile that it is even deserted by the Esquimaux — and also to the want of sustenance in spring at the mouth pf the Back Eiver, all the Arctic naval authorities with whom I have conversed, coincide with M'Clintock and his associates in the belief, that none of the missing navigators can now be living.

Painful as is the realization of this tragic event, let us now dwell only on the reflection that, while the North- West passage has been solved by the heroic self-sacrifice of Franklin, Crozier, Fitzjames, and their associates, the searches after them, which are now terminated, have, at a very small loss of life, not only added prodigiously to geographical knowledge, but have, in times of peace, been the best school for testing, by the severest trials, the skill and endurance of many a brave seaman. In her hour of need — should need arise — England knows that such men will nobly do their duty.

EODERICK I. MURCHISON".

CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Cause of delay in equipment— Fittings of the 'Fox' — Volunteers for Arctic service — Assistance from public departments — Reflections upon the undertaking — Instructions and departure — Orkneys and Greenland — Fine Arctic senery — Danish establishments in Greenland — Frederickshaabj in Davis's Straits Page 31

Chapter II

Fiskernaes and Esquimaux — The 'Fox' reaches Disco — Disco Fiord — Summer scenery — Waigat Strait — Coaling from the mine — Purchasing Esquimaux dogs — Heavy gale off Upernivik — Melville Bay — The middle ice — The great glacier of Greenland — Reindeer cross the glacier 47

Chapter III

Melville Bay — Beset in Melville Bay — Signs of winter — The coming storm ■ — Drifting in the pack — Canine appetite — Resigned to a winter in the pack — Dinner stolen by sharks — The Arctic shark — White whales and killers 58

Chapter IV

Snow crystals — Dog will not eat raven — An Arctic school — The dogs invade us — Bear-hunting by night — Ice-artillery — Arctic palates — Sudden rise of temperature — Harvey's idea of a sortie 70

Chapter V

Burial in the pack — Musk oxen in lat. 80° north — Thrift, of the Arctic fox — The aurora affects the electrometer — An Arctic Christmas — Sufferings of Dr. Kane's party — Ice acted on by wind only — How the sun ought to be welcomed — Constant action of the ice — Return of the seals — Revolving storm T!

CONTENTS.

Chapter VI

A bear-fight — An ice-nip — Strong gales, rapid drift — The 'Fox' breaks out of the pack — Hanging on to floe-edge — The Arctic Bear — An ice tournament — The 'Pox' in peril — A storm in the pack — Escape from the pack.