The new Latin America

Front matter

Gopyiiglitl^?,

COEffllGHT DEPOSm

THE NEW LATIN AMEEICA

Introduction

The average American of these United States who remembers his geography may know that America was discovered by an Italian from Spain, that tobacco is grown in Cuba and coffee in Brazil, that the Amazon is the largest river in the world, that the forests of those regions are full of tapirs, jaguars and boa constrictors, that the condor of the Andes is one of the largest birds, that cattle abound on the pampas of Argentina, and that revolutions are endemic in Mexico and Central America; but he would have trouble in carrying on a conversation of ten minutes about Latin America, and the writing of a thousand-word essay on the subject would drive him to despair. To such a person Dr. Warshaw's admirable book should come as a revelation, expanding his intellectual horizon, mitigating his provincialism and his Anglo-Saxon prejudice, and teaching him to recognize and appreciate the truly remarkable achievements of Latin- American civilization.

It is, indeed, surprising to find urban conditions in Latin America so similar to those of the United States, although in every part of the civilized world they seem to be conforming to certain types. Buenos Aires, for example, is a great seaport comparable to any of our own, with the usual ships, wharfs, railway terminals, derricks, flying cranes, grain elevators, packing plants, stores, office buildings, magnificent streets, electric lights, trolleys, motor cars, hotels, banks, churches, schools, hospitals, art galleries, newspapers, theaters, movies, and all the other conventional equipment of a modern metropolis. Even in the country districts one finds the most approved agricultural and mining machinery, roads, railways, bridges, telegraph lines, irrigation works, and fences, even, so like our own that one wonders whether Latin America is being ''Americanized" or whether the material progress so ch9,racteristiQ

vii viii Introduction

of the United States is but a phase of a far wider movement going on in every part of the world.

The same question arises as one reads of the more strictlycultural side of Latin- American life : the magnificent buildings and the noted scholars of many universities, the fine Law School at Pernambuco, Brazil, the Agricultural School at Sayago, Uruguay, the Military School at Rio de Janeiro, the Palace of Fine Arts at Santiago, Chile, the Coyoacan Art School of Mexico City. And then, of course, the cities have their leading merchants, manufacturers, physicians, lawyers, educators, clergymen, architects, painters, musicians; nor are the women's club and the feminist movement lacking to complete the picture of up-to-date, progressive civilization which is rapidly spreading everywhere and doing so much to unify the world.

While thus pointing out the resemblances between Latin- American civilization and our own. Dr. Warshaw by no means ignores the many points of difference due to race, history, geographical conditions, economic resources, and the savage background, which in some of the countries makes their civilization shine with a brilliant and almost lurid light. The ways of the Latins are in many respects different from ours, but all things considered, they have achieved notable results in encroaching upon the primitive savagery and in discovering and exploiting the vast resources which lay at their disposal, though frequently in difficult, if not inaccessible places. In this process of development the Latins have been greatly aided by foreign capital and adventurous spirits from the British Isles, Germany, Italy and, more recently, from the United States, many of whom have been consoled for their self-imposed exile by rich material rewards. Not a few of these have settled down among their Latin friends and neighbors, and it is interesting to find in Chile and elsewhere their descendants bearing such names as Tomas Le Breton and Vicuna Mackenna, reminding one of the old time soldiers of fortune of the British Isles who used to take part in foreign wars and whose descendants are now found in many parts of continental Europe.

Introduction ix

Of all the foreign pioneers of Latin America the most highly esteemed have been the British, because of their large investments and their reputation for solidarity, sincerity, and other sterling qualities. As Dr. Warshaw well says, ''The word of an Englishman {palahra de ingles) is the gold standard of commercial honor throughout Latin America." During the past generation the Germans have pushed the British hard, and they are now recovering a considerable part of the trade lost during the war. Of late years the trade of the United States with Latin America has much increased and is likely to grow to large proportions as larger investments are made and our commercial representatives establish themselves more permanently in the countries where they do business. There are now about 100 branches of American banks in Latin America, of which about 42 are controlled by the National City Bank of New York. United States capital, too, has been invested in shipping companies, the fruit business, meat packing, nitrate fields, mining and other lines of development — all of which contribute to the expansion of trade and to friendly relations with our fellow Americans.

Naturally, Dr. Warshaw has something to say of the Monroe Doctrine, the Panama Canal, Pan-Americanism, and other international questions, and his comments on the Latin point of view should help us to see ourselves as others see us. It will surprise many people to learn that Latin Americans are more or less touchy on the Monroe Doctrine, that they consider our protective tariff a serious handicap to their foreign trade, that they resent our patronage, suspect us of imperialism, speak of the "Yankee Peril," and, in general, dispute our claim to primacy in Pan-American affairs. All this gives food for thought, and suggests that our merchants, manufacturers, investors, bankers, ship-owners, railway magnates, statesmen, and the general public must become more ' ' internationally minded ' ' if they would establish friendly and profitable relations with our Latin neighbors upon a firm and lasting basis.

James E, LeRossignol.

Preface

My chief aim has been to present a faithful picture of progressive Latin America, the Latin America of to-day, the Latin America which is still too generally unknown.

Scores of books have dealt with the history of Latin America or of the various Latin American countries, scores of others have summarized the impressions of travelers, many have been compiled from commercial data, and a few have furnished their readers with chapters or apergus on specific signs of social, political, and economic improvement: but practically none has attempted to offer a comprehensive and reasoned account of the onward moving Latin America of the present moment. It is, nevertheless, the last-mentioned Latin America which should appeal most to the general reader : it is that Latin America about which the general reader needs most to be informed : and it is with that Latin America that the public of the United States, above all, should become more intimately acquainted.

The point of view to which I have tried to hold consistently has been that Latin American discussion ought now to be couched in the tone in which the discussion of European or American affairs is habitually carried on. The attitude of the cultured tourist observing strange phenomena in primitive lands is highly to be deprecated: and the sooner it is set aside in reports on Latin America, the better.

Frequently, and perhaps tediously, throughout the book comparisons have been made with progress in the United States and with the gradual change of opinion in Europe, and particularly in England, concerning the resources and potentialities of the United States and the cultural and social evolution of the people of the United States. The essential unity of Latin American customs, manners, and morals with southern European customs, manners, and xii Preface

morals has also been stressed. No doubt some of the arguments contain elements of weakness: and it would be too much to hope that the legitimate comparisons should now be accepted in toto or at their full value. Yet I can see no escape from employing approved historical methods of measurement in setting forth evidences of advancement in Latin America. What has been applied successfully to other countries should, it seems, be applicable to Latin America also.

I have, in so far as I am aware, no special propaganda to further with regard to Latin America, though my belief in the desirability and necessity of inter-American friendship has not, I trust, failed to show itself unmistakably. I am not anxious, nevertheless, to condone the genuine faults, inconsistencies, or prejudices of the Latin American nations. I am persuaded that Latin Americans have the same number of merits and defects as other peoples: but I am positive, likewise, that they have no more. On the other hand, I am convinced that the general public of the United States has never sufficiently recognized the worthy qualities and accomplishments of their Latin American neighbors: and I am sure that what is well known and thoroughly familiar to thoughtful students of Latin America will often appear surprising and almost incredible to the casual reader.

During the preparation of the following pages, valuable assistance, which is here gratefully acknowledged, was received from the Pan American Union, the National City Bank of New York {Our South American Trade and Its Financing, by Frank O'Malley), the Guaranty Trust Company of New York {Bank and Puhlic Holidays Throughout the World), the Bankers Trust Company, New York {List of Foreign Correspondents) , and Mr. Harry Weston Van Dyke, Washington, D. C, for lists of banking institutions in South America. The author acknowledges also his indebtedness for material concerning Latin American newspapers to Dr. W. E. Aughinbaugh 's Advertising for Trade in Latin- America, and to the Gotham Advertising Company.

The trade statistics given in the Appendix are taken

Preface xiii

from figures published by the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C, January, 1922. The figures for Latin American trade given on pages 107, 108, and 109 are from an article in the South American, May, 1921, based on a Latin American trade circular issued by the United States Department of Commerce, April, 1921. On page 308 the figures for 1919 and 1920 are taken from the Commerce Report of the United, States Department of Commerce, AprH 6, 1921.

I acknowledge with pleasure my indebtedness to Dean James E. LeRossignol of the College of Business Administration, and to Dean Philo M. Buck, Jr., of the College of Arts and Sciences, of the University of Nebraska, for their constant encouragement during the preparation of this book.

J. W.

Table Of Contents

Pabt One

Chapter I

A Comparison with the United States— Five Common Misconceptions — Sympathetic Appreciation of Latin American Customs Important — Immense Size of Latin America a Permanent Reality — Transportation — Immense Coastlines — Superiority of Latin America in Water\yays— Water Falls and Water-Power— Grandeur of Latin American Mountain Scenery — Climate — The Negro Question— The Indian Question— Latin America not Effete — Examples of Latin American Energy — Latin American Magnitudes— Possibilities in Growth.

Chapter II

Penetrating Forces— Shortening of Distances to Latin America — Emergence from Isolation — Increase in Shipping — Immigration — Transportation.

Chapter III

Agriculture and Mining— Agricultural Prodetivity— Intensive Agriculture— Salient Industries— Cattle-raising in Argentina and Urugniay- New Fields for Cattleraismg— Brazil a Coming Cattle Center— American Packers in Brazil— Latin America's Part in the Odyssey of Oil — Coal in Latin America — Lumber.

Chapter IV

Cotton-growing and Cotton-manufacturing in Brazil— Cotton-manufacturing in Argentina— Advent of the Manufacture of Rubber in Brazil— Future Manufac-

XV xvi Contents

PAGE

turing Centers — Varied Manufactures of Brazil — New Manufacturing Projects in Brazil — Varied Manufactures of Mexico — Future of Manufacturing in Latin America — Changing Conditions of Labor — Labor Legislation — Protection of Children and Women in the Industries — Housing for Workingmen — Comparison with the United States in the Development of Industries.

Chapter V

National Mobilization for Latin American Trade — Capturing Latin American Trade in the Past — British Confidence in Latin America — Latin American Trust in British Management — The German "Drive" in Latin America not Sinister — German Doctrine of "Service" — Germany "Coming Back" in Latin America — Weakness of Former American Methods — American Businessmen Making a Gallant Fight — Disadvantages of Shipping in the Vessels of Competitors — Rapid Progress of American Shipping — ^American Banks in Latin America.

Chapter VI

The North American Peril — Latin American Notion of the Transformation of the Monroe Doctrine — Contradictory Applications of the Monroe Doctrine — Justifiable Policy of the United States Toward the, Caribbean Countries — President Roosevelt's Interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine — The Monroe Doctrine and the Trans-Caribbean Countries — The Monroe Doetrine in Reality a Pan-American Doctrine — The Trans- Caribbean Countries Able to Solve Their Own Political Problems — Broadening of the Monroe Doctrine.

Chapter VII

International Rapprochement , . . . . . 158 Foreign Antagonism to Pan American Leadership of the United States — Rapprochement Between Latin America and European Latin Countries — Rapprochement Among the Latin American Countries Themselves — Free Trade and Rapprochement — Political Confederation — Recent Establishment of the Republic of Central America — Antecedents,

Contents xvii

Part Two CHAPTER VIII FAQB

Separatistie Tendencies — Brazil as a Distinct Nation — Historical Reasons for Lack of Solidarity Among the Spanish Countries of Latin America — Latin Americans not to be Confused with European Spaniards — Chief Factors in the Development of Individual National Spirit — Latin American Dictators as Contributors to Patriotism — Modern Methods of Inspiring Patriotism — Regionalistic Literature and Patriotism — The "Entente" Idea Supplanting the Idea of Confederation.

Chapter IX

Foreign Influences on Latin American Social Usage — Physical Culture and Athletics — New Conception of Sanitation — Social "Movements" — Prohibition in Latin America — Housing and Prison Reform — Salvation Army, the Y. M. C. A., and the Y. W. C. A. in Latin America — The Transition from Individualism to Social Regulation.

Chapter X

Public Enlightenment and Education .... 227 Public Education of Recent Date — Educational Zones — Educational Progressiveness of Argentina — Changing Ideals in Chilean Education — An Important Experiment in Mexico — Secondary Education in Latin America — A Suggestion Concerning the Admission of Latin American Students to Our Universities — European Characteristics of Latin American Universities — Development of Normal Schools — Technical and Vocational Education — The People's University of Buenos Aires — Libraries, Newspapers, and Motion-Pictures as Educational Agencies.

Chapter XI

Comparison with the Progress of American Literature — "Schools" in Latin American Literature — Andres Bello, Scholar and Poet — Sarmiento, the "Schoolmaster President" — Ruben Dario, the Most Significant of Modern Spanish Poets — Latin American Painters — Modern Art in Mexico — Music and Drama — Science and Scholarship.

xviii Contents

CHAPTER XII PAoa The Position of Woman 279

Southern European Antecedents of the Latin American Women — Effect of Example Set by American Women — Legal Status of the Latin American Woman — Organized Feminism — Women Voters in Latin America — Different Means Employed by the American and the Latin American Woman — Social Factors in the Woman's Movement in Latin America — The Education of Woman — Vocational Education for Girls — The Peruvian Society of Feminine Industry — The Profession of Teaching and the Dignity of Work — Women and the Eradication of Social Evils— The Child- Welfare Work of Latin American Women — Greater Freedom now Permitted Women in the Larger Cities.

Pabt Theee

Chapter XIII

The Field op Opportunity in Latin America . . . 306 Can We Hold This Trade? — Remarkable Expansion of American Investments in Latin America — Financial Investments Accompanied by Investment in Personnel — Americans Who Owe Their Fortunes to Latin America — Recent Successes of Large American Industrial Concerns in Latin America — Outstanding Opportunities for Men with Some Capital — European Department Stores in Latin America — Immigrants who Built up Fortunes in Latin America — Splendid Agricultural Opportunities for the "Average Man" — Colonization Conditions — Beneficial International Results of Colonization.

Chapter XIV

Why We Are "The Americans" — The European Legacy of Depreciation — A New Political View of the United States — American "Kultur" — Latin American Judgment of our Newspapers — Our Metropolitan Cities not a Fair Standard for American Life as a Whole — Difference Between American and Latin American Intellectual Perspective — Mistaken Latin American Criticism

Contents xix

Due to Insufficient Knowledge — Difference in the Genius of American and Latin American Journalism — Susceptibility of Latin Americans to Acts of Courtesy — Customs and Manners Distasteful to Latin Americans and Europeans — Seriousness of Our Ignorance of Latin America — A Defect in Our Educational System.

Useful Information — Postal Information — Distances to Principal Ports — Credit Conditions — Branches of American Banks — Principal Banks.

Bibliography op Recent Books 399

Index . 403

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Bay and City of Rio de Janeiro prom Summit of

CoBCOVADO . . • Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

BoTAFOGO Bay, Harbor of Rio de Janeiro .... 12 "The Soldier's Leap" — Gorge in the Andes, Across

which One of O'Higgins's Cavalry Leaped His

Horse to Escape the Royalists 16

Avenue of Royal Palms, Rio Botanical Gardens . . 24

AvENiDA Central, Rio de Janeiro 24

A Coffee Plantation, Venezuela — Drying the Bean . 53 Prize Winners from "The Camp " (Argentina) , . 58

Coffee Plantation, Brazil 90

Plaza Mayor, Lima 104

Scene on the Oroya Railway (Peru) . . . . 115

Statue of Bolivar, Lima 170

Iguazu Falls, where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina

Meet 194

Jockey Club's Grandstand at the Race Track (Buenos

Aires) 210

SoLis Theater, Montevideo 256

Cagancha Plaza, Montevideo . 256

Col6n Theater, Buenos Aires 278

Federal Capitol, Buenos Aires 278

Shrine of Our Lady of Capacabana, on Bolivian Shore

OF Lake Titicaca 329

Town and Mountain of Potosi, Bolivia , ... . 329

MAPS South America 358

Central America 374

Communications and Commercial Languages of America 384 xxi

The New Latin America

Chapter I

The beginning of the twentieth century is witnessing something like a cosmopolitan attempt at a second conquest of Latin America. Foreign governments and individuals appear to be engaged in keen rivalry for the favors of the vast "backward" countries of Spanish and Portuguese America possessed of incalculable natural wealth and characterized by a genuinely extraordinary purchasing power. Official and unofficial overtures looking toward increased commercial and cultural relations are being made with courteous and flattering insistence,,^

In recent years, and particularly during the past six or eight years, the visits of "ambassadors of good- will" to Latin America have followed one another in rapid succession. Secretary Root, Secretary Knox, Secretary Colby, Senator Burton, Robert Bacon, ex-president Roosevelt, Viscount Bryce, M. Clemenceau, General Mangin, ex-minister Andrea Torre of Italy, Paul Fort, the French poet, a Spanish infanta, and numerous British, French, Italian, German, Belgian, Japanese, and American missions have journeyed to various Latin American countries in a more than personal capacity, and the King of Spain is expected in South America as soon as internal aflEairs in the Peninsula permit his projected tour,

The twentieth century conquest, as contrasted with that of the sixteenth century, is one of peace and friendship. No kidnapping of Aztec or Inca emperors, no enslavement of superstitious Indians, no seizure of territories is contemplated. Nations whose good-will must be won by complex pacific means have grown up in the former free and easy paradise of the Conquistadores.

European governments have for some scores of years realized that Latin America has undergone a remarkable change in the course of four centuries. To the average American, however, Latin America has remained terra incognita. Even our leaders in thought and politics have not until lately grasped the significance of Latin America, and not then in any adequate manner until convinced by ocular demonstration.

"I believe," declared Theodore Roosevelt in 1914, while on his South American expedition, ''that the present century is the century of South; America."

Eight years before, Mr. Root, habitually less emphatic, but not less foresighted, had expressed the same idea.

At a banquet that was given last winter to a great and distinguished man. Lord Grey, Governor-General of Canada, he said: "The nineteenth century was the century of the United States; the twentieth century will be the century of Canada." I should feel surer as a prophet if I were to say: "The twentieth century will be the century of South America." I believe, with him, in the gi'eat development of Canada; but just as the nineteenth century was the century of phenomenal development in North America, I believe that no student can help seeing that the twentieth century will be the century of phenomenal development in South America,

The man whose reading on Latin America stopped with his schoolboy days has probably not the faintest inkling of the role now being played by Latin America in the world at large. The Latin American republics have, within a brief space, "completely marched off the map," in the words of Mr. Root, just as the German armies had marched off the newly revised German maps a fortnight after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. ^ The Latin America of our school geographies was a vast primitive tract overrun by jaguars, boa constrictors, tapirs, llamas, monkeys, parrots, and condors,' and sparsely inhabited by picturesque gauchos, stolid Indians, and indolent peons. That this Latin America has, of course, not entirely ceased to exist, goes without saying. Scatter some 80,000,000 people over a territory of about 8,000,000 square miles, and the difficulty of taming this enormous area to civilized uses becomes clear.

But the primeval wilds of the Latin America of to-day are not the primeval wilds of our schoolboy geographies. Their conquest has moved on much more rapidly during the past forty years or less than during the preceding four centuries. Industrial needs, railroads, and highways have not merely been nibbling at them: they have been devouring them.

A COMPARISON WITH THE UNITED STATES .--^

In order to realize how this may be, we must set ourselves back in our own history to about the year 1880. In 1880 our population was 50,155,783 and the number of miles of railroad operated was 93,267. To-day our population is 106,389,246 and our railroad mileage totals 264,- 233 miles. In 1880 our exports amounted to $835,638,658 and our imports, to $667,954,746. To-day our exports and imports have reached the colossal figures of $8,111,- 039,733 and $5,238,621,668 respectively. These changes have taken place during the past forty years.

Now, approximately forty years — ^to be exact, fortythree years — marks the lead which we have had over Latin America in free self-development, unshackled by the repressive fetters of a monarchical government. The decisive battle of the Revolutionary War, that of Yorktown, took place in 1781. Reckoning from that date, we were ninety-nine years old in independence in 1880. The decisive battle for Latin American independence was fought at Ayacucho, Peru, in 1824. To-day, in 1921, Latin America is ninety-seven years old in inde;t;»endence. At ninety-nine, we had attained the expansion detailed above for the year 1880. At ninety-seven, Latin America has a population of approximately 80,000,000 and a foreign commerce of more than $5,000,000,000.

Considering the resources of Latin America and such conditions as the restriction of immigration into the United States, the focusing of the attention of all the great nations on Latin American exploitation, and the fact that we are in the full swing of the technological era, it is fair to assume that in forty more years, when Latin America shall have reached our present age, her development , will have assumed something of the huge proportions on which we are accustomed to pride ourselves. Looking forward the remaining eighty years of the present century, the prospect seems even more impressive, and Messrs. Roosevelt and Root appear moderate historians rather than prophetic visionaries. " Comparisons and conclusions of this sort may sound bold and unwarranted to readers to whom Latin America is still an unknown land. The comparisons, however, are based on facts, and the conclusions do not conflict with the logic of past history. To those who watch the onward steps, which are commonplace and almost imperceptible as they occur from day to day, but imposing in the aggregate, the predictions made by Theodore Roosevelt, Viscount Bryce, and General Rafael Reyes concerning the future of Latin America seem quite devoid of extravagance. Let any man of forty odd years of age hark back to 1880, when our population was fifty million and our foreign trade a billion and a half dollars and honestly ask himself if he expected to see our population mount to over 100,000,000 and our foreign commerce to over $13,000,000,000 by the time he had barely reached middle age I

Statistics, while invaluable, rarely tell the whole story. They are not sufficiently descriptive. Were Latin America only as large as the United States, its expansion, though remarkable, would present to-day but an ordinary appeal to the imagination. Discounting the Chilean and Peruvian deserts and the considerable extent of mount?iin-land over the entire length of South America, which

Fallacies f Fancies^ and Facts S

is practically unsuitable for human habitation, we should be able to augur nothing startling for the future of Latin America. We should feel that it could do no more than progress at an average rate. As soon, however, as we visualize its immense size and take into account a few of its natural resources and wonders and a small number of the achievements of its people, we are apt to be readyto admit its potentialities and to marvel that anybody should doubt them.

"Nine days we were sailing along the Brazilian coast line!" exclaimed Secretary Colby at a banquet in New York in 1921. ''Think of what that means!" (The trip had been made in a great American battleship.) This fact had astounded Secretary Colby as much as the discovery that Brazil is 200,000 square miles greater in extent than the forty-eight states of the Union — a circumstance of which he had been "in blissful ignorance" until very recently. If a Secretary of State may experience such surprises, what must be the case of the general public, whose business does not force it to know a great deal about foreign countries?

If through nothing else, Latin America should awakeil strong admiration in us by reason of its magnificent natural magnitudes, for we are more susceptible to the charm of magnitudes than any other nation on earth. Once the American people becomes convinced that Latin America rivals the United States in many natural resources and in many works achieved by the hand and the brain of Latin Americans, its prevalent belief in the inferiority of Latin America will undergo a significant and needed alteration.

FIVE COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

Unfortunately for Latin America, our appreciation is almost indelibly colored by traditional notions of its inferiority. Ignorance plays a prominent part in these notions, but several unjustifiable misconceptions are mainly responsible for them.

1. To-day we look upon Spain as a decadent nation — a thoroughly erroneous view. Because the fortunes of Latin America were so long linked with those of Spain, and because our war with Spain made the once famous empire of Philip II seem ridiculous and insignificant, we assume that nothing good can come out of Hispanic countries.

2. Mexicans, Porto Ricans, Bolivians, Brazilians, Argentinians are lumped together by us indiscriminately as "natives." The use of the term "native" is alone responsible for a strong sense of superiority on our part. To say "native" is to classify Latin Americans with untutored African savages. "Natives" there are in Latin America: but they are in the negligible minority and do not represent Latin America any more than our few "native" Indians represent us.

3. Moral conditions are unduly stressed by many authors, some of whom are or have been missionaries. But Latin America is not a sink of iniquity — unless we so regard France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, from whom the Latin Americans derive their conception of morality. Latin American morals are nothing more nor less than European Latin morals, and European Latins like M. Clemenceau have no comment to make on them.

4. To the lay mind, Latin America is unsafe because of its revolutions. Yet its revolutions are in no way comparable with our Revolutionary War or our War of Secession. In most instances they have been simply the clashing of two leaders with a handful of followers, and have been no more destructive than our railroad or automobile accidents. "No Viceroy of Brazil, no King and no President," is the pertinent comment of Miss Lilian E. Elliott in Brazil Today and Tomorrow, "has been assassinated in the history of the country." The once popular method of electing by bullets rather than by ballots is now an anachronism and is sure to disappear totally as outside pressure increases through investments, immigration, and international relations.

5. The north, the south, the east, and the west of Latin America are as yet all one to us. We refuse to acknowledge differentiation. Nevertheless, the Mexican is no more like the inhabitant of Santo Domingo than the latter is like the Argentinian, thousands of miles away in the south temperate zone. The dominant racial traits of the conquering Spaniards persist, it is true, practically intact and lend a real social unity to Spanish America, but immigration and a variable rate of progress have brought about marked differences in the several republics, and it is becoming increasingly necessary to speak of Argentinians, Uruguayans, Peruvians, Colombians, Costa Ricans rather than of Latin Americans en masse. -"^

SYMPATHETIC APPRECIATION OF LATIN AMERICAN CUSTOMS IMPORTANT

Probably the most important factor in our intercourse with Latin Aoierjca will be the willingness to accept Latin American customs, manners, and morals as equivalent to our own. That we can do so in a hurry or with any degree of sincerity is, perhaps, too much to expect. Only an infinitesimal fraction of our population will ever come in direct contact with Latin Americans until we emigrate in large numbers to the Latin American republics or Latin Americans flock to our shores — either of which alternatives is remote, though the second more so than the first. Most of us are stay-at-homes; our ethical dogmas are fixed and uncompromising; and Anatole France's observation to the effect that souls are impenetrable to one another applies to us with peculiar appropriateness. Unless travelers, books, and newspapers make a practice of treating Latin American customs fairly and sympathetically, and not with Pharisaical sneering, we shall be as great strangers to Latin America at the end of the century, no matter how much business we may do with it, as we are now.