A laboratory study of household chemistry

Preface

These experiments in Household Chemistry are arranged to meet the demand for work in chemistry for girls. They form a practical course in the chemistry of the household and of common things, and are helpful both to pupils who do not go to college and to those who do.

Above all, the course u practical. While the fundamental principles of chemistry are as thoroughly emphasized in the first half year of this course as they are in any course in general chemistry, the experiments that illustrate them are made as practical as possible.

The last half of the course is largely organic chemistry made as simple as possible and used so far as possible in the study of fuels and illuminants, food principles, food substitutes, textiles, soaps, laundering, bleaching, blueing, dyeing, and leavening agents.

All of the experiments and the wording of the directions have been tried for five years by different teachers with classes of girls. Additions and changes have been made each term until the manual satisfies all the requirements of the course.

Many teachers have assisted in the preparation of this work. The author wishes particularly to express her indebtedness to Miss J. Maud Blanchard, her first teacher in chemistry, to Miss May Kimble and Mr. J. H. Hanna, both of the Los Angeles High School, and to Mr. C. W. Sandifur, of the Hollywood High School.

Mary Ethel Jones

Los Angeles, California April, 1921

iii

Part I. First Term's Work I Preliminary Experiments

Experiment 1. The Bunsen Burner ....

Experiment 2. The Units of Length, Volume, and

Weight Used in Chemistry .....

Experiment 3. How to Make Simple Apparatus from

Glass Tubing

Experiment 4. Physical and Chemical Changes . Experiment 5. Elements, Compounds, Mixtures .

II Oxygen and Hydrogen

PAGE

Experiment 6.

Experiment 7.

Experiment 8.

Burns Experiment 9.

drogen Experiment 10.

drogen

Ways of Freeing and Collecting Oxygen Preparation and Properties of Oxygen What Takes Place When a Substance

Preparation and Properties of Hy-

Two Other Methods of Preparing Hy-

IV Experiment 11

Experiment 12.

Experiment 13.

Experiment 14.

Water Experiment 15.

Experiment 16.

Nitrogen and the Air Experiment 17.

gen .

Experiment 18.

Experiment 19.

The Synthesis of Water

How to Test Hydrogen and Water

The Solvent Power of Water

Boiling Point and Freezing Point of

How to Purify Water Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide

Preparation and Properties of Nitro-

The Composition of the Air Ammonia, NH 3 .....

12 14

24 25

30 32 34

35 37 40

Vi CONTENTS

V Acids, Bases, and Salts page

Experiment 20. General Properties of Acids, Bases, and Salts 41

Experiment 21. Methods of Forming Acids, Hydroxides, and Salts 45

Experiment 22. Solutions That Conduct the Electric Current 49

VI The Halogens and Hydrochloric Acid

Experiment 23. Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine . . 52 Experiment 24. Preparation and Properties of Hydrochloric Acid, HC1 54

VII Sulfur and Compounds of Sulfur

Experiment 25. Sulfur and Compounds of Sulfur . 55 Experiment 26. Sulfuric Acid and Hydrogen Sulfide . 57

VIII Carbon. Carbon Dioxide. Flames

Experiment 27. Carbon 59

Experiment 28. Carbon Dioxide, C0 2 .... 60

Experiment 29. Carbonic Acid and Carbonates . . 62

Experiment 30. Flames 63