Memoirs concerning the ancient alliance between the French and Scots : and the privileges of the Scots in France

Chap. I. *agk

The alliance of France and Scotland, 1

Treaty of alliance between Charles IV. surnamed die Fair, king of France, and Robert L king of Scotland, concluded in 1326, - - 4

Renewals of that alliance, - • • - 10

Contracts of marriage between the royal families

of France and Scotland, - - - 11

CHAP. II. Services done to France by the Scots, ~ - If

CHAR III.

Rewards of services granted by the kings of France

to the Scots, - - - - 16

Sect. 1. Dignities, offices, honours and lands,

conferred upon the Scots in France, - -17

Sect. 2. Of the Scots guards, - - 19

Sect. 3. Letters of naturalization for all Scots, men granted or confirmed by the kings of France, ...... -23

Sect. 4. Letters-patents containing the privileges of the Scottish merchants trading in France, &c 25

IV CONTENTS.

PAGE

Letters of general naturalization for the whole Scottish nation in France, by king Lewis XII. in 1513, - - - - 25

Letters-patents of king Henry II. containing the

privileges of the Scots, in the year 1558, - 31

Extract of the registers of the parliament of Paris, 35

Letters-patents of king Henry IV. bearing confirmation of the privileges of the Scots in France, in 1599, 36

Extract of the records of parliament, - - 41

Letters-patents of Lewis XIII. to confirm the privileges of the Scots in France, in the year 1612, 42

Extract of the registers of the parliament of Paris, 46

Act of king Lewis XIV/s council of state, in favour of the Scots in France, - - - 47

Privileges of the Scottish merchants trading in

France, granted by king Francis I. in 1518, 49

Privileges of the Scottish merchants trading in

France, granted by king Henry II. in 1554, 51

Confirmation of the privileges of the Scottish merchants trading in France, granted by king Henry IV, in 1599, 52

MEMOIRS

CONCERNING

THE ANCIENT ALLIANCE

BETWEEN THE

FRENCH AND SCOTS,

AND THE

PRIVILEGES

OF

THE SCOTS IN FRANCE.

AS the privileges of the Scots in France are a consequence of the union and alliance which subsisted so many ages between the two crowns, it is necessary, in the first place, to treat what regards that alliance, in order to come afterwards to the privileges granted by the Kings of JFrance to the Scots.

CHAP. I.

THE ALLIANCE OF FRANCE AND SCOTLAND.

It is the general opinion of all the Scottish historians, that the alliance of the French and Scots is

A as ancient as Charlemagne. * Some French historians have related the same fact ; and so undoubted did it appear in France under Henry II. that in the -f- contract of marriage between Francis the Dauphin his son, and Mary Queen of Scotland, it is expressly said, that the friendship of the two kingdoms had subsisted eight hundred years ; which carries it up to the reign of Charlemagne. And the ancient author of Chronicon Normaniae, J speaking of Charles the Bald in the year 848, seems to insinuate this alliance in these terms: " Rex Scotorum ad Carolum, pads et amicitice gratia, legates cum viuneribus mittit> #c." [The King of Scotland to Charles, for peace and friendship's sake, sendeth ambassadors with presents, &c]

David Chamber, one of the lords of council and session at Edinburgh, in his history dedicated to Henry III. King of France, in 1579, produces a series of treaties of alliance between the Kings of France and Scotland, which he pretends to have taken from ancient Scottish historians no longer to be found.

Such are the treaties of alliance between Philip I. King of France, and || Malcolm III. King of Scotland ; between Lewis VII. and § Malcolm IV. and between the same Lewis VII. and ^[ William King of Scotland ; between Philip II. and ** Alexander II. ; between St. Lewis and ff Alexander III.

But whatever be in those first alliances, of which

* Jo. Fordun. lib. 3, cap. 48. Boeth. 1. 10. p. 185, &c. Jo. Major. 1. 2. c. 13. Paul. JEmU. — f Printed by Leonard.

$ Chron. Norman, edit. Duchesne, p. 525 — 1| David Chamwe can vouch neither certain documents, nor authentic copies, it is unquestionable, that, to begin from Philip the Fair, there runs an uninterrupted train of alliances between the Kings of France and of Scotland, down to Henry IV. and James VI. Even in the year 1326, the treaty of Charles the Fair and Robert I. shows that there had been " a friendship or alliance of long standing between our predecessors Kings of France, and our kingdom, on one part, and the Kings of Scotland, and the said kingdom of Scotland, on the other. 4 " These are King Charles's own words in the treaty, which clearly supposes that the alliance between France and Scotland is far more ancient than his time, though we have not now extant any authentic copy of such treaties prior to that of Philip the Fair and John Baliol, in 1295.

Here follows the series of those treaties of which any copies remain, and of which the originals were actually amongst the charters of France in Henry II.'s time, according to an inventory made of them, together with the treaties of France and England, by Mr. Du. Tillet, clerk of parliament, and printed in folio, 1588.

Treaty of alliance between Philip the Fair, * King of France, and John Baliol, King of Scotland, concluded at Paris, the 23d of October, 1295.

Treaty of alliance between Charles IV. surnamed the Fair, King of France, and Robert L King of Scotland, concluded in 1326.

Charles, by the Grace of God, King of France

* Rymer foedera Angliae, torn. II. p. 680,. &<\ 2 and Navarre, to all who shall see and hear these presents, greeting. As amongst other things whereby kings reign, and kingdoms are governed, a meet and necessary thing it is, that princes should ally themselves together by bond of friendship and good-will, in order, the grievances of those who desire to grieve them, more forcibly to restrain ; and the tranquillity of them, and of their subjects, more peaceably to secure ; we, having this in regard, are willing to renew by treaty the friendship and good-will, which have long subsisted between our predecessors Kings of France and our kingdom, on one part, and the Kings of Scotland and the said kingdom of Scotland on the other, with the noble Prince Robert, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, our special friend, against the King of England, whose predecessors have often laboured to aggrieve the said kingdoms of France and Scotland in many and sundry ways, And this we do by these envoys, namely, Thomas Ranulph, Earl of Moray, Lord of Walls, Annand, and Man, Mr. James Dun, Archdeacon of St. Andrews, doctor of laws, Adam Moray, doctor in canon law, and Walter Tyntham, canon of Glasgow, all vested with special power in form following : " Universis praesentes literas inspecturis, Robertus Dei gratia rex Scotorum, salutem. Noverit universitas, quod nos facimus, constituimus, et per praesentes ordinamus, dilectos et fideles nostros Thomam Ranulphi comitem Moraviae, dominum Vallis, Annandi et Manni, nepotem nostrum carissimum, Robertum de Keth marischallum Scotiae, magistros Jacobum Dun archidiaconum

BETWEEN FRANCE AND SCOTLAND. S

God, King of Scots, greeting. Be it known to all men, that we make, constitute, and by these presents appoint, our trusty and well-beloved Thomas Ranulph, Earl of Moray, Lord of Walls, Annand, and Man, our most dear nephew, Robert of Keith, Marischal of Scotland, Masters James Dun, Archdeacon of St. Andrews, professor of laws, Adam of Moray, doctor in canon law, and Walter of Tyntham, canon of the church of Glasgow, our procurators and special envoys, to treat with the most serene Prince Charles, by the grace of God, of France and Navarre illustrious King, concerning any alliances or engagements whatsoever to be made between himself, his heirs, his nobles, and his people, on one part, and us, our heirs, our nobles, and our people, on the other; granting to the same, and to the said Earl, together with any four, three, two, or one of the same, full, general, and free power, and special warrant, to treat, stipulate, confirm, and corroborate with the same most serene Prince, or any persons vested with his power for this purpose, of what station, condition, or dignity soever, in our name, and in name of our kingdom, any alliances, obligations, and deeds, whereby the perpetual alliance and friendship between the same illustrious King, his heirs, and his nobles, and the inhabitants of our kingdom, may be firmly and securely cemented ; holding and to hold valid and valuable, for ourselves and our heirs, our peers, and our people, whatsoever the same, or the said Earl, with any four, three, two, or one of the same, shall judge meet to be done in the premises, with the same king or his plenipotentiaries. In testimony whereof, we command our seal to be appended to these presents. Given at Dundee, on the twentieth day of April, in the vear of grace one thousand three hundred and twenty-five, and in the twentieth year of our reign.]

We have made alliance in manner following, to wit, that we, our heirs, our successors Kings of France, our kingdom, and our whole community, are bound and obliged to the said King of Scotland, his heirs, his successors Kings of Scotland, his kingdom, and his whole community, in good faith, as loyal allies, whenever they shall have occasion for aid or advice, in time of peace or war, against the King of England and his subjects : that we shall aid and advise them, whereinsoever we honestly can as loyal allies ; and if we, our heirs, our successors Kings of France, our kingdom, or our community, shall make peace or truce with the King of England, his heirs Kings of England, or his subjects, that the King of Scotland, his heirs, his successors Kings of Scotland, his kingdom, and his community, shall be excepted ; so that such peace or truce shall be null, whensoever war is waged between the aforesaid Kings of Scotland and of England : and, if the King of Scotland, his heirs, his successors Kings of Scotland, his kingdom, and his community, shall make peace or truce with the King of England and his subjects, that we, our heirs, our successors Kings of France, our kingdom, and our whole commu* nity, shall be excepted ; so that such peace or truce shall be null, whensoever war is waged between us and the said King of England : and the said King of Scotland, his heirs and successors Kings of Scotland, shall be bound and obliged to us, our heirs, our successor Kings, and our kingdom, to make war upon the kingdom of England with all their force, whensoever war is waged between us and the King of England ; the truces between the said Kings of England and Scotland, already made and pending, in what manner soever concluded, all and every part of them firmly preserved and faithfully performed. We promise, in good faith, to the said procurators, in name procuratorial of the said King of Scotland, both for him, ourselves, our heirs, and our successor Kings, our kingdom, and our whole community, in terms of the abovesaid, inviolably obliging, all and every one of the said articles firmly to observe, faithfully to perform, and fully to accomplish. AH this we promise in good faith, as it concerns us, our heirs, our successor Kings, and our kingdom ; and all this hath our beloved and trusty counsellor, Guychender, sworn in our presence, and on our soul upon the holy gospels, at our command ; and this oath, on the soul of the King of Scotland, for him, his heirs, his successors, and his kingdom, hath the Earl of Moray, nephew to the King of Scotland, taken according to special commission, whereof the form is this : " Universis Christi fidelibus, ad quorum novitiam praesentes literae pervenerint, Robertus Dei gratia rex Scotorum, salutem in Dcmino sempiternarn. Noveritis nos, per proesentes literas, dedisse plenariam potestatemet speciale mandatum Thomae Ranulphi comiti

BETWEEN FRANCE AND SCOTLAND. V

Moraviae, el domino Vallis, Annandi et Manni, nepoti nostro carissimo, ad jurandum in animara nostram super quibuseunque confoederationibus, obligationibus, seu pactis, inter serenissimura principem dominum Carolum Dei gratia regem Franciae et Navarrae illustrem, haeredes suos, proceres et regnicolas regni sui, ex parte una, et nos, haeredes nostros, proceres et regnicolas regni nostri, ex altera, firmius ineundis ; et quicquid dictus comes, jurando in animam nostram, in dicto negotio, firmaverit, nos ratum et firmum perpetuo habituri promittimus bona fide. In cujus rei testimonium, praesentibus Uteris sigillum nostrum praecipimus apponi. Datum apud Donde vicesimo die Aprilis, anno gratiae millesimo trecentesimo vicesimo quinto, et anno regni vicesimo." [To all the faithful in Christ, unto whose knowledge these presents shall come, Robert, by the grace of God, King of Scots, sendeth eternal health in the Lord. Be it known to you, that we, by these presents, have given full power and special mandate to Thomas Ranulph, Earl of Moray, and Lord of Walls, Annand, and Man, our most dear nephew, to swear upon our soul to the more firmly establishing any alliances, obligations, or conventions, whatsoever, between the most serene Prince Charles, by the grace of God, of France and Navarre illustrious King, his heirs, his nobles, and his people, on one part, and us, our heirs, our nobles, and our people, on the other ; and whatsoever the said Earl, by swearing upon our soul, shall in the said negotiation establish, we promise, in good faith, to hold ratified and confirmed for ever. In testimony whereof, we command our seal to be appended to these presents. Given at Dundee on the twentieth day of April, in the year of grace one thousand three hundred twenty-five, and in the twentieth year of our reign.]

And, to the end that this thing may be firm and stable in all time coming, we have caused our seal tojbe affixed to these presents. Given at Courbeny, in the year of grace one thousand three hundred and twenty-six, in the month of April.

Renewal of the alliance of France and Scotland, between Charles, Dauphin of France, (King John his father being prisoner inEngland,) and David II. King of Scotland, at Paris, June 29, 1359. *

Renewal of the said alliance between the Kings Charles V. of France, and Robert II. of Scotland, at Vincennes, June 3, 1371. +

Renewal of the said alliance between Charles VI. King of France, and Robert III. King of Scotland, March 3, 1390. J

Renewal of the said alliance between the said Charles VI. King of France, and Robert Duke of Albany, Regent of Scotland during the captivity of King James I. in 1407.

Renewal of the said alliance between Charles VII. King of France, and Murdoch Duke of Albany, Regent of Scotland, in 1423. §

Renewal of the said alliance between Charles VII. King of France, and James I. King of Scotland, in 1428. ||

Renewal of the said alliance between the same Charles VII- King of France, and James II. King of Scotland, in 1448. *

Renewal of the said alliance between Charles VIII. King of France, and James IV. King of Scotland, in 1491. f

Renewal of the said alliance between Lewis XII. King of France, and the same James IV. King of Scotland, in 1512. J

Renewal of the said alliance between Francis I. King of France, and James V. King of Scotland, in 1515. §

Renewal of the said alliance between Francis I. King of France and Mary Queen of Scotland, in 1543. ||

This same alliance was again renewed between Henry II. King of France, and Mary Queen of Scotland, and between the succeeding Kings.

To strengthen these alliances by stricter ties, the royal families of France and Scotland have been several times united by marriage.

The contracts are extant of the following.

Contract of marriage between Edward Baliol, son and heir to John King of Scotland, and Joan daughter to Charles de Valois, brother of King Philip the Fair, in 1235. «f[

Contract of marriage between Lewis Dauphin of France, afterwards Lewis XI. and Margaret daughter to James I. King of Scotland, in 1436. **

* P. 140 — fp. 149 — i Collection »f the treaties of France and Scotland — § Du Tillet's collection, p. 164 — 1| Collection of treaties between France and Scotland. — % Rymer, feed. Angl. torn. 2, p. 697, and 698.—** Du Tillet's col. p. 137.

Contract of marriage between James V. King of Scotland, and Magdalen daughter to King Francis I. in 1536.

Contract * of marriage between Francis Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. King of France, and Mary Queen heiress of Scotland, in 1558, -f*

CHAP. II.

SERVICES DONE TO FRANCE BY THE SCOTS.

ONE of the principal effects of this ancient alliance was the mutual succour which the two nations engaged to give each other against the English their common enemy ; and it was in consequence of this engagement that the Scots rendered so great services to France, especially in the fourteenth century, whither by sending the flower of their bravest men into France, to succour its inhabitants against the English, almost masters of the kingdom, or by attacking England with all their force, on the side of Scotland, as oft as the English passed the sea to attack France.

In 1346, after the fatal battle of Crecy, (or Cressi,) in order to check the victorious English, to prevent their pushing their conquests in France, and to make a diversion there, David II. King of Scotland, attacked England, and ravaged all the north of it, where, losing a bloody battle, he was defeated and taken, and, after ten years captivity, obliged to find a ransom, t

* Printed by Leonard. — f Mem. Scot. torn. 1, p. 37. — ± Froissard.

This did not hinder the kings his successors from continuing to attack England, in order to stop the irruptions of the English into France. But it was chiefly at the time when the French monarchy, within a hairbreadth of its overthrow, when the English, through the weakness of King Charles VI. and the help of the Burgundians, were masters of almost the whole kingdom, and when their Henry VI. was crowned at Paris King of France; it was, I say, chiefly in this extremity, that the Scots sent, time after time, of their first nobility, with the flower of the troops of Scotland, to support the just right of the Dauphin of France, sole lawful heir of the crown, but then proscribed and abandoned by the greater part of his French subjects, and by almost all the other allies of the crown.

For, in 1420, Robert Duke of Albany, Regent of Scotland, sent to the Dauphin's assistance John Earl of Buchan, his son, with Archibald Douglas Earl of Wigtoun, John Stewart of Darnly, and other nobility, at the head of a considerable body of troops, by whose aid the English were defeated at Beauge, in a bloody battle, where the Earl of Clarence, brother to the King of England, the Earl of Kent, and a great number of the English nobility were killed, and many others made prisoners. *

In the year 1422, the Earl of Douglas, at the he&d of a new reinforcement of five thousand Scots, arrived in France to the aid of the Dauphin, ac-

* Hist. D'Alait. chart, p. 49. David Cham. 177. Tillet's Treaties of Trance and England, p. 126.

B knowledged King, since the death of his father, by the name of Charles VII. and after most of his troops had been cut off in the battle of Devreuil. *

In 1424, their came again fresh troops from Scotland to the succour of Charles VII. under the command of Robert Petilloch, (or perhaps Pattulloh,) a great captain in those days, -f-

In 1428, the same King Charles VII. pressed on all sides by the English and other enemies of the French monarchy, sent, to seek new aid of King James I. of Scotland, the Archbishop of Rheims, with* John Stewart of Aubigny, and to ask in marriage the Princess Margaret, King James's eldest daughter, for his son Lewis, Dauphin of France. All was granted him; the ancient alliances were renewed, and the Lord of Aubigny repassed into France with fresh troops. But the Princess being yet too young, as well as the Dauphin, she went to France only in 1436, well attended by nobility and reinforcements.

In fine, King Lewis XII. in his letters-patents J of the privileges of the Scots in France, extols the service which the Scots did in the expulsion of the English, in these terms. * Lastly, and in the lifetime of our late most dear lord and cousin King Charles VII. (whom God absolve*,) several princes of the said kingdom of Scotland, with a great number of people of the said nation, came over to help to cast and expel forth of this kingdom, the English, who held and occupied most part of the realm, and

* Al. chart, histof Charles VII. p. 85. David Cham. p. 177. — f Da. Cham. p. 178. — J See these letters in the sequel.

so valorously exposed their persons against the said English, that these were driven out, and the said realm restored to his obedience, &c." And, after the reduction of France to the obedience of its lawful sovereign, the Scots continued to send succours into France, and to attack England, in order to make a diversion, as often as the kings of France should require it; besides that, there were some of the best families of Scotland destined solely to the service of France. Thus we see the lords of Aubigny, Stewart, John, Robert, Bernard, (called also Berald,) and others of that family, in the service of France, under Charles VIII. Lewis XII. and in the following reigns ; especially in the wars of Italy, where they distinguished themselves at the battle of Fornova, and in the kingdom of Naples.

-In 1507, by the relation of Claud Seysil, Archbishop of Turin, a contemporary author, King James IV. on occasion of the wars of King Lewis XII. in Italy, sent to him, and offered to come in person to serve him with ten or twenty thousand fighting men. * And the sameKmg James,in 1513, having learned that France was attacked by the Emperor and the King of England conjunctly, in order to make a diversion, (as the same King Lewis XII. observes, -f-) attacked on his side England with all his force, though King Henry VIII. was his brother-in-law, and obliged him to send back part of his troops into England ; whereupon fol-

* SeysiL hist, of Lewis XII. p. 142.— f In his let. pat. as after.

lowed the fatal battle of Plowden between the English and Scots, in which King James lost his life, with the flower of the Scots, solely in the quarrel of France.

Lastly, in 1548, the preference which the Scots made of the alliance of France to that of England, for the marriage of the young Queen Mary, heiress of Scotland, involved that kingdom in a war of about twenty years with England, which was followed by an infinity of mischiefs, and ended at last in the ruin of the Roman catholic religion in Scotland.

Chap. III. Rewards Of Services Granted By The Kings Of France To The Scots

IT was by reason of the ancient alliances between the two kingdoms, and as it were in compensation of the services done to France, and of the losses in consequence sustained by the Scots, that the kings of France behaved to the Scots as if they had been their own native subjects. 1. To particular persons, by promoting or admitting them to &11 manner of dignities, honours, and offices, military, civil, and ecclesiastical. 2. By commiting to the Scots the guard of their own royal persons with singular prerogatives. 3. By granting to all Scots, in general, letters of naturalization, and regarding them as real denizens of their kingdom. 4. By granting particular exemptions of duties to all the Scottish merchants in France.

£ution tfitzt

DIGNITIES, OFFICES, HONOURS, AND LANDS, CONFERRED UPON THE SCOTS IN FRANCE.

In 1422, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, was made Constable of France, after the battle of Beauge, by King Charles VII. and lost his life in his service at the battle of Verneuil. *

In 1423, Archibald Earl of Douglas was created Duke of Tourain by the same king, and sacrificed his life in the same battle, -f*

In 1424, the same king gratified John Stewart of Darnly, Constable of the Scots in France, with the lordship of Aubigny, J which continued down to our days, in his descendants dukes of Lennox, until the very extinction of the family. Charles VII. gave him also the county of Dreux, and made him a Marshal of France. § His descendants lords of Aubigny, John and Bernard, (known by the name of Berald,) merited like honours by their services, and the lords of that family were in a manner hereditary captains of the Scots guards. |j

In 1428, Charles VII. gave to James I. King of Scotland, the county of Xaintonge and Rochfort in peerage. ^[

About the same time the same king made the Laird of Monypenny his chamberlain, and gave him the lordship of Concressant.

* Al. Chart, hist, of Charles VII. p. 53 + p. 59. Du Till.

.coll. p. 135 — + Ibid — § p. 137 || Hist, of Charles VIII. edit.

Godfrey, p. 384, 385.—^ Du Till. coll. p. 137.

In 1495, the Lord of Aubigny was made Governor of Calabria by King Charles VIII. *

In 1524, John Stewart Duke of Albany, had a seat in the parliament of Paris, by command of Francis I. before the dukes and peers, -f- He was appointed Viceroy of Naples, General of fhe galleys of France, and Governor of the Bourbonese, of Auvergne, and of other provinces. J

About the same time, Robert Stewart of Aubigny, was made a Marshal of France.

In 1548, King Henry I. gave the duchy of Chatelherault to James Hamilton Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland, and presented him with the collar of his order, which that king sent also to the Earls of Huntly, Argyll, and Angus. §

With regard to offices, the Scots have exercised some of the most considerable in France. || Mr. Servien, a famous advocate under Henry III. in his pleading before the parliament of Paris, relates that Mr. Turnbull, a Scotsman, was a judge in the same parliament, and afterwards first president of the parliament of Rouen : Adam Blackwood was a judge on the bench of Poitiers, and others in courts of justice.

The Scots have also possessed in France some of the first dignities of the church. Andrew Foreman was Archbishop of Bourges, David Bethune, Bishop of Mirepoix, David Panter, (or perhaps Panton,) and after him James Bethune Bishop of

* Daniel's hist, of France, Lond. edit. 2d. p. 134.— + Baluze hist, de la tour d' Auvergne, vol. ii. p. 688. — J Same hist, vol. i. p. 353, 354, &c — § Tit. du duche' de Chat. p. 1, 3. 2d. edit. p. 10 || Serv. plead, printed in 1586, p. 21.

Glasgow, were successively Abbots of L' Absie, besides a great number of priors, canons, curates, and other beneficed persons in France. And it is remarkable, that, in the year 1586, the cure of St, Come at Paris, conferred by the university upon John Hamilton, having been disputed him by a French ecclesiastic, who protested against Hamilton as being a Scotsman, Hamilton^ cause was pleaded, in the parliament of Paris, by Mr. Servien advocate in parliament, who proved that the Scots enjoyed the right of denizens, and in consequence, by decree of the court, the provisional possession of the cure was adjudged to Hamilton. * And, in the university of Paris, the Scots made formerly so considerable a figure, that one of the four nations, of whom the faculty of arts is composed, which is now called the German nation, was formerly styled " natio Germanorum et Scotorum ;" and besides a great number of doctors and professors in all the faculties, we find still, upon the records of the university, that there have been thirty rectors of the university all Scotsmen, in times when the office of rector was much more considerable, both in church and state, than it is at present.

&tttUm ^etottif*

OF THE SCOTS GUARDS.

Nothing shows better the consideration which the kings of France had for the Scots, and the entire confidence they placed in their fidelity, than

*Serv. plead. 1580.

the choice they made of them for the guard of their sacred persons.

With regard to the establishment of the Scots guards, Scottish writers refer its beginning to the reign of St. Lewis, others to King Charles V. But it is allowed that it was King Charles VII. who gave them the form in which they have since preserved themselves. King Lewis XII. in his letters-patents * of naturalization to the Scots, speaks of this establishment in the following manner : after having set forth, in terms the most honourable to the nation, the service which the Scots did to King Charles VII. in the expulsion of the English out of France, and in the reduction of the kingdom to his obedience, he adds, " Since which reduction, and for the service the Scots rendered to Charles VII. upon that occasion, for the great loyalty and virtue which he found in them, he selected two hundred of them for the guard of his person, of whom he made an hundred men at arms, and an hundred lifeguards. And the said hundred men at arms are the hundred lances of our ancient ordinances; andlhe lifeguard-men are those of our guard, who still are near and about our person."