The Maine book

Front matter

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Reprotluced by couitt^s>- nf Willinni King Ri' lianlsrm. Boston, M;iss.

Preface

The geography and history of Maine are distinctive. The location and topography of Maine give her a place of great advantage. Her history, dating back to the early part of the seventeenth century, is full of stirring romance, matchless heroism and marvelous achievements.

Histories of the state have been written by Williamson, Sullivan, Sewall, Abbott, Burrage, Holmes and Hatch. Others have written of her great events and great men. School histories have been written by Varney, Stetson and MacDonald. Distinguished scholars like Baxter have selected and published the documentary history of the state. The State Library has 250 town histories. On account of the policy of the state in giving financial aid, every year sees one or more town histories added to the list. The newspapers of the state have always given space to historical matter and their files are an invaluable source of facts.

Sprague's Journal of Maine History, published and edited by Hon. J. Francis Sprague of Dover, is of great value on account of its special articles.

In 1907 the state appointed Dr. Henry S. Burrage State Historian. He has more than justified the wisdom of his office by giving to the state his "Maine at Valley Forge," "Beginnings of Colonial Maine," "Maine at Louisburg," "Maine in the Northeastern Boundary Controversy." These books are everywhere accepted as authority on the subjects treated. They are written with accuracy, a fine sense of proportion and high literary merit.

In preparing this book as a part of the centennial program of Maine the object has been to furnish the busy man and those who do not have original sources at hand, a reference book to important historical and industrial matter.

This book is in no sense a history of Maine, nor is it intended to be substituted for any period of Maine history. The author's purpose is to answer the questions that continually come to the State Library from every town in Maine and from every state in the country. Thousands of these questions are received every year from teachers, public officials, business, professional and college men. High School students, boys and girls of the grades are every year asking for information not easily accessible in the usual history or text book.

The subjects have been selected with these questions in mind. The

vii viii PREFACE

treatment on account ol' the number of subjects is necessarily brief and limited for the most part to a statement of facts rather than an interpretation of the facts.

There is included in this study the history of each state department connected with the industrial and social life of the state, also an outline of what the state government is doing for the improvement of the state.

It is time the people of Maine should know and appreciate the work of the state. They should realize that the state is more than a political unit, that in fact it is a great business organization devoted to developing her natural resources, building up her industries and promoting the moral, educational and social welfare of all the people.

A partial bibliography has been added so that the student may know where to find more detailed information on any subject presented. These books may be found in the State Library and may be borrowed by any person in the state. A card addressed State Library, Augusta, Maine, will bring you the book you need.

So many persons have assisted in gathering the information and granting permission to use materials, that it is impossible to list them all and to express the author's appreciation for their generous help. The library staff have co-operated in every way to make the book accurate and worth while to those interested in the State of Maine, in fact without their assistance it would have been impossible to prepare the book.

H. E. D.

PART I HISTORICAL AND LITERARY INFORMATION Chapter Page

I. Maine and the Nation's Wars 3

II. The World War 9

III. Maine Enters the War 14

IV. Chronology of the -World War 21

V. History of 103d Maine Infantry -. 27

VI. Our War Governors 28

VII. Geography 37

VIII. Colonial Maine 42

IX. Indian Forts 40

X. First Naval Battle of the Revolution 47

XI. Arnold's Expedition to Quebec 52

XII. Separation from Massachusetts 58

XIII. Ratification of the Federal Constitution 62

XIV. Colonial Government 64

XV. State Government in Outline 68

XVI. Local Government 70

XVII. Development of the Judiciary 77

XVIII. Chronological Record of Events 80

XIX. State Flag 85

XX. Seal and Arms 88

XXI. Floral Emblem 91

XXII. Retumed Maine Battle Flags 94

XXIII. State House ! 98

XXIV. Executive Mansion 101

XXV. Governors of Maine 107

XXVI. Maine Indians 110

XXVII. Maine in Poeti-y ■ 115

XXVIII. The First Poet 135

XXIX. The First Novelist 140

XXX. Books, Newspapers, Printers, Editors 147

XXXI. Maine's Contribution to Literature 157

Part II Social And Indu.strial History Op Maine

. XXXII. Governor and Council 178

XXXIII. Education 182

XXXIV. Libraries 190

XXXV. Religious Societies 194

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

XXXVI. Agriculture 199

XXXVIl. Cotton Industry 207

XXXVIII. Woolen Indu.stry 210

XXXIX. Fishing Industi-y 214

XL. Canning Industry 217

XLI. Ice Business 218

XLII. Forests and Lumber 220

XLIII. Leather and Shoe Industry 225

XLIV. Mineral Resources 227

XLV. Shipbuilding 233

XLVI. Summer Homes 240

XLVII. Highways 245

XLVIII. Labor and Industry 248

XLIX. Public Utilities 251

L. Animals, Fish and Birds 256

LI. State Printing 262

LII. Banks 264

LIII. Social Service 266

LIV. State Hospitals 271

LV. School for Feeble-minded 280

LVI. State School for Boys 283

LVII. State School for Girls 286

LVIII. Bath Military and Naval Orphan Asylum 289

LIX. Maine School for the Deaf 291

LX. Tuberculosis Sanatoriums 293

LXl. State Reformatory for Men 296

LXII. State Reformatory for Women 297

LXIII. Maine State Prison 298

LXIV. Maine Institution for the Blind 300

LXV. Health 301

LXVI. Insurance 303

LXVII. Workmen's Insurance 305

LXVIII. The Work of the Secretary of State 308

LXIX. Valuation of Maine 310

LXX. State Finances 313

LXXI. The Military 315

LXXII. Department of the Attorney General 320

LXXIII. Author Bibliography 322

LXXIV. Bibliography 324

Index

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

William King Frontispiece

Old Glory '. xiv >

Dyce's Head 5 -

Road to France 8 .

Colonel Hume Presenting Flags of 103 Inf. to Governor Milliken 26 '

Maine War Governors 29, 32 ,,,

Winter Wood Scene 36

Pemaquid in 1607 41

Port Western, 1754 45

Benedict Arnold 51

The Flag facing 84 -

Seal and Arms 88

Pine Cone and Tassel 90

Returned Maine Battle Flags 93

Moses Owen 96

State House 97

Original State House 100

Executive Mansion 103

Red Paint Grave Ill

Murmurous Pines 121

Katahdin 124

Popham Colony in 1607 132

Tomb of Governor Lincoln 134

Madam Wood 139

Governor Enoch Lincoln 156

Governor Carl E. Milliken 177

Early Maine Churches 193, 197

A Potato Harvest 200

Five-Year-Old Apple Tree 206

A Morning Catch from I,ake Winnecook, Unity, Maine 213

Maine Comfleld 217

Logging on the Kennebec 219

Lumber Camp 223

Hauling Logs in the Maine Woods '. 226

The "Ranger" 235

"William P. Frye" 237

Moose 239

Dinner in the Open 241

Lafayette National Park 243

Section of State Museum 257

Woodcock Group in State Museum 259

State School for Boys. Administration Building 282

Scene at Faii'field Sanatorium 292

Reformatory for Men 295

xi

Introduction

This publication is a statement of leading facts in the development of our great state. They are collected with care and well authenticated. Henry E. Dunnack, State Librarian, is well fitted for the task, and has made herein a worthy contribution to the historic archives of the state. In the collection, selection and arrangement of materials he has at his command the books and records of a well filled library which coupled with his gi-asp of the relative importance of historic facts assures the value of the work.

Part I deals with the historical and literary incidents covering the wars in which Maine has engaged from the early troubles with the Indians to participation in the great war; a brief summary of geographical conditions, the separation from Massachusetts and formation of an independent state with a government of its own.

Part II covers the social and industrial development including the organization, extension, development and services of the various state departments, executive and administrative.

It is fitting in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred twenty and in the one hundi-edth anniversary of our statehood that these facts should be collected and placed in form for the use not only of the general reader and student of history but for our schools also. The outlines of state history contained herein will form the basis of intelligent research among the sources of history themselves. The students in our schools during the centennial year should seek in their own localities the early landmarks of history, old buildings, places where interesting and important events occurred, the families of first settlers, original documents, records, etc. In such a project this publication will be of inestimable value.

The picturesqueness, the scenic grandeur of the State of Maine cannot be appreciated fully without a setting of human activity. Among these rivers, lakes, woodlands, hills, mountains and shores the drama of civiHzation has taken place, and this it is which lends charm to what nature has done. The achievements of men on the foundations of nature are the miracles of the ages. A stage may be set, its scenic beauty unrivalled, but the charm is in the living characters who play upon it and the human interest they portray.

Along our shores sailed the daring seamen seeking "new things" ; up our rivers came the intrepid pioneers lured by attractive intervales which

xii

INTRODUCTION xiii

lie along our rivers; into our boundless forests pushed the hardy and courageous woodsmen — all seeking to awaken the land of fertility and riches from its sleep of ages and rescue it from its "buried talent" possessors until civilization gathered her forces together for the transformation of the wilderness into the comfortable abode of prosperous generations. The story of the centuries intervening between those who were first to behold our shores and those who now enjoy the comforts of industry accumulated through many generations is more thrilling than fable, more fascinating than fiction. The struggle to subdue the wild, to uproot the forest and plant the farm, to harness the rivers" and make them giants of industry, the story of war and the courage displayed by the men of Maine and the women also from the skirmish with the Indian to participation in the world war should be known, understood and appreciated by every citizen.

AUGUSTUS: O. THOMAf.

State Superintendent of Schools.

Huu'drd Chandler Chrialu

By jicrniisiiion

And seeing you fly, and the boys marching- by, There's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye And an aching to live for you always — or die, If, dying, we still keep you waving on high.

PART I HISTORICAL AND LITERARY INFORMATION

French and Indian Wars

Chapter I Maine And The Nation's Wars

For almost a century the northern American colonies experienced all the horrors of savage warfare incident to the desperate struggle for supremacy between France and England. "The brunt fell upon Maine, the vast frontier and flying-buttress of New England, — her soil the battle ground and her sons the vanguai'd." Within her boundaries at the conclusion of King Philip's war were only five settlements and such was the drain upon her during the succeeding wars that there was not left at home one man to a family.

The fleet which took Port Royal was chiefly manned in Maine and commanded by her distinguished son. Sir William Phips. The famous siege of Louisburg was commanded by William Pepperell of Kittery, afterwards knighted for his success in this expedition, and at least a third of the entire besieging force was recruited from the Province of Maine. Many of the men who served at Louisburg served also in the arinies that a few years later at Lake George drove the advancing French forces back to their strongholds on the St. Lawrence, to be finally overcome by Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham.

^ „ , Maine gave to the struggle for independence six thousand „ , , ,. men. And when it was over, one thousand of her sons

had sacrificed their lives and the burden of debt that fell upon her was greater in proportion to her wealth and population than her share in the cost of the Civil War.

The news of the battle of Lexington reached York on the evening of the same day. The next morning a company of sixty men, fully equipped with arms, ammunition and food, were marching to Boston. The first company was followed in a few days by men from the entire province, even as far east as Machias. Falmouth, now Portland, was bombarded and utterly destroyed by a British fleet, October 18, 1775, and the territory from the Kennebec to the eastern boundary was frequently invaded and sufl'ered numerous attacks at diflferent points.

A Maine regiment was present at the battle of Bunker Hill. On June 12, 1775, the patriots of Machias fought "the Lexington of the seas," in which the Margaretta was captured and "the British flag was struck for the first time on the ocean to Americans." Eleven hundred men from Maine were with Washington at Valley Forge, a tenth of the entire force. At the siege of Boston practically every able-bodied man in western Maine was present. An old letter in the Massachusetts archives states that during the siege, when an urgent call was made for additional volunteers, they got the reply from Falmouth, "Every man who can leave home is gone or going to Cambridge. They must draw upon this part of the province for women instead of men, and for knives and forks instead of arms." Maine men were at Quebec with Arnold, also at Ticonderoga, Long Island. Stillwater, Saratoga, the surrender of Burgoyne, at Monmouth and at Yorktown. The daring fishermen of our coast served in the Continental Navy and were with John Paul Jones. It is pleasant to remember that when Washington rode down the lines one day to thank the troops whose valor had turned the tide of a desperate battle, and exclaimed with uncovered head "God bless the Massachusetts line!" he spoke to the Third Division— men from the counties of York and Cumberland.

In the war of 1812, although it was unpopular with her War of 1812 j^^^pj^^ jyjj^jne shirked no responsibility. It is -said that more soldiers were enlisted in the District of Maine, in proportion to its population, than in any of the states. The whole number of militia, ever ready to march, amounted to twenty-one thousand one hundred and twenty-one men.

During the first two years of the war Maine was not actually invaded by the enemy, though often menaced. During the summer of 1814, however the towns of Eastport, Castine, Belfast, Bangor and Hampden were captured and plundered by a strong British force. The region between Passamaquoddv Bay and the Penobscot River passed under the control of the British. Castine was made the port of entry and a custom-house

was opened at Hampden. ^ , , r

A naval engagement oif the coast near Portland on September o. 1814, in which the American brig "The Enterprise" captured the British brig "The Boxer" is probably the most noteworthy battle in which Maine

men participated.

A serious disagreement existed between the United States "Aroostook ^^^^ ^^j.g^^ j5j.j^j^i,^ f^,^^ the treaty of peace (1783) to the War" Webster-Ashburton treaty (1842) respecting the boundary

line known in history as the "Northeast Frontier." The disputed territorv became the scene of various encounters between the officials of New Brunswick and the settlers, who believed they were citizens of Maine By order of the Governor of Maine, the militia was called upon to hold itself in readiness for active service. Two expeditions were made to the Aroostook and Madawaska country. The first was by the Maine Land

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Agent, accompanied by the sheriff of Penobscot County and a posse of men, for the purpose of driving off trespassers upon Maine soil. The second expedition was a mihtary one to repel an invasion of the state, which the Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick had threatened to make. Through the mediation of General Scott of the United States Army, terms of settlement were agreed upon and the troops were recalled from the Aroostook. The "war" was a bloodless one.

. . The record won by Maine troops in defense of the Union

^* ^ has become the glory of the state. No town was so obscure, no community so destitute, that it could not contribute its share of men and money. In many towns, in less than twenty-four hours after tidings of the firing upon Fort Sumter were received, full companies of volunteers were formed, ready to march. The first company which filled its ranks, and was accepted by the governor, was the Lewiston Light Infantry. During the four years Maine sent seventy-two thousand nine hundred and forty-five men to the battlefield and over nine thousand never returned. She furnished thirty-two infantry regiments, three regiments of cavalry, one regiment of heavy artillery, seven batteries of mounted artillery, seven companies of sharpshooters, thirty companies of unassigned infantry, seven companies of coast-guards, and six companies for coast fortifications; six thousand seven hundred and fifty men were also contributed to the navy and marine corps.

It was a Maine regiment that returned with the largest number of battles recorded on its flag of any regiment in the service, and another of its regiments sustained the greatest loss of any regimental organization in any arm of the service.

^ . , Exclusive of soldiers, seamen and marines who enlisted

". . in the regular army and navy, Maine furnished for the

war with Spain one volunteer regiment of infantry, four batteries of heavy artillery, and a signal corps, a total of 1,717 officers and men. This was more than her full quota.

Neither the artillery nor the infantry saw active service, but over fifty men died from fever contracted in the southern camps, and many more were permanently invalided.

The Signal Corps was ordered to the front and did excellent service in the several battles on the island of Cuba near Santiago, which led to the surrender of that city and the Spanish forces occupying it. General Greeley, chief signal officer of the United States Army, at the close of the war addres.'^ed the Maine Signal Corps in these words, "You of the volunteers that came into the field from your shops and desks, cannot be expected to stand the hardships of this campaign like the regulars who are trained soldiers, neither are you expected to perform the many duties

MAINE AND THE NATIONS' WARS 7

which devolve upon you with the same inteUigence as the regulars who have had years of constant practice and study, but the comparison is very flattering to you. You were the first to report for duty in Washington, you were the best equipped of any detachment that has reported here during the war. The State of Maine ought to be proud of you and should be proud of the manner in which she prepared you for the field."

Nl^ic

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Chapter II The World War How The War Came To Europe

The Opportunity.— In 1914 the Gerirican army was at the pink of perfection. It could hardly be increased or improved. The Russian army was disorganized after the Japanese war and many strategic railroads were still unbuilt. The French army sadly lacked heavy artillery and other equipment ; besides France seemed rent by great political scandals. Great Britain appeared to be controlled by pacifist ministers and was threatened by civil war in Ireland. Now or never was the German chance for a great increase of power. The precepts of Frederick the Great and of Bismarck forbade that such an opportunity should be let slip.

The Plot.— Serbia was a weak country with a standing quarrel (over Bosnia) with Austria, Germany's supply ally. Russia was the protector of Serbia, but if an attack were made on Serbia either (1) Russia would desert Serbia and let the Teutons make a great increase of power in the Balkans at little risk or cost, or (2) Russia would help Serbia with arms, which would bring on the great war that the Teutons were sure they could win. Either outcome seemed desirable.

The Pretext.— On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria, heir to the throne, Franz Joseph, was murdered at Sarajevo, Bosnia, by assassins who seemed to have been instigated from Serbia. There was no proof of official sanction by Serbia for the deed, but there was an excellent pretext for an ultimatum.

The Austrian Ultimatum.— On July 23, 1914, at a time when Europe seemed remarkably quiet and when many diplomats were on vacation, Austria sent Serbia a "note demanding," not merely the complete punishment of all her anti-Austrian agitators, but the allowing of Austrian officials to enter Serbia to take charge of the prosecution. No independent government could have admitted such a sweeping claim. The Austrians must have imagined the Serbians to be rabbits instead of men to have proposed this and expected peace to continue. Serbia was given forty-eight hours wherein to decide between signing away her national independence

and war.

Russia Becomes Involved.— Russia as Serbia's "great brother begged the Vienna government at least to extend the time limit to their demands.

This was brusquely I'efused. Serbia, however, consented to nearly all the Austrian demands, and offered to submit the remainder to the Hague. Not the least attention was paid to the suggestion. Less than one hour after the Serbian reply was presented, the Austrian minister quit Belgrade. On July 28th, 1914,- Austria declared war on Serbia, although practically all her demands had been conceded.

The Kaiser Intrudes. — Russia now appealed to Germany to mediate between herself and Austria, making it plain she could not, in self-respect, allow Serbia to be overwhelmed without aid. Kaiser Wilhelm affected to "mediate," but warned the Czar this was an affair between Austria and Serbia, and if Russia did not abandon Serbia a great war would follow. When the Czar began to mobilize (following mobilization already begun by Austria) the Kaiser took the attitude that Russia was really threatening Germany, not Austria, and began counter preparations.

The Kaiser Forces War. — England and France (friendly to Russia but anxious for peace) frantically offered moderating counsels. At Vienna the dangers of the situation at length dawned, and friendly -discussions with Russia, for a compromise, seemed about to recommence. Then as if panic-stricken lest their plot be spoiled the war-lords in Berlin caused an ultimatum to be sent to the Czar giving him twelve hours to demobilize or Germany would strike. A similar demand was sent to France (Russia's ally). The tones of these mandates were utterly insulting. No great nation could have cringed to them. August 1st, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, although the latter was still at peace with Austria, in whose behalf the Kaiser claimed to be acting.

The Road to Paris. — -Prussian military plans required the first attack should be on innocent France, whose only crime was that she would not betray her Russian ally. The best road to Paris lay across Belgium, and whether Germany would forego martial advantage out of respect for the neutral rights of a small neighboring state and for her plighted honor had long been a mooted question in European military circles. The German choice between advantage and honesty was soon manifest. On August 4, 1914, the Germans entered Belgium, an unoffending, happy country, whose 7,000,000 peaceful people had not one iota of interest in the miserable Balkan quarrel, nor in the affairs of Austria, Germany, Russia or France.

The Scrap of. Paper. — England had been very friendly to France and Russia, but there was no formal alliance. A strong peace party existed, and England might well have kept out of the war — at least for the first few months when (as events turned out) Germany, without English intervention, might have won a complete victory. But England's honor was deeply concerned in defending her treaty, which guaranteed Belgium.

THE WORLD WAR 11

The violation of this solemn compact silenced the British peace advocates. When the British ambassador went to Bethmann-HoUweg to give Germany the choice between keeping honor as to Belgium or fighting England, the Chancellor cynically demanded whether England would go to war "just for a scrap of paper".

German statesmen evidently misunderstood the way in which Frenchmen, Englishmen and Americans take solemn treaties and promises.

England declared war on August 4, 1914.

The Austrian note to Serbia had been presented, out of an almost clear sky, on July 2:?rd. Only twelve days had sufficed to change the world from Eden to Gehenna. What will seem the responsibility of the Teutonic arch-plotters when they stand at the bar of universal history?

W. S. D., in Facts About the War, Vtiiiersitif of Minnesota.

HOW THE WAR CAME TO AMERICA

The more important stages whereby American patience was exhausted :

1. Dec. 24th, 1914 (Christmas Eve — fit day!) — Admiral von Tirpitz throws out a newspaper suggestion on an "unlimited submarine policy," and directly asks — "What will America say?"

2. Feb. 4th, 1915. Germany declares a "war zone" around the British Isles, without protection to crew or ship passengers.

3. Feb. 10th, 191.5. America warns Germany that harm thus done to American citizens will involve "strict accountability."

4. March 28th, 1915. "Falaba" sunk, one American perishes.

5. May 1st, 1915. American steamer "Gulflight" torpedoed.

6. May 1st, 1915. German embassy publishes warning in New York and other American papers against Americans sailing on "Lusitania," although United States government had decided such action proper and lawful.

7. May 7th, 1915. "Lusitania" sunk; 114 Americans (many women and children) drowned.

8. May 15th, 1915. Mr. Wilson's "First Note" of protest at submarine policy.

9. May 28th, 1915. German rejoinder defending "Lusitania" sinking.

10. June 9th, 1915. Mr. Wilson's "Second Note" of protest; just subsequent to Mr. Bryan's resignation.

11. July 8th, 1915. Germany promises Mr. Gerard at least to protect American and neutral ships.

12. July 21st, 1915. Mr. Wilson's "Third Note" of protest.

13. Aug. 19th, 1915. "Arabic" sunk unwarned; two Americans peri.sh.

14. Sept. 1st, 1915. Ambassador Bernstorff gives solemn promise at Washington that "liners" will not be sunk without warning.

15. Dec. 30th, 1915. "Persia" .sunk unwarned in Mediterranean; an American consul going to his post of duty perishes.

16. Jan. 7th, 1916. Germany promises still again that in the Mediterranean, at least, no ships should be sunk unwarned.

17. Feb. 16th, 1916. Germany, seeking a money compromise about the "Lusitania," says that she has now "limited her submarine warfare, because of her long standing friendship with the United States."

18. March 24th, 1916. "Sussex" (British Channel passenger steamer) torpedoed. Several Americans injured.

19. April 18th, 1916. (Following clear proof in the Sussex affair of the breach of German promises) Mr. Wilson threatens to break friendly relations unless outrages cease.

20. May 4th, 1916. Germany formally pi'omises to respect international law and not sink ships unwarned. ("Promise No. 5.")

21. Oct. 9th, 1916. A German submarine sinks five merchant vessels (one Dutch neutral) off" American coast. Heavy loss of life inevitable if American destroyers had not rescued passengers and crews.

22. Jan. 31st, 1917. Germany (having now built sufficient U-boats) tears up her "pieces of paper" to us and proclaims "unlimited submarine warfare", ("running amuck," says Mr. Wilson).

23. Feb. 3rd, 1917. Mr. Wilson gives von Bernstorff his passports.

24. Feb. 4 to April 2, 1917. Seven American ships sunk; at least 13 American citizens on them perish, as well as several on non-American ships.

25. April 2, 1917. Mr. Wilson asks for war.

These are only part of the outrages, protests and promises: a record of patience on our part unparalleled in history !

TT. -S'. />., in Facts About the TFn»% TJniversity of Minnesota.

AMERICA'S CASE AGAINST GERMANY

1. Some two hundred and fifty American citizens, exercising rights unquestioned under the law of nations, and ti-aveling under the presumed protection of their government, have been killed by agents of the Imperial German Government.

2. The German Government was solemnly warned by the Government of the United States on February 10, 1915, that such acts were "an indefensible violation of neutral rights," and that our Government "would take any steps it might be necessary to take, to safeguard American lives, and to secure to American citizens full enjoyment of their acknowledged rights on the high seas."

3. In spite of this protest and warning, more than once repeated, such unlawful killing of Americans continued at intervals during two years.

THE WORLD WAR 13

4. In addition to the submarine attacks, the German Government, through its diplomatic representatives and other agents, carried on throughout 1915 and 1916 a secret campaign against our domestic security and order, by fomenting strikes, hiring criminals to destroy munition plants and other property, subsidizing a propaganda of disloyalty among citizens of German bii'th, placing spies in our oi^.ces of government, and organizing upon American soil unlawful conspiracies and military expeditions against countries with which we were at peace.

5. On January 31, 1917, the German Government proclaimed that it would destroy without warning, and without safeguarding the lives of passengers and seamen, ships of any nationality (regardless of the chai'- acter of their cargoes and their destinations) which might be found by German submarines in certain vast areas of the high seas.

6. This renewed and enlarged threat, and defiance of the warnings of our Government, was speedily carried out, several Amerif'an ships, some of them bound for American ports, being destroyed, with loss of American lives, during February and March, 1917.