History of Nebraska from the earliest explorations of the trans-Mississippi region

Front matter

COESRICHT DEPOSm

FROM THE EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS OF THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI REGION

BY

Introduction

Two or three statements may aid us in appreciation of history in general, and more particularly they may help to show the value, for all citizens, of local and state history. They will enable us to understand and to realize that he lives the best and most useful life, both for himself and for all with whom he is in any way connected, who lives in the present, who makes a wise use of all the past, and who provides as far as possible for the future.

This relation of past, present, and future points to the true meaning of history and helps us to determine its real significance. It suggests the most significant thing in the study of history, whether it relates to a community, to a state, to a nation, or to the world. This is the case whether history is one of the means of mental growth and intelligence and a source of enrichment of life, as in the case of a student, or from the standpoint of the busy man or woman who has time for only a few pages in a week. This meaning and significance may be expressed thus: We study history that we may know how the present came to be — how the present came out of the past — what the relation of the present is to the past, and, then, by a wise use of the knowledge we gain and the strength we acquire we may prepare for the future. This is the practical, everyday side of the knowledge of history. From this point of view history has a meaning and a significance which are beyond our ability to measure.

2. A second thing worth while to mention in this connection is this : Every I state in the federal union has certain things which distinguish it from others. \ These special characteristics may be in the relative position, in the form or contour of the surface, in the richness or poverty of the soil, in the depth or shallowness of the subsoil, in the water supply, in the presence or absence of trees, in the quality, quantity, and variety of the native fruits, in the size and number of its ' watercourses, in its exposure to or protection from destructive storms, in the hfe i

, and character of the native peoples, in the aim, spirit or purpose of the first set-

' tiers, in the adaptation of the earlier and later inhabitants, in the changing con- _ ditions which advancing civilization imposes, or any one or more of a hundred \

! other peculiarities.

I While these qualities are often difficult to find in advance they determine the trend of development and fix within definite limits the extent and character of the progress and civilization of the inhaliitants.

The foregoing statements and that which they suggest about the state explain in part that which has been accomplished and that which Nebraska is at the end

X INTRODUCTION

of the first semi-centennial period. This is the case because the trend of growtli and development was determined in part by the physical features upon which the social, economic, political, educational, and religious forces have acted and reacted. Had they been different the history of those who came to build an enduring civilization would have been different. The divine hand through nature's forces and laws laid the foundations of a commonwealth and the builders have erected a structure worthy of themselves, of the opportunities which were theirs, and of the physical conditions into which they came.

3. A third thing which may be in place in this introduction as we think of the significance of history and of the relation of the past to the present and to the future, is the complete transformation which has taken place in the valleys and on the plains of Nebraska within much less than one hundred years. What does that transformation say when we question the future? What is the answer when we ask what the future ought to be in the light of the growth of the past? And again when we see the answer in the light of the condition of the present? Do we have the courage of the real conviction necessary to face the future with its ever-increasing demands? Do we possess the knowledge of the past and likewise the ability and skill to use the forces and institutions of the present and thus make the future worthy of the past and of the present ? Have we the wisdom which the past is willing to supply and the strength which knowledge gives so completely at our command that we can make the physical well-being, the intellectual attainments, the moral worth and spiritual excellence of the future worthy of the past and present? In the light of that which the history of Nebraska unfolds, what kind of a future will discharge the debt we owe the future? Think of the comparatively short time since the great stretches of Nebraska lands were occupied by Indian tribes and herds of buffalo, and of the very few years since the Oregon and Mormon trails were followed by the thousands of people who sought homes and fortunes in the far West ! A little study will teach us what and when and how our forefathers accomplished, in so brief a space, so great a transformation. The pages of this semi-centennial history show us by what means our children and our children's children may be worthy of the log cabin, the sod house and the ox team of our fathers. To make our children and ourselves worthy sons and daughters of noble men and devoted women is one of the chief purposes of this publication.

J. A. Beattie.

Lincoln, July, 1918.

Chapter I

Natural Conditions — Geology — Archseologj- — Climatic Conditions — Vegetation — Fauna.

CHAPTER H 24

Aboriginal Occupants — Spanish and French Explorers — American Expeditions — Fur Trade — First Settlements — Early Traders — Authentic Explorations.

CHAPTER HI 62

Early Travel and Transportation — The Overland Stage — Pony Express — River Navigation — First Railroad and Telegraph.

CHAPTER R^ 98

The Louisiana Purchase.

CHAPTER V 112

The Missouri Compromise — The Second Compromise — Stephen A. Douglas — The Richardson Bill --The Dodge Bill — The Kansas-Nebraska Bill — Provisional Government — Division of Nebraska — Estimate of Douglas — Proposed Boundaries — Suffrage Qualifications.

CHAPTER VI 138

The Mormons in Nebraska.

CHAPTER VH 143

The First Governor — Rival Towns — Organization — Election Precincts — First Capital Controversy — First Election.

CHAPTER Vni 171

First Legislature — Administration of Governor Izard — Location of the Capital — Laws of the First Session — L'nited States Surveys — Claim Clubs — Incorporation Laws — Nebraska's Peculiarity — First Independence Day — Judicial Organization.

CHAPTER IX 201

The Second Legislature — Second Congressional Campaign — Political Conditions.

CHAPTER X 223

The Third Legislature — The Third Congressional Campaign — Richardson Succeeds Izard ^ The Fourth Legislature — Florence Session — Death of Governor Cuming.

CHAPTER XI 253

First Political Conventions — Postponement of Land Sales — Fifth Legislature — Resignation of Governor Richardson.

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER XII 273

Land Sales — Half-Breed Tract — United States Surveys — Appointment of Governor Black — First Territorial Fair — Chapman-Ferguson Contest — Annexation to Kansas.

CHAPTER XIII 287

The Territory under Party Organization —The First Party Campaigns — Daily-Estabrook Contest — Sixth Legislature.

CHAPTER XIV 297

Pohtical Conventions — Congressional Campaigns of 1860-1862— Seventh Legislature — Morton-Dailv Contest — Departure of Governor Black — Appointment of Governor Saunders — Military Affairs — Eighth Legislature.

CHAPTER XV 329

Ninth Legislature — Constitutional Convention, 1864 — Political Conventions, 1864 — Tenth Legislature — Reappointment of Governor Saunders — Politics in 1865 — Eleventh Legislature — The First State Constitution.

CHAPTER XVI

PoUtics in 1866— Rock Bluffs Contest — Johnson and Anti-Johnson Factions— Struggle Over Statehood — Election of First State Officers — Twelfth and Last Territorial Legislature — The Negro Suffrage Condition in Congress, and in the First State Legislature.

CHAPTER XVII ■ 394

Territorial Military History.

CHAPTER XVIII -^-0

Territorial Products.

CHAPTER XIX -^33

Territorial Press.

CHAPTER XX . . ++9

Slavery in Nebraska.

CHAPTER XXI 465

The Pioneer Railway of Nebraska.

CHAPTER XXII 492

Schools, Colleges, and L^niversities.

CHAPTER XXIII 526

Organizing the State Government — Removal of the Capital — EstabUshing Lincoln.

CHAPTER XXIV ^^^

Starting the State — Scandals in the State Government — Senator Tipton Reelected- Governor Butler's Third Election — Hitchcock United States Senator— Impeachment Proceedings.

CHAPTER XXV -""^^

Anarchy in the Legislature — Sessions of 1871-1872— Lunatic Asylum Burned — Constitutional Convention of 1871.

CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER XXVI 552

A Special Session Fiasco — The Tennant Case — Right of a Negro to be a Juryman — Validity of Admission to Statehood — Political Disruption of 1872 — The Furnas Libel Suit — the Kennard Claims — State Finance — Retirement of Tipton and Election of Paddock for United States Senator — Final Defeat of Thayer — Capital Removal — Legislature of 1875.

CHAPTER XXVn 578

Constitutional Convention, 1875 — Constitutions Compared — Elections of 1875 — Rise of Van Wyck — Politics of 1876.

CHAPTER XXVni 587

Blunders in Procedure — Defeat of Hitchcock for Senator — The Legislature of 1877 — Capital Removal — Increase in Population — Legislation and Politics, 1877-1883 — Omaha Labor Riot of 1882.

CHAPTER XXIX 603

Political History, 1882-1890 — The Period of Mainly Unsuccessful Attempts to Procure Reform Legislation Culminating in the Poprulist Revolution — First Railroad Commission — Three Cent Passenger Rate.

CHAPTER XXX 615

The Populist Revolution — The Strangled State Election Contest of 1890-1891 — Defeat of the Prohibition Amendment — Political Conventions and Elections, 1890-1892 — Legislatures of 1891 and 1893 — Election of Wm. V. Allen, Populist, for United States Senator — Impeachment of State Officers.

CHAPTER XXXI 634

The Populist Probation — Return of the Republican Prodigal — His Conversion to Populism — A Period of Party Rotation.

CHAPTER XXXII 651

Material Growth and Resources — Agriculture — Commerce — Manufacture — The Grasshopper Plague — Drouths — Farmers' Organizations — Trans-Mississippi Exposition.

CHAPTER XXXIII 677

History of Railroad Construction — Final Indian Hostilities — Nebraska in the War with Spain.

CHAPTER XXXIV 693

Greater Omaha — Christian Science in Nebraska — Ak-Sar-Ben of Omaha — Development of the Potash Industry.

CHAPTER XXXV 706

The Semi-Centennial Celebration — Nebraska and the Great War in Europe.

i

CHAPTER I

Natural Conditions — Geology — Archeology — Climatic Conditions — Vegetation

Fauna

IN THE long run physical environment, such as soil, climate, and topography, shape the man and the society ; but human character and social propensities, formed in older states and in other and older countries, have been transplanted into this new state, and while, according to a marked American instinct or characteristic, the people have been quick to adapt themselves to a somewhat important change of conditions, yet the time during which they have been subject to them has been too short appreciably to change their character or social aspect. If they had only the richest and most easily tillable soil in the world to conjure with, this might tend to breed mental and esthetic dullness; but they have been saved from this influence by the rarefied and bracing atmosphere, by the sunshine in which they are almost perennially bathed, as well as by certain adverse climatic conditions which challenge their vigilance and ingenuity. While the people of the Plains have missed the comforting companionship of brooks and hills and groves, whose friendly presence sustained the courage and inspired the esthetic sense of the settlers of the Mississippi valley, yet these Plains have a beauteous aspect of their own which often inspired the limning pen of Irving and engaged Cooper's romantic eye. The illimitable expanse of landscape, the unrivaled beauty of morning and evening lights and shades, the marvelous clearness of the air, however monotonous, do not fail to excite the

1 Astoria, pp. 2S8-2S9.

esthetic sensibility and widen the spiritual vision of the people.

But when Irving undertook to estimate the material value, and to picture the future usefulness and development of this vast prairie empire, he looked with blindfold eyes and painted a dismal black:

It is a land where no man permanently abides. . . Such is the nature of this immense wilderness of the far West, which apparently defies cultivation and the habitation of civilized life. Some portions of it along the rivers may partially be subdued by agriculture ; others may form vast pastoral tracts like those of the East ; but it is to be feared that a great part of it wMl form a lawless interval between the abodes of civilized man, like the waters of the ocean and the deserts of Arabia ; and like them be subject to the depredations of the marauders.^

And then, as this polished poet-historian continues to contemplate the lugubrious prospect, his style, in general the refinement of grace, dignity, and self-control, breaks into an almost grotesque delineation of the fate of a land which was destined within the space of a man's life to become "the home, the portion fair" of nearly ten million prosperous and happy people. And Cooper, the leading romanticist of that day, observes in The Prairie that the plains are "in fact a vast country incapable of sustaining a dense population in the absence of the two great necessities" — wood and water. This great story-teller aflfected a knowledge of geology, but it was not profound enough to penetrate to the hiexhaustible sheet of subterranean water which, fed by the eternal snows of the Rocky mountains, is coextensive with the great slope between these mountains and the Missouri river and within

Arikaree Falls Ten miles east of Valentine, Neb., fed by Sand Hill springs and leaping over a wall of Arikaree sand rock. First plunge, eighty-five feet ; second, fifteen feet. These are the loftiest falls in the state.

easy reach of the UTodern and post-Irving- Cooper windmills which now dot these plains in such profusion that they would set a whole legion of Don Quixotes in simultaneous frenzv. Nor could the lively imagination of these great romancers foresee the practicability of the substitution for the lacking wood, of the great deposits of coal in the adjacent mountains and underlying a large part of these vast i)lains, because railroad transportation was beyond Irving's ken or fancy and Coopter's practicable view. As to this, Cooper skeptically remarks : "It is a singular comment on the times that plans for railroads across these vast plains are in active ■discussion, and that men have ceased to regard these projects as chimerical."

And Long, in the story of his expedition of 1819, gives the following hopeless characterization to the Nebraska plains, which, in their easterly portion at least, for prolific production of live stock and of the forage which sustains them, including the .staple cereals, and for ease of cultivation and lasting fertility, excel any other region of so large an area in the world :

The rapidity of the current (of the Platte river) and the great width of the bed of the river preclude the possibility of any extensive inundation of the surrounding country. The bottom lands of the river rise by an imperceptible ascent, on each side, extending laterally to a distance of from two to ten miles, where they are terminated by low ranges of gravelly hills, running parallel to the general direction of the river. Beyond these the surface is an undulating plain, having an elevation of from fifty to one hundred feet, and presenting the aspect of hopeless and irreclaimable sterility.

Logically Long's conclusion as to the hopeless sterility of the plains of the Platte should be an inference from the misstatement of fact by Marbois, made as late as 1830, in his history of Louisiana (p. 350) : "On the two ^ides of the river 'Plate' are vast jilains of sand from an hundred to an hundred and fifty leagues in extent where no indication of living creatures is to be found." The ignorance of ■Marbois is not as inexcusable or remarkable as the lame logic of Irving and Long, for the abundance of wild animals with which they perceived the plains were stocked, would have suggested to them that the region would be peculiarly adapted, under cudivatiou, for the sustenance of domestic animal life.

When some phenomenon which may have

NATURAL CONDITIONS

Photograph, Morrill Geological Expedition, iSgS-

Bad Lands Bad Lands of Brule formation (Oligocene) two and a half miles west of the Burlington & Missouri railwaj' station at Adelia, Sioux county, Nebraska, looking northwest.

Photograph, Morrill Geological Expedition. iSg^.

Pine Ridge North face of Pine Ridge at Warbonnet canyon looking north across the Hat creek basin toward the Black Hills outlined in the distance. The pine covered clifTs are Arikaree formation. The white patch in the distance is the Brule clay of the Little Bad Lands, .Sioux county, Nebraska. Beyond the Brule clay the Pierre formation begins.

been an eternal fact or is a manifestation of an eternal law of nature, but which has been hidden from our imperfect understanding, is, from the changing jxiint of view or in the natural course of events, suddenly revealed, we call it Providence. And so this vast hidden reservoir of water and the man-wrought miracle of the steam railroad, which opened the way for the waiting millions, were the Providence of these Plains. Because Irving and Cooper and their compeers failed mentally or physically to penetrate to the one and to divine the coming kingdom of the other, they consigned the whole region to the doom of eternal desolation. God indeed moves in a mysterious way his wonders to perform. This "wilderness which apparently defies cultivation and the habitation of civilized life" is the granary as well as the shambles of the world. Of two typical states — Iowa and Nebraska — which cut through the heart of the Plains, the first is the imperial agricultural commonwealth of the richest farming country of the world, and in the production of the great food staples the other lags but little behind.

During incalculable numbers of centuries there was a like providential preparation on the surface of these plains of the richest soil in the world to cover so wide an area.

Geology.^ From a geological standpoint Nebraska doubtless stands as the most distinctly agricultural state in the Union, yet it is not without other resources of economic importance. Its rocks are undisturbed sediment, and its geology is apt to be regarded as simple in the extreme and its topography as that of an undiversified plain ; but investigation shows the state to be diversified and interesting and even startling in the boldness of certain physiographic regions. The altitude varies from a general level of about a thousand feet along the Missouri river to that of over five thousand feet some four hundred miles further west in the state. At this distance the prairie lands of the eastern portion, which are sometimes level but often rolling, begin to merge

2 For this description of the geology of Nebraska we are indebted to Erwin Hinckley Barbour. Ph.D., professor of geology in the University of Nebraska; state geologist and curator of the state museum. — Ed.

into the tables and lofty buttes of the western edge of the state. The climatic conditions vary somewhat with the distance westward, and are comparable with those of Ohio and Indiana. In general the atmosphere is dry and considered quite as favorable to health and longevity as the more famous air of Colorado.

The rainfall of the eastern portion is about twenty-three inches and the evaporation four feet, while the precipitation of the western portion may fall as low as twelve to fifteen inches with an evaporation of six feet. The geologj' of Nebraska is seemingly complex, chiefly because the strata are so deeply buried that they are not exposed for study. First, the strata sag or dip to the west, not appearing again until the flanks of the Rocky mountains are reached, thus forming a deeply buried trough. Second, the beds are covered by loose surface materials which are very distinct and generally recognized as bluff deposit or loess, glacial drift, and sand-hills. All of the southeastern half of the state is covered more or less deeply by loess, which is a sandy loam of glacial origin of a light yellow color and of inexhaustible fertility. The northwestern half is covered largely by sand-hills resulting from the action of wind in transporting and piling up the disintegrated sand of Tertiary rock. The loess being as thick in many places as one hundred feet, and the sand-hills as thick as three hundred, it is plain that Nebraska rocks are concealed, and that they are not to be found except where streams have trenched the superficial beds.

Along the streams of southeastern Nebraska the limestones are found, which are well known because they are extensively quarried. These belong to the Coal Measure or the Carboniferous age, the oldest rock in the state. Though rich in beds of limestone and productive beds of valuable clays and shales, our Carboniferous rock is poor in coal, the best seam being scarcely more than eighteen inches thick and encased in tenacious shale. Exposures of Carboniferous rock are common along the streams in Richardson, Pawnee, Nemaha, Tohnson, Otoe, Cass, Sarpy, Douglas,

GEOLOGY and Washing-ton counties, and in scattered patches as far west as Lancaster and Gage counties. From an economic standpoint this is the most important geologic formation in the state, since it yields the limestone for lime, rubble, riprap, building, smelting, sugar refining, and flint for ballast, as well as enormous amounts of excellent clay for brick, tile, and terra cotta.

The Carboniferous is lost west of Lincoln by dipping under beds of the Cretaceous age and by sinking several thousand feet before again coming to the surface in the mountains. If the state could be divested of its great mantle of soil and sand. Cretaceous clays and artesian water, building stone (which, though ocherous and soft, is often put to use), and beds of superior clay, which furnish brick of all desired colors and kinds. It also furnishes a large amount of sand for building purposes, and, from a layer near its base, the best gravel in the state. Overlying the Dakota is the Benton Cretaceous, consisting essentially of a white layer of chalk rock overlying a layer of black shale. It may be traced along the Republican river from Harlan county to Hebron, Endicott, Milford, Niobrara, and westward along the Niobrara river to Boyd county. Economically this layer may become important. The chalk rock is quarried for lime and build-

Morrill Geological Expedition, igoc.

ScHLEGEL Rapids and Falls Southwest of Valentine, Cherry county, Nebraska, in the Arikaree formation. Plunge, about twelve feet; width, about fifty feet.

shales would predominate. As it is, they occur in widely scattered patches along the courses of streams.

Though enormously thick and broad in extent, our Cretaceous rock is known by small, local patches. The oldest Cretaceous layer, the Dakota, being the water-bearing bed, is the best known as well as the most important. It consists largely of rusty sands and beds of clay which may be traced from Jefferson county northeast to Dakota county and beyond. Economically, this formation of sparsely exposed rock is of the greatest importance to the Plains, yielding excellent water, including ing purposes. Being very soft when "green," it is commonly cut into proper shape with ordinary hand-saws, and, after drying and hardening, is laid up with mortar in the usual way. In this layer is found also an undeveloped resource of great promise, in as much as the chalk rock, when prop>erly tempered with the shale, gives an hydraulic cement of excellent quality. Next above the Benton comes the Pierre formation, ordinarily spoken of as Pierre shale because it consists essentially of shale throughout its extent. In western Nebraska it attains a thickness of several thousand feet. Though broad in extent, it is seldom seen save where exposed by the cutting of some river ; and though four thousand to five thousand feet thick, it presents nothing of commercial importance, being destitute of water, gas, oil, coal, building stone, or anything else of economic value. At least two-thirds of the state consists of Pierre shale, though covered from general view.

Next above the Pierre come the Tertiary bedls, which may be divided into a lower clayey layer eight hundred to one thousand feet thick known as the Bad Lands (Oligocene), and an upper layer five hundred to six forts shall be provided. These beds, consisting essentially of marly clays of fresh-water origin, are peculiarly rich in vertebrate fossils and are the classic collecting grounds of America. Where the wash is not excessive the Bad Lands come readily under cultivation, being fertile and productive ; but seen as they are by the average tourist, destitute of water and living things, trenched, bare, and baked, they seem to typify desolation and waste. Continuous with, and rising high above the Bad Lands are the butte sands of Arikaree formation.

Morrill Geological Expeditwu , isg^.

To.\DSTooL P.\RK, Sioux Countv B.\d L.'\nds Two miles west of Adelia on the Burlington & Missouri River railroad.

hundred feet thick known as the butte sands (Arikaree, Miocene). Like the Pierre, the Bad Lands are without natural resources of the least economic value, save the valuable fossils, in digging and collecting which a considerable number of men are employed. It is necessary constantly to remind the general public that Bad Lands is a misnomer. They are not bad in the sense of sterility ; but to drive over they are bad beyond question, being cut and w^ashed into deep gullies and lofty pinnacles. There is a magnificence and grandeur about the Bad Lands which must attract tourists when suitable accommodations and com-

AU of western Nebraska has a general altitude approaching five thousand feet, and here the magnificent buttes and tables add diversity and beauty to the landscape. Here also thousands of pine trees flourish and are the chief natural resource of this formation. Being sandy, it is productive of pure water, and its grazing lands are of the best. It lends itself to profitable and easy cultivation, especially where irrigated. In many places in southwestern Nebraska a still younger formation rests upon what is known as the "magnesia" or mortar beds (Ogalalla). -\1I of the remaining: beds are still more recent in time and con-

ARCH.EOLOGY sist of unconsolidated materials. The sandhill region which covers the northwestern half of the state is derived from the disintegration of Tertiary sands and their subsequent transportation by the wind. In the early history of the state, when herds roved unrestricted over the Plains, and when prairie fires were unchecked, the bare sands became shifting sand dunes, and grass, underbrush, and trees were destroyed, and the region presented the appearance of a desert, as it was then supposed to be. Now some of the best ranches, hay lands, and grazing lands are to be found in the heart of the sand-hill country. The southeastern half of the state is covered, from a few feet to one hundred feet or more in depth, with a fine, light yellow loam of great fertilit}', known as the loess, or bluff deposit, from its habit of standing in vertical walls. Economically this constitutes the basis of the agricultural greatness of Nebraska. The eastern fifth of the state has a thin layer of glacial drift under the loess. West of Seward county evidence of glacial drift ceases. The material composing our drift is clay, gravel, sand, bowlders of granite, green stone, and the like from distant northern points, but more especially pink bowlders of Sioux quartzite from Sioux Falls, South Dakota. This formation is of little economic value, although its bowlders, some of which are as much as twenty feet in diameter, are utilized to some extent for foundations and other building purposes.

The youngest deposit in the state is the alluvium of our streams, useful chiefly because of its great fertility, and because it furnishes material for making a fair grade of brick where good clays are wanting.

The known minerals of the state are of interest mineralogically rather than economically. Gold, native copper, meteoric iron, terrestrial iron, iron pyrite, marcasite, limonite, magnetic iron sand, pyrolusite, selenite, barite, celesfte, calcite, agate, chelcedony, and turquoise are among the minerals recorded for the state. Among the mineral resources already developed or of probable utility are ocher, peat, bituminous coal of the Carboniferous, lignite coal of the Cretaceous, diatomaceous earth, natural pumice of volcanic ash in extensive beds, enormous amounts of

clay, limestone, sand, gravel, flint, and material for manufacture of hydraulic cement. The preparation of the geological history of

Falls of the North Loup River Plunge about twelve feet; width, forty to fifty feet.

a state requires the closest inspection and study of past and present conditions in every quarter of it ; and already it may be predicted with certainty that many of the natural resources of Nebraska, when they become better known, will be developed to such an extent that its present boasted agricultural products will not be its only source of wealth.

Arch."Eglogy.' The geographical position of Nebraska, situated as it is between the Missouri river on the east and the great Rockies on the west, is conducive to a complicated and interesting archaeology, as well as geolog}'. fauna, and flora. We find the Stone Age implements distributed along the waterways so abundantly that we may readily conclude that primitive man gradually worked his way over the entire state by following the streams. The archaeology of the state can be determined only by the implements. The quantity of Stone .\ge material found, naturally divides itself into three classes. While these three classes overlap each other in many cases, yet every implement may be readily placed in one of them. These classes may be subdivided, it is