Modern machine shop construction equipment and management

Front matter

MODERN MACHINE SHOP

CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT and

M

Preface To Second Revised And Enlarged

EDITION

The remarkable success of the First Edition of this work and its flattering reception by practical designing Architects, Managers, Superintendents, and Shop Men has been very gratifying ; and the fact that in no instance had the author received complaints of errors, or serious criticism, has induced the publication of this Second Edition.

New developments in Shop Management have suggested the addition of four entirely new chapters devoted to these subjects, which have been fully illustrated for the especial benefit and use of Managers, Accountants, and Shop Men.

In the preface to the First Edition it was said that " the aim and object of the author in publishing this book is to produce a work suitable for the practical and everyday use of the Architects who design, the Manufacturers who build, the Engineers who plan and equip, the Superintendents who organize and direct ; and for the information of every Stockholder, Officer, Accountant, Clerk, Superintendent, Foreman and Workman of the Modern Machine Shop and Manufacturing Plant of industrial America." These conditions have proved so satisfactory that the same objects have been sought in the new matter added in this Second Edition.

The Systems herein given are those which the author has successfully used himself or seen used in actual shop practice and under everyday conditions, consequently they are eminently practical. They are confidently recommended to those having charge of work, as simple, practical, and readily workable.

The author has enjoyed over twenty years of successful management of shops and factories without having in a single instance encountered "labor troubles"; and believes that much of this smooth-running efficiency has been due to his thorough belief in the intelligent initiative and honest pride of the American mechanic in his work. Therefore he deprecates all attempts to formulate systems of management which tend to make "machine-made

6 PREFACE

mechanics," who do their work in blind obedience to overseeing authority and the tick of the watch of the "speed boss." He believes that whatsoever tends to lower the initiative of the workman and retards his independence of thought along the lines of his work tends to lower his efficiency and consequently his value as a factor in the manufacturing problem.

With this view of the subject this Second Edition is confidently submitted to the manufacturer and his co-workers.

Oscar E. Perrigo, M. E.

July, 1 91 7.

Part Third Page

The Problem of Apportioning the Fixed Charges .... 258

General Efficiency in Manufacturing Operations . . . . .311 Machine Shop Mutual Aid Association r . .... 318

First Aid to Injured Employees . . . , . . . . .321

Shop Reading Room 323

Shop Dining Room ...... c ...... 326

ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS TO THE SECOND REVISED AND ENLARGED

EDITION

Chapter XXXJLLL Increasing the Efficiency of Machines 329

Chapter XXXIV. Increasing the Efficiency of Men 339

Chapter XXXV. The Relation of the Overhead Burden to the Flat Cost . . . 348

Chapter XXXVL Manufacturing Cost Systems 358

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Part First

FIG. PAGE

1. Front Elevation of Shops for a Model Plant 21

2. General Plan of the Works 22

3. Plan of the Second Floor of Front Building 23

4. Cross Section through Machine Shop 30

5. Cross Section through Foundry, Cupola Platform, etc 31

6. Section through Cupola Platform at Right Angles to Fig. 5 32

7. Cross Section through Forge Shop ^t,

8. Cross Section through Power House 34

9. Cross Section through 'Store House, Carpenter Shop, Tracks, etc 35

10. Cross Section through Carpenter Shop 36

n. Slow-burning Construction, of Brick and Wood . 43

12. Cast Iron Wall Plates 43

13. Cast Iron Pintles for Supporting Posts 43

14. Slow-burning Construction, of Wood only 47

15. One-story Machine Shop, of Brick and Wood 51

16. Longitudinal Section of Saw-tooth Roof Girders, of Steel Construction 55

17. Transverse Section of Saw-tooth Roof Girders, of Steel Construction 55

18. Longitudinal Section of Saw-tooth Roof Girders, of Wood Construction . . 58

19. Transverse Section of Saw-tooth Roof Girders, of Wood Construction ... 58

20. Perspective View of Machine Shop with Saw-tooth Roof 59

21. Vertical Section of Chimney and Foundation 64

22. Elevation of the Completed Chimney 64

23. Horizontal Section of Chimney, Octagonal Form 64

24. Horizontal Section of Chimney, Square Form 64

25. Horizontal Section showing Number of Bricks in the Square Form .... 65

26. Hoiizontal Section showing Number of Bricks in the Octagonal Form ... 65

27. Timber Support for Foundation Wall 69

28. Piling and Timber Support for Foundation Wall 69

29. Piling and Stone Support for Foundation Wall 70

30. Timber and Concrete Support for Foundation Wall 70

31. Benching out Ground for Foundations 71

32. Battered Foundation Wall 71

t,^. Straight Foundation Wall 71

34. End Elevation of Engine Foundation 73

35. Partial Side Elevation of Engine Foundation 73

36. Special Pier for Machine Testing Foundation 73

37. Drop Hammer Foundation 75

38. Cross Section of Steam Hammer Foundation 75 io LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

PAGE

39. Longitudinal Section of Steam Hammer Foundation 76

40. Vertical Section Earth and Concrete Floor 77

41. Vertical Section Stone and Concrete Floor 78

42. Flagstone Floor 78

43. Brick Paving 78

44. Simple Steel I-beam Support 78

45. Floor Supported by Built-up Steel Beam 78

46. Floor with Wooden Beams 79

47. A Plank properly cut from the Log 79

48. A Plank improperly cut from the Log 79

49. The Wrong Way to cut up a Log 80

50. The Right Way to cut up a Log 80

51. Quartering the Log 80

52. Floor Supported Entirely by Steel Beams 82

53. A Floor as Originally Laid 83

54. The Floor as Warped out of Shape 84

55. Heating Pipe Elbows 90

56. Heating Pipe Y 90

57. Heating Pipe Reducer 90

58. Branch from Main Heating Pipe 91

59. Plan of Heating System for Machine Shop 92

60. Cross Section through Machine Shop 93

61. Cross Section through Foundry, Cupola Platform, etc 95

62. Plan of Heating System for Foundry 96

63. Plan of Heating System for Office Building, First Floor 96

64. Plan of Heating System for Office Building, Second Floor 96

65. Longitudinal Section through Office Building . 97

66. Lighting Diagram, Low Windows 100

67. Lighting Diagram, High Windows 100

68. Lighting Diagram, Section through Machine Shop 101

69. Lighting Diagram, Cross Section through Saw-tooth Construction of Roof . . 101

70. Outside Elevation of Benedict's Shop Windows 102

71. Outside Elevation, of upper portion 102

72. Horizontal Section of Window Jamb, Sash, Glass, etc 103

73. Inside Elevation showing inside Finish 103

74. Vertical Cross Section 104

75. Longitudinal Section of Boiler Setting 112

76. Vertical Half Cross Section and Elevation of Boiler Setting 112

77. Horizontal Section of Boiler Setting 113

78. General Plan of Power Plant 115

Part Second

79. Arrangement of Tools and Departments in Model Machine Shop . . . 130

80. Machine Shop Second Floor or Galleries 130

81. Plan of Shop Offices, Tool Room, Tool Storeroom, Rough Stock Storeroom

and Purchased Parts Storeroom 137

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS n

FIG. PAGE

Bench, with Rack for Long Arbors, Boring Bars, etc 139

Cases with Inclined Shelves, each side of Alcove 140

Case with Inclined Shelves suitable for Long Tools 141

Front and End Elevation of File Case 142

Fixed Terminal Hanger of Horizontal Tool Carrying System 143

Intermediate Support, Horizontal System 143

Adjustable Terminal Hanger, Horizontal System 143

End View of Intermediate Support, Vertical System 144

Perspective View of Vertical System 144

Modified Form of Stock Cases with Lower Bins Enlarged 146

Modified Form of Stock Cases with Pigeon Holes for Rods, Tubing, etc. . . 146

Combination Stock Case with Compartments for Sheet Metal, etc 147

Plan of Drawing Room and its Arrangement 153

Drawing Table for one Draftsman 154

Double Drawing Table for Detail Draftsmen 154

Chief Draftsman's Desk 155

Case for Filing Drawings and Tracings 155

Case for Filing Blueprints 156

Drawing Room Arranged for Storage Vault in one Corner 158

Arrangement of Offices under Drawing Room when there is a Vault . . . . 159

Plan of the Blueprint Room 160

Side Elevation of Stand for Supporting Blueprint Frames 160

Perspective View of Stand for Supporting Blueprint Frames 160

Large Blueprint Frame 161

Automatic Washer for Blueprints 162

Longitudinal Section of Automatic Washer 162

Blueprint Drying Rack and Cabinet 163

Plan of Pattern Shop and Pattern Storage Room 166

Patternmaker's Bench 170

Plan of Loft over Pattern Shop 172

Dry Room for Pattern Lumber 173

Pattern Storage Rack with Metal Frame and Wood Shelves 175

Pattern Storage Rack, all Wood Construction 176

Plan of Foundry, showing General Arrangement and Equipment .... 180

Branch Tracks for Cars to run from Elevator to Cupola 181

Rear Elevation of Charging Car 181

Side Elevation of Charging Car 182

Plan of Pickling Beds 186

Vertical Section through Pickling Beds 186

Cast Iron Washing Sinks, with Individual supply of Water 189

Plan showing Arrangement of Wash Room 190

General Plan of Forge Shop, showing Proper Arrangement of the Machine

Tools, etc 193

Front Elevation of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace 197

Side Elevation of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace . 197

Rear Elevation of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace 198

Section through Fire Box, etc., of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace . . 198

12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

Longitudinal Section of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace . . . . 199

Section through Heating Chamber of Annealing and Case-hardening Furnace 200

Rack for Bar Stock, for Storing Long Bars of Iron and Steel .... 202

Small Rack for Ordinary Cast Steel and Tool Steel Bars 203

Plan of Curve and Straight Track, showing Method of Joining .... 208

Plan of Switch, showing Method of securing Supporting Timbers . . . 208

Cross Section of Straight Track when Laid 209

Cross Section of Curved Track when Laid 209

Cross Section of Straight Track 210

Cross Section of Track on Curves 210

Cross Section of Straight Yard Track 210

Cross Section of Straight Shop Track 210

Plan and Cross Section of Turntable . 211

Side Elevation of Tram Car 212

End Elevation of Tram Car 212

Plan of Under Side of Tram Car . . ., . . . 213

Section of Car Wheel 213

Car and Removable Stakes 214

Car with Removable Box . 214

Car Arranged for Special Work 214

Car Arranged for Trays 214

Side Elevation of Dump Car 215

End Elevation of Dump Car 215

Double Car. Two Cars and a Special Platform 215

Plan of Carpenter Shop , 218

Fixed Desk, Pigeon Holes, etc 220

Case for Lag Screws, Nails, Spikes, etc 221

Case for Machine Bolts, Nuts, Washers, etc. ......... 221

Plan of Store House 223

Plan of Paint Room 224

Plan of Wash Room 226

Plan of Water Closets 226

Vertical, Longitudinal Section of Planer Foundation 229

Plan of Planer Foundation 230

Part Third

162. A Graphic Chart showing the System of Organization and Management . 237

163. The Progress of Orders Board 247

164. List of Parts 250

165. List of Gray Iron Castings 250

166. List of Forgings 250

167. List of Purchased Parts and Stock 250

168. Requisition for Gray Iron Castings 251

169. Requisition for Forgings 251

170. Requisition for Materials 252

171. Requisition for Purchased Parts 252

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 13

FIG. PAGE

173. The Time Account . 253

174. The Time Card 254

175. The Job Time Book . 255

176. Special Material Requisition 256

177. The Fuel Account 256

178. Requisition for Consumable Supplies 257

179. The Conventional Indication of Materials on Drawings 274

180. Title on Drawings 275

181. Drawer for Drawings, Tracings, or Blueprints 278

182. Index Cards for Drawer 278

183. Case for Storing Mounted Blueprints 279

184. Group Index Card 279

185. Machine Index Card 280

186. Locating Index Cards in the Drawer 280

187. Order for Prints 280

188. Blueprint Record Card . 281

189. Blueprint Index Card 281

190. Plan of a Tool Department 284

192. The Time Account 286

193. 1 The Time Card 287

194. Foreman's Order 288

195. Requisition for Stock and Material 288

196. Tool Check Board 290

197. Permanent Issue Tool Card 292

198. Stock and Supply Requisition , 295

199. Stock Ledger Card 295

200. Requisition for Consumable Supplies 296

201. The Right Way to cut a Board 302

202. The Wrong Way to cut a Board 302

203. The Usual Way of cutting up a Log 302

204. The Proper Way of cutting up a Log 302

205. Quartering the Log 302

206. Case or Drawer for Pattern Letters and Figures 306

207. Front Elevation of Cabinet for Pattern Letters, Wood and Leather Fillets,

Dowels, Rapping Plates, etc 306

208. Side Elevation of Cabinet 306

ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND REVISED AND

ENLARGED EDITION

209. Increasing the Efficiency of a Vertical Boring Mill 333

210 The Original Plan of a Shop Department 335

211. Plan of Department as Re-arranged for Greater Efficiency 337

212. Consecutive Operations in Machining a Chuck Plate 343

213. The Time Study Card 344 i 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

214. The Piece Work Card 345

215. The Shop Operation Sheet 346

216. General Production Order Card 364

217. Sub Production Card 365

218. Special Production Order Card 365

219. Requisition for Supplies Card 366

Introduction

The fitness of things. Growth and progress of manufacturing interests. The usual results to the manufacturing plant. The unnecessary expense. Value of a comprehensive plan. Progress in construction. The striving of the best. The aim of the Author. Different forms of construction. " Slow burning construction." Special requirements of manufacturing buildings. Wooden beams. Special features. Construction of floors. General rules. Compound beams. Care for the strength of timbers.

The "eternal fitness of things," as well as the spirit of this progressive age, requires that in whatever we design, build, equip, and arrange for the production of our portion of the vast output of the manufactures of the present day, we shall strive to make it the best of its class, and the best adapted for the special uses to which it will be put, the kind of goods or machinery to be manufactured, and the circumstances, conditions, and surroundings under which we are to work.

In a great majority of cases the manufacturing plants of this country have been the result of growth and progress, more or less rapid, of the business which they were designed to accommodate. Often they began with very meager facilities for the work in hand, with poorly designed and cheaply constructed buildings, and all the conveniences and accessories of the plainest kind. As the business enlarged, greater means were available, and necessity demanded, the buildings were gradually added to and their other facilities increased. Buildings were enlarged by increasing their height, by the addition of wings or the erection of separate buildings, often disconnected and scattered, without any apparent plan or consideration of their accessibility or usefulness.

Thus the establishment became an aggregation of buildings of various sizes and forms, requiring much greater expense for handling stock, material, and product, and an unnecessarily large expense for power by which to operate it, and the entire plant often representing in a general way the worst possible arrangement for economically producing work, or for producing really first-class work at all.

At the same time it represented the total expenditure of a much greater amount of capital than would have been necessary to erect and equip good

*7 buildings, designed and built in accordance with the best practice, and well suited to the necessities of the business.

It may be said that the necessity for comprehensive plans could not have been foreseen at the early time at which the business was inaugurated ; which may be true enough, but if the founders had even moderate faith in their enterprise they must have at least expected that it would, in time, considerably enlarge. Therefore, a general plan might have been made and such part of it erected as would make it easy to enlarge by adding from time to time to what was originally built, but always in conformity with the original plan and in development of it.

It may be said that the modern development of the construction of manufacturing buildings has so changed their character that it would have been impossible for the early builders to have profited by the formulating of one general plan for a plant equal to the growth of the business, and the modern conception of what such buildings should be. This is in some measure true, but it does not excuse the seemingly total lack of foresight exhibited in the construction and arrangement of many of the older buildings for manufacturing purposes.

Consequently there are numerous establishments in this progressive country to-day occupying antiquated and rambling structures that have cost money enough for the building of modern works, properly designed for the economical production of a much higher grade of goods or machinery than could be possible to produce in the old plants.

"The world moves," and nowhere is this more apparent than in manufacturing and the building of machinery. That which would satisfy the manufacturer for the purposes of his business even five or ten years ago is among the "back numbers" of to-day. The constant striving for the best was never more in evidence than at the present time, among our up-to-date manufacturers who are able to look beyond the first cost to the greater advantages to be gained later on.

In view of these conditions and the necessities of these progressive times, it is the aim of the following pages to discuss, from a practical standpoint, what is the best design, arrangement, and construction of manufacturing plants erected for the production of a medium-sized class of machinery, considering the matter from the reception of the raw material to the shipping of the finished product.

With this object in view, engravings showing the general plans for suitable buildings, of a size, form, and capacity for the usual work, arranged in compact form, of modern construction, and supplied with all necessary conveniences and facilities for readily and economically handling the material and product, have been specially designed and drawn to illustrate these chapters.

INTRODUCTION 19

In addition to the original complete plan, various forms of construction of these and similar buildings are illustrated and described. As, for instance, the so-called "saw-tooth" construction of roofs, which has of late become so popular when one-story shops are to be constructed, and the product is such that large areas of floor surface are desirable, and which this method of construction so admirably lights up.

There is also illustrated and described the so-called "slow-burning construction" of buildings for machine shops and other manufacturing purposes, which are favorites with the insurance companies on account of their well-proven capability of resisting the ravages of fire. They are shown of brick and wood construction, and also those built entirely of wood.

The intention of the author is not to follow the design and construction into the special field of the architect by giving all of the details of construction, minute directions for the various parts of the work, or the mathematical calculations that may be necessary in preparing the detail plans for the actual construction. These things must necessarily be done by the architect in each individual case. Yet where figures are given they will be found practical and sufficient for the purposes intended.

The intention is to give such illustrations and information in reference to the special requirements of machine shops and manufacturing buildings as the architect or structural engineer who has had little or no shop experience may not be familiar with; and also to point out to the manufacturer about to construct new buildings, or to change or to reconstruct old ones, many of the necessary conditions and requirements, and to suggest the proper solution of many of the problems that will naturally arise under such circumstances.

Chapter II

The plant confined to a limited space. Compact form, capable of easy expansion. The main building or machine shop. Its general arrangement. The offices. Second-floor plans. The drawing room. The pattern shop. The foundry. Foundry departments. The forge shop. Yard tracks. The power house. The storehouse. The carpenter shop. Stock sheds. Railway facilities. Increasing the capacity of the buildings. Enlarging the machine shop. Two plans. Enlargement of the foundry. Additional power facilities. A larger site desirable. *

In the arrangement of the general plans for the buildings composing the plant it is supposed that the amount of land is limited and therefore a compact form is necessary. Of course a much larger area would be advisable, but it is much easier to design the buildings and to arrange them in their relation to each other if we have ample area in which to do so. Therefore, the compact form, capable of easy expansion in any direction, is chosen as likely to be the most useful one to those desiring information on the subjects herein treated.

With this in view cuts showing the general plans for suitable buildings of a size and capacity for the usual work, arranged in compact form, of modern construction and supplied with proper conveniences for handling the material and product, accompany this article. The entire plan requires a site of somewhat less than 300 x 450 feet.

Fig. 1 is a front elevation of the buildings composing the plant.

Fig. 2 shows a compact design to meet cases where the amount of land is limited, and illustrates how all the buildings may be so grouped as to render the handling of materials and transportation of them as simple, direct, and economical as possible.

A railroad track should pass near the works, and from it a branch should be brought closely past the rear and to one side of the collection of buildings. Such an arrangement results in a great saving in the expense of hauling both material and product, and permitting the general arrangement and development of the plan herein proposed.

The main building, or machine shop, is 100 x 375 feet, divided lengthwise into a central portion 40 feet wide and 52 feet high, with side wings or bays each 30 feet wide. The central portion is open clear to the roof and has a traveling crane of ample capacity moving over its entire length. The side wings are divided into a main floor, on a level with the central portion, and

a gallery or second floor; the first being 16 feet and the latter 14 feet high in the clear. This gallery is also built across 18 feet of the front end, thus connecting the two galleries and furnishing a platform by way of which the traveling crane may transfer material and product to and from the main floor. Along the center of these galleries and across the front end runs a tram track, provided with light push cars for facilitating the transfers. Stairways are provided at each end and in the center for conveniently and speedily reaching any part of the shop from floor to galleries and vice versa.

At the front end of the machine shop proper are the offices connected with and forming a part of it, consisting of two structures 50 feet square, with a driveway space of 20 feet between them. On the first floor of one of these are the offices, storeroom, etc., and in the other the tool-making room, a room for storage tools and fixtures, and a stock room, for small finished parts. On the second floor is located the drawing room, while over the driveway is the pattern shop.

The offices are only those particularly connected with the manufacturing and shipping, and not the general offices of the company. A wing connects the front buildings with the foundry. The ground floor of this wing is used as a storage room for pig and scrap iron, and a flask room, while the second lloor is a pattern storage loft, connected at one end with the pattern shop and at the opposite end with the foundry by a trap door 8 x 18 feet, directly over the train track leading through the flask room.

The foundry is 85 x 150 feet, arranged with a central part 35 feet wide and two side wings or bays, each 25 feet wide. The central part is covered by a traveling crane running the entire length. There are two cupolas, a large and a small one, served by two cranes of sufficient reach to swing into the central space covered by the traveling crane.

Large work is cast in the central space or within reach of the cranes, while small work and bench molding occupy parts of the floor not covered by the cranes. On each side of the central part are tram tracks, which are crossed by one running to the flask room and one that goes through the chipping room and on across the yard to the machine shop.

SCALE 1 IN. = 48 FT.

Fig. 3. — Plan of Second Floor of Front Building. Scale, one inch equals forty-four feet.

A wing built on the side of the foundry toward the machine shop contains a platform upon which coal and iron for charging the cupolas are delivered by a tram car raised to that level by an elevator arranged for the purpose. This stock is weighed on track scales in front of the elevator. Beneath the cupola platform are the tumbling barrels, convenient to the cupolas for working over the slag, and to the chipping room for cleaning small castings.

The flask room is located at the front, while between it and the tumbling barrel space is the core room, containing a suitable core oven. At the opposite end, facing the yard, is the chipping and pickling room, where the castings brought in from the foundry are pickled, chipped and weighed, before being sent to the machine shop. If the castings are too heavy for convenient handling in the chipping room they may be run through to the yard and there handled by a boom crane covering the tram track upon which they are run into the machine shop. Castings of moderate size, yet too heavy to move by hand, are expeditiously handled by a light overhead trolley hoist in the chipping room.

At one end of the outer wings are the wash room and toilet. If more floor space is needed these may be located in a gallery placed 8 or 10 feet above the foundry floor.

In the further corner of the yard, as far as possible from the foundry and engine room, is the forge shop, 50 x 80 feet, which is reached by tram cars, the track running through its length near the center. On the outer walls are the chimneys for the forges and heaters, and in the rear are the storage shed for bar iron and steel, the wash room, toilet, and space for coal. These adjuncts are in a shed built with brick walls and of such outline as to conform somewhat to the curve of the railway track, the forge shop having been so located as to admit of this arrangement.

When down-draft forges, served by exhaust fans, are used, it will not be necessary to build more than one chimney, the flue of which should be large enough to can*}' off the smoke and gases from all the forges.

The power house is located midway in the length of the machine shop, so that power may be applied to the line shafting at a point that prevents much of the torsion incident to long lines of shafting driven from one end. This building is 65 x 100 feet and contains the engine room, 40 x 48 feet, the boiler room, 48 x 52 feet, and also the wash room, and water-closets used by workmen in the machine shop.

Near the boiler room is the chimney stack, with which the smoke flues of all the boilers are connected. Coal is brought in on push cars along the tram track, to the front of the boilers, where a track scale is placed for weighing it. Ashes are removed by the same tram track to whatever point is most desirable to deliver them.

Across the rear end of the yard is the storehouse, 50 x 100 feet, for finished machines, or product. This connects with the rear end of the machine shop by a tram track running from the scales beneath the traveling crane through a wide doorway and the entire length of the storehouse. The rear side of the storehouse (next to the railway track) has wide, sliding doors, through which the finished product is readily moved into the railway cars for shipment. Here, as in the chipping room of the foundry, it may be desirable to make use of overhead trolley hoists to facilitate rapid and economical handling of machinery to be shipped.

A 12-foot space is left between storehouse and forge shop for a branch of the tram tracks, as a convenient means of receiving material from the railway at this point.

Adjoining the storehouse is the carpenter shop, 40 x 60 feet. Thus the men who prepare the finished machinery for shipping are near their work, and the lumber used for this purpose, and the necessary machinery for cutting it up, are close at hand and require no unnecessary handling.

In the angle formed by the storehouse and carpenter shop are the storage sheds for cast iron and steel chips from the machine shop, or for similar materials.

Along the side of the yard, and extending from the forge shop to within 20 feet of the foundry, are arranged the stock sheds. These hold foundry sand and coal, engine coal, coke, etc., which is delivered into them directly from the railway cars, the track being raised to the proper grade after it has passed the storehouse. It is continued the whole length of the foundry so as to deliver foundry sand directly into the windows of the foundry if desirable, keeping that in the storage shed as a reserve supply.