The psychoanalytic method

Front matter

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Preface

When I had proceeded some ways on a special work on psychoanalysis for psychologists, pedagogues and theologians, the "Herausgeber" of "Padagogium" (Prof. Dr. Messmer) surprised me with the advice to write a book on the same subject designed especially for the professional educator. Reluctantly I gave up the former alluring plan. The eloquence of Prof. Dr. Messmer and still more his own keen and understanding penetration into the spirit of pedanalysis, as well as other pleasing observations among our mutual colleagues, convinced me that the pedagogues, because of their mental equipment and their longing for the great thing here represented, were especially well prepared in advance. I was also compelled to see that an impartial attention to the interests of three professional circles would have too greatly expanded my book.

Futhermore, there is only one theory and technique of psychoanalysis. Therefore, psychologists and theologians, as well as my brother educators, for whom my book is intended, can use it as an introduction to the investigation of the unconscious submerged forces in their fields. Indeed, if certain medical leaders of psychoanalysis are right, even physicians will gain in the following work an explanation of the fundamental presuppositions of their analytic labors since the book marks the first attempt at a systematic presentation of pyschoanalysis derived by induction.

As a book of one seeker of truth intended for other seekers, the following investigations are intended. I wished, not so much to show what splendid things we have accomplished, as rather by the proof of indisputable results of greater range to awaken a desire for new and perhaps still greater conquests.

xi

Xll

PREFACE

Therefore, I have presented pyschoanalysis as a growing method, struggling toward knowledge, constantly broadening its field of influence by sturdy efforts.

Many critics and laity will reproach me for not giving a confident answer to important questions. Certain psychoanalysts will insist that where they themselves have attained certainty, it should be demanded of me, and certain inquisitive ones who prefer to have their mental food served well-done, will receive my conservatism ungraciously. In defence, I can only present the shield of my scientific conscience and hope for the support of those for whom co-operation in the solution of great problems, the exploration of the virgin land of great promise but also of great difficulties, affords a greater attraction than the visiting of well-mapped lands.

Expressions of criticism, I look upon as sincere desire for knowledge. I know that my first pedanalytic attempt goes forth into the world with not a few defects and am therefore very susceptible to expert instruction. Thus far, criticism hostile to analj^sis suffers throughout from a fatal disease which I would call ''ontophobia," fear of the facts. It will be sad for me if my work also falls into ontophobic hands, for it is intended only for those who test for themselves, those who are hungry for facts.

With a few insignificant exceptions, I am not going into polemics. He who does not understand that holy "tolle, lege, ' ' "take, read !" which points to the book of reality as the instrument of delivery from error and bondage, is not to be won by ever so striking dialectic means.

Not because of the opponents but out of love for the truth, I have laid great stress on the proof that the much calumniated and more than once misused psychoanalysis, is not only compatible with the highest ethical and religious demands but absolutely presupposes them, something which the very malicious and ignorant ones may laugh at. The analysis has strengthened me in the conviction that the human being is in no way merely a sexual being of the highest order (which no psychoanalyst has ever asserted) but that the varied mental wealth

PREFACE xiii

and noble characteristics which the idealistic philosophy has found in him, really belong to him. To be sure, I could not avoid the insight that the sexual life possesses a far higher significance in our mental household than the traditional psychology — in contrast to many poets and other students of humanity — is willing to admit. The closer investigation immediately showed, however, that the sexual life may be most intimately bound up with the affairs of the mind so that the purely animal in it, being the less important, is forcibly crowded into the background. We are also not shocked by the fact that in art, poetry, morality and even religion, love plays a predominant role and that Jesus makes a definite love, a primary commandment. Gounod says beautifully: "The law of life, like the law of art, is described in the saying of St. Augustine: *Love is all,' " "Why should anyone become excited when also in disease of the mind, in the dream, in apparently accidental acts, in short, in all performances in which mind has a part, the influence of love comes to light ?

In conclusion, I wish to thank most heartily those who have contributed in the preparation of this book, first of all. Prof. Dr. Freud who aided me with excellent advice and active interest ; further. Dr. Jung, who, after the completion of the manuscript, most kindly called my attention to a number of improvements. Finally, I thank most sincerely Prof. Dr. Messmer who placed most freely at my disposal his psychological library and his intimate knowledge of the most recent psychology and in addition had the kindness to prepare the index.

Now may the work, in spite of its imperfection, prove a blessing to the noble work of education and help the pedagogues to an acquirement of that which psychoanalysis brought me : an immeasurable enrichment of scientific investigation and practical knowledge !

OsKAB Pfister.

Zurich, May, 1913.

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE

Those who have read the original Grerman edition of this book will notice several changes in the translation. The author entirely revised the book in 1915 and sent me these revisions and changes to be incorporated in my translation. This revision has been carried out exactly as ordered. The only other change from the original edition is the omission of chapter two which deals with the philosophical aspects of the subject.

C. R. Payne.

Table Of Contents

CHAPTER PAGE

Introduction: By Sigmund Freud • • ^ jl i. - y. • "^

Introduction: By G. Stanley Hall . ix

Section 1. The Repression and Fixation III The Unconscious as Product of Repression and

as Entity Free from Repression 48

IV The Individual Repressed Material 60

V The Repressing Force 91

VI The Infantile Roots op the Repression in Detail 113

VII The Repression Process 141

VIII The General Conditions 154

Section 2. Retrogressions op the Repression, Fixation AND Repulsion (The Manifestations) IX The Physical Manifestations 173

X The Most Important Psychic Paths . . . . . 192

XI The Content of the Manifestations 258

XII The Forms of the Manifestations 328

XIII The Meaning op the Manifestations . ... . 416

xvii xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part II. Technique Of Psychoanalysis

Section 1. The Methods chapter page

XIV The Fundamental Rule op Psychoanalysis and its

Application 429

XV Supplementary Methods 436

Section 2. The Effects of the Psychoanalytic

Probing

XVI The Abreaction 446

XVII Compensation, Recasting op the Complex and

Transference 457

XVIII Rendering Life-Problems Conscious and Comprehending Them by the Aid of Analysis . . . 477

Section 3. The Course of the Psychoanalytic Treatment

XIX The Beginning of the Analytic Educational Work with Especial Regard to the Over-Coming of THE Resistance 490

XX The Material of the Treatment and Its Analytic

Handling 500

XXI The Duration and Conclusion op the Psychoanalysis 507

Section 4. The Prerequisites op the Psychoanalysis XXII The Prerequisites in the Analyst 513

XXIII The Prerequisites in the Subject of Analysis . 518

Section 5. The Practice op Pedanalysis XXIV Learning Pedanalysis 524

XXV The Domain op the Pedanalysis 529

Conclusion: Results of Psychoanalysis

XXVI The Practical Benefits .• • • 535

XXVII The Results for Pedagogy ........ 544

Index 581

LIST OF ILLIJSTRATIONS

PACING PAGE

Self-Portrait 390

Kequiem 394^

Chapter I Definition And History Of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis, as its name denotes, concerns itself with the separation of mental processes into their constituent elements. We might, indeed, conjure up all kinds of harm if we did not at once warn against considering this provisional statement as an exact definition.

There has been analysis of psychic phenomena since prehistoric times. The psychologist who separates the contents of consciousness into its constituent parts and traces them back to their causes, the historian of art who seeks the origin of an important creation, the biographer who is engrossed in the development of his hero, the physician who attempts to elucidate the compelling motives of a melancholia, the educator who endeavors to understand the mental condition of his pupil, in short, everyone who is intent upon penetrating the mental life of others would be, according to the statement heading our train of thought, a psychoanalyst. In reality, not a few representatives of ancient traditions, in view of the results of the successfully advancing movement which bears the distinctive name, pride themselves that they have already done psychoanalysis for decades.

They would be quite right if the meaning of the word was derived by merely splitting it into its parts. The name has, however, gained its content by an historical process, to overlook which would create a fatal confusion. In order to escape the annoying cobwebs and arrive at the correct definition, we have to present in detail how the originator of the name and the very special procedure connoted by the same, reached his theory and technique. We shall see that the criterion of psychoanalysis lies in a special kind of inquiry into the unconscious mental processes which powerfully influence the conscious life.

In the year 1893, Sigmund Freud * published, in collaboration with his colleague, Josef Breuer, an epoch-making article entitled ''Concerning the Psychic Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena" ("tJber den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phanomene"). In order to understand the fundamental ideas of this short but important work, it is advisable to investigate its connection with the father of the hysteria investigation, J. M. Charcot of Paris (1893). The celebrated director of the Salpetriere was the first person to free hysterical individuals from the stigma of ridiculousness, earnestly to study and systematically to arrange their symptoms, in doing which,' he was also able to demonstrate hysteria in the male sex. Especially important was his discovery, made by researchers on hypnotized patients, that the hysterical paralyses which appear after severe emotional shock, the socalled traumatic f paralyses, arise from ideas which control the persons in moments of special dispositions. The motor disturbances may be produced t in hypnosis and even in suggestion.

These results at first exercised no effect on therapeutic methods. Charcot remained true to physical and chemical procedures. He advised pressing on the ovarian region at short intervals, under certain circumstances for hours, in order to lessen the severity of the convulsive attacks or indeed to dissipate II them. To overcome an hysterical epileptical conditidn, he ordered ether or amyl nitrite.lf

One of his pupils, Pierre Janet, cured a case of complicated traumatic hysteria by taking the patient in the hypnotic state back to the time when the shock was received and suggesting

* Sigmund Freud, born May 6, 1858, in Freiberg, Moravia, Austria, is to-day Professor of Neurology in the University of Vienna.

t From "trauma," wound, thus about: caused by injury.

t Sigmund Freud, Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre I, p. 12.

II J. M. Charcot, LeQons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux, 5th ed., Paris, Vol. I (1884), pp. 339, 400.

CHARCOT AND JANET 3

that the shock was harmless. Wa will quote the account of this instructive process for the reader 's perusal :

Marie, a girl of nineteen years, suffered upon her admission to the institution from periodic convulsions and deliria. Before the beginning of her menstrual periods, her character changed, she became gloomy and violent and had pains in all her limbs together with nervous disturbances. Barely twenty hours after the onset of the flow, the menstruation would suddenly cease, a severe chill would shake her whole body and a severe pain slowly ascend from body to throat and the great hysterical crises begin. The violent convulsions were soon succeeded by deliria. Now, the patient uttered cries of terror, meanwhile talking constantly of blood and fire and fleeing to escape the flames, now she played like a child, spoke with her mother and climbed on the stove or furniture. Delirium and convulsions alternated with short intermissions for forty-eight hours. After repeated vomiting of blood, the normal condition gradually returned. Between these major monthly attacks, Marie had minor muscular contractures, various changing anesthesias (entire loss of sensation) and in particular, complete and constant blindness of the left eye.

For seven months the disease resisted all medical procedures. Especially did suggestive measures regarding the menstruation have only bad effects and increased the deliria.

The hypnotic investigation yielded the following: At the age of thirteen, about twenty hours after the onset of the first menstruation, Marie, impelled by false shame, secretly took a cold bath, by which the flow was suddenly interrupted. At the same time there appeared severe chills and delirium lasting for days. When, after five years, the menstrual periods returned, they brought the above described condition with them. Thus, the patient repeated the bath scene monthly without knowing it.

The cure did not succeed by the mere hypnotic removal of the fixed idea. Only when the patient in hypnosis had been taken back to the age of thirteen, could the conviction be awakened that the menstrual period would normally come to an end in a course of three days. Immediately, no further periodic disturbances were to be seen in the patient.

The cries of terror were explained by the circumstance that Marie, when sixteen years old, saw an old woman killed by a fall from the stairs. With considerable trouble, the girl was shown in artificial sleep that the old woman only stumbled and had not died. The cries ceased from that moment.

Most difficult was the explanation of the hysterical blindness. Finally, it was discovered that Marie, when six years old, had been compelled one day in spite of her outcries, to sleep with a child of similar age which had scrofula on the whole left side of its face. Soon after, Marie developed the same trouble on the same place. When the scrofula disappeared, it left behind anesthesia of the left half of the face and blindness of the left eye. Again the girl was taken back to the time of the first shock. The physician pictured the pretty comrade entirely free from scrofula. At the second repetition of the scene, the now convinced patient caressed the imaginary child and upon awakening could see perfectly normally.*

The method applied by Pierre Janet, although recognized t by Delboeuf and Binet as an effective means of treatment; was not considered a regular method nor established theoretically.

An accidental discovery, the enormous importance of which its fortunate discoverer himself did not sufficiently appreciate, opened up new paths. In the years 1880-82 the Vienna physician. Dr. Josef Breuer, was engaged with a famous patient.t The girl, aged twenty-one, suffered from severe hysteria, the most important symptom of which consisted of paralysis and anesthesia of the limbs on the right (less often left) side of the body, of squinting, cough and other physical troubles. The walls seemed to be falling on the patient. Two sharply differentiated mental conditions could be noted:

* Pierre Janet, L'automatisme psychologique, Paris, 1889, pp. 436- 440.

t Freud, Sammlung kleiner Schriften I, p. 18, 1909.

t Breuer & Freud, Studien iiber Hysterie. Leipzig & Vienna, Deuticke, 1895, 2d ed., 1909.

BREUER AND FREUD 5

One, almost normal, which was distinguished only by sadness and another, abnormal condition of extreme excitement which was often accompanied by hallucinations. The power of speech disappeared and for two weeks the patient was dumb. One day when she was sitting on her father's bed, she saw a snake which would bite her. In the attempt to ward off the reptile, she noticed that the fingers of her hand changed into snakes with death's heads. From fear, she attempted to pray but could recall only an English child's prayer. From that hour, without noticing it, she spoke only English and no longer understood her mother tongue. In unconsciousness, she murmured some words. When one of these words was kept before her, she phantasied an episode from which she received a certain ease of mind. A year after the death of her father, the two conditions changed so that the patient lived as a normal person in the present but repeated from day to day, in the abnormal state, the events of the preceding year, as the mother could substantiate from a diary she kept.

Though this clinical history already affords enough of striking nature, another particularly important circumstance was added. When Breuer had dictated to the hysterical patient in hypnosis what she had whispered in her unconscious state (absence), she gave an account of the whole phantasy from which those words came. It showed that the scattered words were like the flag appearing above a wall, behind which was marching a body of troops bearing it. If the events which had caused the symptom could be successfully drawn out, then the cessation of the pathological phenomenon followed the oral description. For example, the fear of water, the girl traced back to the impression that a dirty little dog had drunk from a glass without her being able to raise any objection. After this memory, the aversion to the drinking of water disappeared. The squint and exaggeration of visual objects went back to the circumstance that the girl with tears in her eyes, had brought the clock close to her face in order to tell the time. When the whole story of suffering had been traced back to its causes, her health had also completely and permanently returned.

From these and similar phenomena, Breuer and Freud, who urged his colleague to publish the material which he had been gathering for more than a decade, drew the following conclusions; Very many of the hysterical symptoms are occasioned by an idea which occurs to the patient with strong affect at a time of sleepiness (166). In case the latter is not conducted along normal mental association paths and, as you might say, distributed, it jumps to abnormal physical and mental paths and produces the hysterical phenomenon. Thus, the hysterical individual suffers, as we may say, in great part, from reminiscences. The cure is effected by bringing that reminiscence accompanied by its suitable excitement into consciousness and then allowing it to fade away normally. To put it differently, the pent-up affect is brought into consciousness and carried out in speech or removed by medical suggestion; it ''is abreacted." Since Breuer 's intelligent patient gave the name of ''chimney-sweeping" ("Kaminfegen") to the talking treatment, which had been tried on her, her fortunate discoverer called the method the "cathartic method" (from KaOatpetv to purify). Its differentiation from that of Janet's lies in the fact that a bit of the patient's past, which is lost to his memory, namely the occasion of the disease, is rendered conscious, and on the other hand, the intentional bringing at the same time of a suggested idea standing in contradiction to the pathological idea, is given up. We again call attention to the fact that hypnosis and abreaction, the speaking out of a forgotten but affectful traumatic happening which has hurt the mind, now brought back to consciousness, constitute the essential features of the cathartic method.

Breuer and Freud presented the views thus gained in a

- short preliminary publication * and again in the book,

"Studies in Hysteria" ("Studien iiber Hysterie" t) which

t Leipzig and Vienna, Deutieke, 2d ed., 1909. (The citations refer to the latter edition.)

BREUER AND FREUD 7

appeared in 1895. This important work contains in Freud's contributions the fundamental ideas which led to the psychoanalytic method. We will mention the most important: Many hysterical symptoms, for example visions, express symbolically ideas which may be found below the threshold of consciousness (51, 157ff.). This idea was once conscious but on account of its painful character, was repressed (99, 145, 235) ; some of its parts, however, still break through into ordinary consciousness (57). All hysteria rests on such repression (250). The content of the repressed idea is of sexual nature (224) and various analogous causes must be present to produce the symptom (63, 229). Hypnosis* can be dispensed with (92f.) but the resistance which the patient presents against the repressed ideas being brought into consciousness must be overcome by strong pressure (234f.). Already, Freud ventures on the interpretation of dreams, without, however, recognizing the importance of these in the treatment of hysterical troubles (57). Impressions of earliest childhood are already given attention (115). Also that phenomenon to which Freud later, when he had lost faith in the omnipotence of abreaction, ascribed the determining influence in the healing process, the socalled "transference," is in good part outlined. Of this, Freud knew that the patient transferred upon the physician some of the painful ideas emerging from the unconscious during the analysis (266f.), thus, for example, the wish cherished for a kiss from another man would be changed to a similar wish toward the physician. Mittenzwey is greatly in error when he believes that Freud's progress beyond Breuer's ideas at this epoch consists merely in the extension of the method to all the neuroses, in the introduction of the term "defence" ("Abwehr") and the exclusively sexual causation of the neuroses, f

One peculiarity of the Freudian method may now be

* Authors like Forel and Frank (Die Psychanalyse (1909), Munich, Reinhardt) who speak well of psychoanalysis but cling to hypnosis, are adherents of the "cathartic" but not of the psychoanalytic conception.

t K. Mittenzwey, Versuch zu einer Darstellung und Kritik der Freudschen Neurosenlehre. Zeitschrift fiir Pathopsychologie I (1912), p. 413.

pointed out : Freud allows his patient to tell without criticism everything which comes into his head while in the physician 's presence. Where he observes gaps or striking discrepancies, he directs the apperception directly to these points and has the patient give associations to them. The associations thus collected, he submits to a method of interpretation which he has developed from many years of experience; the independent substantiation of this method, no regular analyst can or will avoid. The essential features of Freud's psychoanalysis are, in addition to the abandonment of hypnosis, an association and interpretation method. In these sentences, we have given the characteristics of the psychoanalytic method.

It is now high time to give the reader an answer to a question which must have gradually aroused his impatience. How does all this concern the educator? Professionally, he has nothing to do with hysterical individuals. I cannot better answer the justifiable interpolation than by continuing with my sketch of the history of the development of psychoanalysis.

Freud recognized ever more clearly that the processes which produced nervous disturbances are also of highest influence on the mental life of normal individuals and can be equally well studied in them. Without being unfaithful to the medical interest, the Vienna neurologist developed a new kind of psychology which penetrated to the unconscious causes of mental performances. He once defined psychoanalysis as ''the investigation of the unconscious part of the individual mental life."* For a long time astute judges of human nature had asserted that many of the highest performances of the mind were created, not in the laboratory of conscious thinking, feeling and willing, but in the subterranean chambers which had often been denominated as the unconscious. Schiller describes this conception in the familiar lines :

"As in the air the storm wind blows, "■ One knows not whence it comes or goes, As the spring gushes forth from liidden depths,

* Freud, Das Tabu und die Ambivalenz, Imago I (1912), p. 220.

FREUD'S PSYCHOLOGY 9

So comes the poet's song from within And awakes the power of dim emotions Which wonderfully slumber in the heart." *

Again Schiller says: *'Tlie unconscious united with discretion makes the poetic artist. ' ' t

Also, artistic inspiration, religious experience (James, ''Religious Experience," 443f., 461-467), indeed even philosophical speculation (Nietzsche) have long ago been traced back to mental processes lying under the threshold of consciousness.

Freud's investigations not only substantiate these surmises but also afford the proof that the whole conscious mental life, especially on its affective side, is ruled and directed by such subconscious ("subliminal" from limen, threshold) motives. Freud and his pupils are interested, first of all, in the neuroses (popularly, nervous diseases) and mental diseases in which anatomical anomalies are not demonstrable, the socalled functional psychoses, then further, in numerous affairs of normal mental functions which had been partly treated cursorily as mysterious, partly left unobserved. In 1900, appeared Freud's "Traumdeutung" $ (''Interpretation of Dreams" $), the most comprehensive, perhaps also the most important work of the author. He who would judge it, must certainly overcome his aversion to the mysterious title and his resistance to a not unimportant mental product. Further, he cannot avoid the trouble of working over a number of his own or another's dreams according to Freud's formulse. Otherwise, it is obvious that an acceptable scientific judgment cannot be formed.

In 1901, appeared Freud's book, *'Psychopathology of Everyday Life" ("Zur Psychopathologie des AUtags" i|) on forgetting, errors in speech, superstition and mistakes. In

* Compare my article : Anwendungen der Psychanalyse in der Padagogik und Seelsorge, Imago I (1912), pp. 55-82.

t From 0. Eank, Das Tnzestmotiv in Dichtung \md Sage, p. 1.

i Leipzig and Vienna, Deuticke, 2d ed., 1909, 3rd ed., 1911. Also English translation by Brill of New York.

II Berlin, Karger, 2d ed., 1907.

this work, the writer seeks to prove that the actions mentioned, in the subtitle, as well as many other accidental or apparently meaningless acts, frequently come from unconscious motives and owe their origin to the same mechanism which prevails in the dream, neurosis and functional psychosis. In 1905, followed an extensive investigation of wit and its relation to the unconscious.* In 1907, Freud considered the foundation of religious psychology in his article, "Obsessional Acts and Religious Practices" (''Zwangshandlungen und Religionsiibung " t ) . The same year, pedagogy received its first attention from a psychoanalyst in the open letter on the "Sexual Enlightenment of Children" ("Zur sexuellen Aufklarung der Kinder" J). These works were followed in 1908 by the first psychoanalytic treatment of a literary work, entitled, "The Delusion and Dreams in "W. Jensen's 'Gradiva' " ("Der Wahn und die Traume in W. Jensen's Gradiva"||). Psychology of children which had already been taken as a field for analytic investigation as early as 1905, in "Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory" ("Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie") received in 1908 the first work specially devoted to the subject in the article "Concerning Infantile Sexual Theories" ("Uber infantile Sexualtheorien" IT). The views set forth there were substantiated in the "Analysis of the Phobia of a Five Year Old Boy" ("Analyse der Phobie eines fiinfjahrigen Knaben" §). Into the domain of ethics, Freud entered in 1908 with the essay, "Cultural Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness" ("Die kulturelle Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervositat" **). The psychology of poetry and art received new elucidation in the article, ' ' Poet and Phantasy ' '

* Leipzig and Vienna, Deuticke.

t Kleiner Sehriften II, 122-131. (Originally in tlie Zeitschrift fiir Eeligionspsychologie, I, Part 1.)

§ Jahrbuch fiir psychoanalytische und. psychopathologisclie Forschungen, I (1910), pp. 1-109.

** Kleine Sehriften, II, pp. 175-196.

BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 11

("Der Dichter und das Phantasieren " (1908) * and in the monograph "A Childhood Reminiscence of Leonardo da Vinci "^ ("Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci") (1910). t Finally, in 1910, Freud published glimpses into philology in his short article, * ' Concerning the Contradictory Meanings of Primitive Words" ("tJber den Gegensinn der Urworte")4

For a long time no attention was paid to psychoanalysis. Its results called forth some respectful bows but mostly only a shaking of heads. The first persons to second Freud in scientific publications were C. G. Jung,l| psychiatrist in Zurich and his chief, E. Bleuler,1f Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Cantonal Institute for the Insane. After these two investigators, in spite of the fiercest hostility, recognized the correctness of Freud 's assertions, the movement which had previously been received in dead silence, soon became discussed in the farthest circles. In the spring of 1908, the adherents of the new psychology assembled in Salzburg and arranged for the publication of a periodical journal as an organ for the propagation of their ideas. As a result there has appeared annually in two impressive half -volumes, the "Jahrbuch fiir psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen" (Vol. I, Part I, 1909) (Yearbook for Psychoanalytic and Psychopathological Investigations). The series of pamphlets devoted to applied psychology (''Schriften zur angewandten

* Kleine Schriften, II, pp. 197-206.

t Schriften zur angewandten Seelenkunde, Part 7.

t Jahrbuch, Vol. II, pp. 179-184.

II Jung, Ein Fall von hysterisehem Stupor bei einer Untersuchungsgefangenen. Journal f. Psychologie und Neurologie, Vol. I, 1902. Die psychologische Bedeutung des Assoziationsexperimentes, Arehiv f. Kriminalanthrop. Vol. 22, p. 145. Exper. Beobaclitungen ilber d. Erinnerungsvermogen. Zbl. f. Nervenheilk. und Psycbiatrie, Year XXVIII (1905), etc. See the index to the literature in the Jahrbueh, Vol. II, pp. 363-375.

% Freudsche Mechanismen in der Symptomatologie von Psychosen. Psychiatr.-neurolog. Wochenschrift 1906. AffektivitJit, SuggestibilitJit, Paranoia. Halle, 1906, contributions in the "Diagnostischen Assoziationsstudien" edited by Jung.

Seelenkunde"*) edited by Freud is constantly growing. The Congress sitting at Niirmberg in 1909 concluded the formation of the International Psychoanalytic Association which soon had sections in Vienna, Zurich, Berlin, New York and Munich. For the U. S. and Canada, a general American association was founded. Since the "Yearbook" could not contain the wealth of scientific material, t two new periodicals appeared: In 1910, the "Zentralblatt fiir Psychoanalyse," a medical monthly for mental problems t and in 1912, the bimonthly Imago, a journal for the application of psychoanalysis to the mental sciences.] | Since January, 1913, there has appeared the "Internationale Zeitschrift fiir arztliche Psychoanalyse" (published by Heller, Vienna, 18 marks a year; edited by Ferenczi and Rank).