The life of Benjamin Franklin : with many choice anecdotes and admirable sayings of this great man, never before published by any of his biographers

Front matter

5jf iHJJI 2^2irs

OF

BE:N^JAMIN FRAKKIilNj

Chapter II

• Were I so tall to reach the pole, And grasp the ocean in my span, I must be measur'd by my souJ;

For 'tis the MIND that makes the man."

From the best accounts which I have been able to pick up, it would appear that a passion for learning had a long run in the family of the Franklins. Of the doctor's three uncles, the elder, whose name was Thomas, though con scientiously brought up a blacksmith, and subsisting his family by the din and sweat of his anvil, was still a great reader. Instead of wasting his leisure hours, as too many of the trade do, in tippling and tobacco, he acquired enough of the law to render himself a very useful and leading man among the people of Northampton, where his forefathers had lived in great comfort for three hundred yeai^, on thirty acres of land.

His uncle Benjamin, too, another old English gentleman of the right stamp, though a very hard-working man at the silk-dying trade, was equally devoted to the pleasures of the mind. He made it a rule whenever he lighted on a copy of verses that pleased him, to transcribe them into a large blank book which he kept for the purpose. In this way he collected two quarto volumes of poems, written in short hand of his own inventing. And, being a man of great piety, and fond of attending the best preachers, whose sermons he always took down, he collected in the course of his life, eight volumes of sermons in folio^ besides near thirty in quarto and octavo, and all in the aforesaid short hand I Astonishing proof, what a banquet of elegant pleasures even a poor mechanic may enjoy, who begins early to read and think ! 'Tis true, he was a long time about it. His piety afforded him a constant cheerfulness. And deriving from the same source a regular temperance, he attained to a great age. In his seventy-third year, still fresh and strong, he left his native country, and came over to America, to see his younger brother Josias, between whom and himself there had always subsisted a more than ordinary friendship. On his arrival in Boston, he was received with unbounded joy by Josias, who pressed him to spend the residue of his days in his family. To this proposition the old gentleman readily consented^ and the more so as he was then a widower, and his children, all married off, had left him. He had the honor to give his name, and to stand godfather to our little nero, for whom, on account of his vivacity and fondness for learning, he conceived an extraordinary affection. And Ben always took a great delight in talking of this uncle. Nor was it to be wondered at; for he was an old man who wore his religion very much to win young people — a pleasant countenance — a sweet speech — and a fund of anecdotes always entertaining, and generally carrying some good moral in the tail of them. His grandfather before him must have been a man of rare humour, as appears from a world of droll stories which uncle Benjamin used to tell after him, and which his New England descendants to this day are wont to repeat with great glee. I must let the reader hear one or two of them. They will amuse him, by showing what strange

H TIWLIFE OF

things were done in days of yore by kings and priests (ii the land of our venerable forefathers.

It was his grandfather's fortune to live in the reign of Queen Mary, whom her friends called holy Mary, but her enemies bloody Mary. In the grand struggle for power between those humble followers of the cross, the catholics and the protestants, the former gained the victory, for which ' Te Deums' in abundance were sung throughout the land. And having been sadly rib-roasted by the protestants when in power, they determined, like good christians, now that the tables were turned, to try on them the virtues of fire and faggot. The Franklin family having ever been stunly protestants, began now to be in great tribulation. «' What shall we do to save our Bible?" was the question. After serious consultation in a family caucus, it was resolved to hide it in the close-stool; which was accordingly done, by fastening it, open, on the under side of tlie lid by twine threads drawn strongly across the leaves. When the grands father read to the family, he turned up the aforesaid lid on his knees, passing the leaves of his Bible, as he read, from one side to the other. One of the children was carefully stationed at the door, to give notice if he saw the priest, or any of his frowning tribe, draw near. In that event, the lid with the Bible lashed beneath it, was instantly clapped down again on its old place.

These things may appear strange to us, who live under a wise republic, which will not suffer the black gowns of one church to persecute those of another. But they were common in those dark and dismal days, when the clergy thought more of creeds than of Christ, and of learning Latin than of learning love. Queen Mary w^as one of this gnostic generation, Jwho place their religion in the head^ though Christ places it in the heart,) and finding it much easier to her unloving spirit, to burn human beings called heretics, than to mortify her own lust of popularity, she suffered her catholic to fly upon and worry her protestant subjects at a shameful rate. Good old uncle Benjamin use i to divert his friends with another story, which happened ii the family of his own aunt, who kept an inn at Eaton, Northamptonshire.

A most violent priest, of the name of Asquith, v/ho thought, like Saul, that he should be doing " God service'^ by killing the heretics, had obtained letters patent from queen Mary against those people in the county of Warwick. On his way he called to dine at Eaton, where he wasquickly waited on by the mayor, a strong catholic, to ask how the good work went on. Asquith, leaping to his saddle-bags, drew forth a little box, that contained his commis* sion, which he flourished before the mayor, exclaiming with high glee, '^Aye! there's that that will scorch the rogues P^ Old Mrs. Franklin, under the rose a sturdy protestant, overhearing this, was exceedingly troubled; and watching her opportunity when the priest had stepped out with the mayor, slipped the commission out of the box, and put in its place a pack of cards, wrapped in the same paper. The priest returning in haste, and suspecting no trick, huddled up his box, and posted off for Coventry. A grand council of the saints was speedily convoked to meet him. He arose, and having with great vehemence delivered a set speech against the heretics, threw his commission on the table for the secretary to read aloud. With the eyes of the whole council on him, the eager secretary opened the package, when in place of the flaming commission, behold a pack of cards with the knave of clubs turned uppermost ! A sudden stupefaction seized the spectators. In silence they stared at the priest and stared at one another. Some looking as though they suspected treachery: others as dreading a judgment in the case. Soon as the dumb-founded priest could recover speech, he swore by the Holy Mary, that he once had a commission; that he had received it from the queen's own hand. And he also swore that he would get another commission. Accordingly he hurried back to London, and having procured another, set off again for Coventry. But alas I before he got down, poor queen Mary had turned the cor ner, and the protestants under Elizabeth got the rule again. Having nothing now to dread, our quizzing old hostess, Mrs. Franklin, came out with the knavish trick she had played the priest, which so pleased the protestants of Coventry that they presented her a piece of plate, that cost fifty pounds sterling, equal, as money now goes, to a thousand dollars.

From an affair which soon after this took place there, it appears that Coventry, however famous for saints, had no great cause to brag of her poets. — When queen Elizabeth, to gratify her subjects, made the tour of her island, she passed through Coventry. The mayor, aldermen, and company hearing of her approach, went out in great state to meet her. The queen being notified that they wished to address her, made a full stop right opposite to a stage erected for the purpose, and covered with embroidered cloth, from which a

10 TI^LIFE OF

ready orator, after mucli bowing and arms full extended, made this wondrous speech — ^^ We men of Coventry are glad to see your royal liighness — Lord how /air you be!"

To this the maiden queen, equal famed for fat and fun, rising in her carriage, and waving her lily white hand, made this prompt reply — " Our royal highness is glad to se'j you men of Coventry — Lord what Fools you be!"

. CHAPTER IIL

Our hero, little Ben, coming on the carpet — Put to school very young — Learns prodigiously— 'Taken home and set to candle-7naking — Curious capers, all proclaiming "the Achilles in petticoats. "

Dr. Franklin's father married early in his own country, and would probably have lived and died there, but for the persecutions against his friends the Presbyterians, which so disgusted him, that he came over to New England, and settled in Boston about the year 1 682. He brought with him his English wife and three children. By the same wife he had four children more in America; and ten others afterwards by an American wife. The doctor speaks with pleasure of having seen thirteen sitting together very lovingly at his father's table, and all married. Our little hero, who was the fifteenth child, and last of the sons, was born at Boston the 17th day of January, 1706, old style.

That famous Italian proverb, " The Devil tempts every man^ hut the Idler tempts the Devil,^^ was a favourite canto with wise old Josias; for which reason, soon as their little lips could well lisp letters and syllables, he had them all to school.

Nor was this the only instance with regard to them, wherein good Josias " sham'^d the Bevil;^^ for as soon as their education was finished, they were put to useful trades. Thus no leisure was allowed for bad company and habits. Little Ben, neatly clad and comb'd, was pack'd off to school with the rest; and as would seem, at a very early age, for he says himself that, "he could not recollect any time in his life when he did not know how to read,V whence we may infer that he hardly ever knew any thing more of childhood than its innocency^and playfulness. At the age of eight he

DR. FRANKLIN. H

was sent to a grammar school, where he made such a figure in learning, that his good old father set him down at once for the church, and used constantly to call him his ^'little chaplain.'^^ He was confirmed in this design, not only by the extraordinary readiness with which he learned, but also by the praises of his friends, who all agreed that he would certainly one day or other become a mighty scholar. His uncle Benjamin too, greatly approved the idea of making a preacher of him; and by way of encouragement, promised to him all his volumes of sermons, written, as before said, in his own short hand.

This his rapid progress in learning he ascribed very much to an amiable teacher who used gentle means only, to encourage his scholars, and make them fond of their books.

But in the midst of this gay career in his learning, when in the course of the first year only, he had risen from the middle of his class to the head of it; thence to the class immediatel/. above it; and was rapidly overtaking the third class, he was taken from school! His father having a large family, with but a small income, and thinking himself unable consistently with what he owed the rest of his children, to give him a collegiate education, took Ben home to assist him in his own humble occupation, which was that of a soap-boiler and tallow-chandler; a trade he had taken up of his own head after settling in Boston; his original one of a dyek being in too little request to maintain his family.

I have never heard how Ben took this sudden reverse in his prospects. No doubt it put his little stock of philosoj)hy to the stretch. To have seen himself, one day, on the high road to literary fame, flying from class to class, the admiration and envy of a numerous school; and the next day, to have found himself in a filthy soap-shop; clad in a greasy apron, twisting cotton wicks ! — and in place of snuffing the sacred lami>s of the Muses, to be bending over pots of fetid tallow, dipping and moulding candles for the dirty cook wenches! Oh, it must have seem'd a sad falling oft' I Indeed, it appears from his own account that he was so disgusted with it that he had serious thoughts of goin» to sea. But his father objecting to it, and Ben having virtue enough to be dutiful, the notion was given up for that time. But the am bition which had made him the first at his school, and which now would have hurried him to sea, was not to be extinguished. Though diverted from its favourite course, it still burned for distinction, and rendered him the leader of the

12 rlfi LIFE OF

juvenile band in every enterprize where danger was to h» confronted, or glory to be won. In the neighbouring millpond he was the foremost to lead the boys to plunge and swim; thus teaching them an early mastery over that dangerous element. And when the ticklish mill-boat was launching from the shore laden with his timid playmates, the paddle that served as rudder, was always put into his hands, as the fittest to steer her course over the dark waters of the pond. This ascendancy which nature had given him over the companions of his youth, was not always so well used as it might have been. He honestly confesses that, once at least, he made such an unlucky use of it as drew them into a scrape tliat cost them dear. Their favourite fishing shore on that pond was, it seems, very miry. To remedy so great an inconvenience he proposed to the boys to make a wharf. Their assent was quickly obtained: but what shall we make it of ? was the question. Ben pointed their attention to a heap of stones, hard by, of which certain Honest masons were building a house. The proposition was hailed by the boys, as a grand discovery; and soon as night had spread her dark curtains around them, they fell to work with the activity of young beavers, and by midnight had completed their wharf. The next morning the masons came to work, but, behold ! not a stone was to be found ! The young rogues, however, detected by the track of their feet in the mud, were quickly summoned before their parents, who not being so partial to Ben as they had been, chastised their folly with a severe flogging. Good old Josias pursued a different course with his son. To deter him from such an act in future, he endeavoured to reason him into a sense of its immorality. Ben, on the other hand, just fresh and confident from his school, took the field of argument against his father, and smartly attempted to defend what he had done, on the principle of its utility. But the old gentleman, who was a great adept in moral philosophy, calmly observed to him, that if one boy were to make use of this plea to take away his fellow's goods, another might; and thus contests would arise, filling the world with blood and murder without end. Convinced, in this simple way, of the fatal consequences of " doing evil that good may come, " Ben let drop the weapons of his rebellion, and candidly agreed with his father that what M^as not strictly honest could never be truly useful. This discovery he made at the tender age of nine. Some never make t in the course of their lives. The grand angler, Satan, throws out. his bait of immediate gain ; and they, like silly Jacks, snap at it at once j and in the moment of running off, fancy they have got a delicous morsel. But alas I the fatal hook soon convinces them of their mistake, though sometimes too late. And then the lamentation of the prophet serves as the epilogue of their tragedy — " ^Twas honey in the mouthy hut gall in the bowels. "

Chapter IV

Picture of a wise father — To which is added a famous rt ceiptfor health and long life.

The reader must already have discovered that Ben wa^ uncommonly blest in a father. Indeed from the portrait o\ him drawn by this grateful son, full fifty years afterwards, he must have been an enviable old man.

As to his person, though that is but of minor consideration in a rational creature — I say, as to his person, it was of the right standard, i. e. medium size and finely formed — his complexion fair and ruddy — black, intelligent eyes — and an air uncommonly graceful and spirited. In respect of mhuU which is the true jewel of our nature, he was a man of the purest piety and morals, and consequently cheerful and amiable in a high degree. Added to this, he possessed a considerable taste for the fine arts, particularly drawing and music 5 and having a voice remarkably sonorous and sweet, whenever he sung a hymn accompanied with his violin, which he usually did at the close of his day's labours, it was delightful to hear him. He possessed also an extraordinary sagacity in things relating both to public and private life, insomuch that not only individuals were constantly consulting him about their aftairs, and calling him in as an arbiter in their disputes; but even the leading men of Boston would often come and ask his advice in their most important concerns, as well of the town as of the church.

For his slender means he was a man of extraordinary hospitality, which caused his friends to wonder how he made out to entertain so many. But whenever this was mentioned to him, he used to laugh and say, that the world was good natured and gave him credit for much more than he de-

14 TH^^LIFE OF

servcil^ for that, in fact, others entertained ten times as inanj as he did. Bj this, 'tis thought he alluded to the ostentatious practice common with some, of pointing their hungry visitant to their grand buildings, and boasting how manj thousands this or that bauble costj as if their ridiculous vanity would pass with them for a good dinner. For his part^ he said, he preferred setting before his visitors a plenty of wliolesome fare, with a hearty welcome. Though to do this he was fain to work hard, and content himself with a small house and plain furniture. But it was always nis opinion that a little laid out in this v/ay, went farther both with God and man too, than great treasures lavished on pride and ostentation.

But though he delighted in hospitality as a great virtue, yet he always made choice of such friends at his table as were fond of rational conversation. And he took great care to introduce such topics as would, in a pleasant manner, lead to ideas useful to his family, both in temporal and eternal things. As to the dishes that were served up, he never talked of them; never discussed whether they were well or ill dressed; of a good or bad flavour, high seasoned or otherwise.

For this manly kind of education at his table. Dr. Franklin always spoke as under great obligations to his father's judgment and taste. Thus accustomed, from infancy, to a generous inattention to the palate, he became so perfectly indifferent about what was set before him, that he hardly ever remembered, ten minutes after dinner, what he had dined on. In travelling, particularly, he found his account in this. For while those who had been more nice in their diet could enjoy nothing they met with; this one growling over the daintiest breakfast of new laid eggs and toast floated in butter, because his coffee was not half, strong enough.' — that wondering what people can mean by serving up a round of beef when they have no mustard! — and a third cursing like a trooper, though the finest rock-fish or sheep's-head be smoking on the table — ^because there is no walnut pickle or ketchup ! He for his part, happily engaged in a pleasant train of thinking or conversation, never attended to such trifles, but dined heartily on whatever was set before liim. In short, there is no greater kindness that a young man can do himsdf t^ian to learn the art of feasting on fish, flesh, or fowl as they come, without ever troubling his head about any other sauce than what the rich hand of nature has given:

let him but bring to these dishes that §ood appetite which always springs from exercise and cheertulness, and he will be an epicure indeed.

He would often repeat in the company of young people, the following anecdote which he had pickled up some where or other in his extensive reading. " A wealthy citizen of Athens, who had nearly ruined his constitution by gluttony and sloth, was advised by Hip*pocrates to visit a certain medicinal spring in Sparta; not that Hippocrates believed that spring to be better than some nearer home; but exercise was the object — *' Visit the springs of Sparta,^^ said the great physician. As the young debauchee, pale and bloated, travelled among the simple and hardy Spartans, he called one day at the house of a countryman on the road to get something to eat. A young woman was just serving up dinner — a nice barn-door fowl boiled with a piece of fat bacen. *' You have got rather a plain dinner there madam," growled the Athenian. " Yes, sir,^^ replied the young woman blushing, ''but my husband will be here directly, and he always brings the sauce with him.''^ Presently the young husband stepped in, and after welcoming his guest, invited him to dinner. " I can't dream of dining, sir, without sauce,^^ said the Athenian, " and your wife promised you would bring it." '' O, sir, my wife is a wit,^^ cried the Spartan;^ ''she only meant the good appetite which I always bring with me from the barn, ivhere I have been threshing.''^

And here I beg leave to wind up this chapter with the following beautiful lines from Dryden, which I trust my young reader will commit to memory. They may save him many a sick stomach and headach, besides many a good dollar in doctor's fees.

" The first physicians by debauch were made ; Excess began and sloth sustains the trade. By chace, our long liv'd fathers earn'd their bread; Toil strung their nerves and purified their blood: But we, their som, a painper'd race of men, Are dwindled down to threescore years and ten Better hunt in fields for health unbought, Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. The wise for health on exercise depend : God never made his works for man to mend."

16 TI^IJFE OF

Chapter V

Bex contmurd with his father, assisting him in his humble toils, till his twelfth jearj and had he possessed a mind less active might have remained a candle-maker all the days of his life. But born to dilfuse a light beyond that of tallow or spermaceti, he could never reconcile himself to this inferior employment, and in spite of bis wishes to conceal it from his father, discontent would still lower on his brow, and the half-suppressed sigh steal in secret from his bosom.

With equal grief his father beheld the deep-seated disquietude of his son. He loved all his children; but he loved this young one above all the rest. Ben was the child of his old age. The smile that dimpled his tender checks reminded him of his mother when he first saw her, lovely in the rosy freshness of youth. And then Ills intellect was so far beyond his years; his questions so shrewd; so strong in reasoning; so witty in remark, that his father would often forget his violin of nights for the higher pleasuie of holding an argument with him. This was a great trial to his sisters, who would often intreat their mother to make Ben hold his tongue, that their fether might take down his fiddle, and play and sing hymns with th(im: for they took after him in his passion for music, and sung divinely. No wonder that such a child should lae dear to such a father. Indeed old Josias' aflection for Ben was so intimately interwoven with every fibre of his heart, that he could not bear the idea of separation from hini; and various were the stratagems which he employed to keep this dear child at home. One while, to frighten his youthful fancy from the sea, for that was the old man's dread, he w^ould paint the horrors of the watery world, where the maddening billows, lashed into mountains by the storm, would lift the trembling^ ship to the skies; then hurl her down, headlong plunging into the yawning gulphs, never to rise again. At anotlier time he would describe the wearisomeness of beating the gloomy wave for joyless months, pent up in a small ship, with no prospects but barren sea and skies — no smells but tar and bilge water — no society but men of uncultivated minds, and their constant conversation nothing but ribaldry and oaths. And then again he would take him to visit the masons, coopers, joiners, and other mechanics, at work: in hopes that his genius might be caught, and a stop put to his passion for wandering. But greatly to his sorrow, none of these things lield out the attractions that his son seemed to want. His visits among these tradesmen were not, however, without their advantage. He caught from them, as he somewhere says, such an insight into mechanic arts and the use of tools, as enabled him afterwards when there was no artist at hand, to make for himself suitable machines for the illustration of his philosophical experiments.

But it was not long before this obstinate dislike of Ben's to all ordinary pursuits was found outj it was found out by his mother. '' Bless me," said she one night to her husband, as he lay sleepless and sighing on his son's account, " why do we make ourselves so unhappy about Ben for fear he should go to sea I let him but go to school, and I'll engage we hear no more about his running to sea. Don't you see the child is never happy but when he has a book in his hand ? Other boys when they get a little money never think of any thing better to lay it out on than their backs or their bellies j but he, poor fellow, the moment that he gets a shilling, runs and gives it for a book; and then, you know, there is no getting him to his meals until he has read it through, and told us all about it."

Good old Josias listened very devoutly to his wife, while she uttered this oration on his voungest son. Then with looks as of a heart suddenly relieved from a heavy burden, and his eyes lifted to heaven, he fervently exclaimed—" that my son, even my little son Benjamin, may live before God, and that the days of his usefulness and glory may b© many!"

How far the effectual fervent prayer of this righteous father found acceptance in heaven, the reader will find perhaps by the time he has gone through our little book.

Chapter VI

Ben taken from school, turns his own teacher — History of the books which he first read — Is hound to the printing trade.

At a learned table in Paris, where Dr. Franklin happened to dine, it was asked by the abbe Raynal, What descrip* tion of men most deserves pity ?

B 2

18 THR LIFE OF

Some mentioned one character, and some another. When it came to Franklin's tarn, he replied, A lonesome man in a rainy day^ who does not know how to read.

As every thing is interesting that relates to one who made such a figure in the world, it may gratify our readers to be told what were the books that first regaled the youthful appetite of the great Dr. Franklin. The state of literature in Boston at that time, being like himself, only in its infancy, it is not to be supposed that Ben had any very great choice of books. Books, however, there always were in Boston.* Among these was Bunyan's Voyages, which appears to have been the first he ever read, and of which he speaks with great pleasure. But there is reason to fear that Bunyan did no good: for, as it was the reading of the life of Alexander the Great that first set Charles the Twelfth in such a fever to be running over the world killing every body he met; so, in all probability, it was Bunyan's Voyages that fired Ben's fancy with that passion for travelling, which gave his father so much uneasiness. Having read over old Bunyan so often as to have him almost by heart, Ben added a little boot, and made a swap of him for Burton^s Historical Miscellanies. This, consisting of forty or fifty volumes, held him a good long tug: for he had no time to read but on Sundays, and early in the morning or late at night. After this he fell upon his father's library. This being made up principally of old puritanical divinity, would to most boys have appeared like the pillars of Hercules to travellers of old — a bound not to be passed. But so keen w^as Ben's appetite for any thing in the shape of a book, that he fell upon it with his usual voracity, and soon devoured every thing in it, especially of the lighter sort. Seeing a little bundle of something crammed away very snugly upon an upper shelf, his curiosity led him to take it down: and lo! what should it be but " Plutarch'' s Lives. ^^ Ben was a stranger to the work; but the title alone was enough for him; he instantly gave it one reading; and then a second, and a third, and so on until he had almost committed it to memory; and to his dyin^ day he never mentioned the name of Plutarch without cknowledging how much pleasure and profit he had derived from that divine old writer. And there was another book, by Defoe, a small affair, entitled " *^n Essay on Projects,^' to which he pays the very high compliment of saying, tha<