Modern propagation of tree fruits

Preface

In preparing this little book three important factors were kept in mind. First, only to include those practices of propagation which are in general use and which are accepted by the orchardist and the commercial nursery man as being the most important. Second, to furnish in a condensed form such information on propagation as will enable the general fruit grower to follow out the practices. It is assumed that the average fruit grower has a general knowledge of the various methods of propagation, hence the many confusing details are here omitted.

Third, an attempt is made to follow rather closely the methods employed by the arger commercial nurseries and to contrast these with the similar operations of the orchardists. The fruit grower who buys his nursery stock desires to know something of the methods whereby it is produced. The student of Horticulture needs a general knowledge of nursery work and how to apply it to either commercial or home use. It is hoped that the work is sufficiently clear that any interested fruit grower can successfully produce his own trees, thereby creating a desire to know more and to do greater things. ' * . .•'^*-

To all those who Have contributed to the work in any way, my thanks are due. I am especially indebted to The iv PREFACE

Greening Nursery Co., Monroe, Michigan; to the Stark Brothers Nurseries & Orchards Co., Louisiana, Mo.; to The Shenandoah Nurseries, Shenandoah, Iowa; to F. W. Watson & Co., Topeka, Kans.; to the Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C; and to the University of Maine, Extension Department, for their photographs of the various nursery operations.

B. S. Beown.

Orono, Maine.

June, 1916.

Chapter I Page

Importance of Nursery Business. Investments in Nurseries. Current Nursery Practice — Seed — Stocks for the Different Tree Fruits. Securing Seed — Gathering Apple Seed — Subtropical Seed. Use of Cuttings. Shipping Seed. Quantities Used.

CHAPTER II Growing the Seedlings 20

Stratification of Seed — Special Seed Beds — Lath Houses — Other Methods. Handling the Seed — Use of Planters. Large vs. Small Seed — Shading — Summer Planting — Freezing Fruit Seed — Soaking Fruit Seed — Cracking Hard Seed. Testing Seed — Viability of Fruit Seed.

Chapter III

General Considerations. Points on Location. Small Nursery Plats. Nursery Sites — Soil, Requirements — Drainage — Protection from Wind and Snow — Protection from Animals — Size of the Plat — Preparation of the Plat — Planting. Setting out Imported Seedlings. Cultural Methods — Spraying — Fall Treatment of SeedUngs — Grades of Seedlings.

CHAPTER IV Budding Operations 55

Budding or Grafting. The Prevailing Practice. The Budding Operations — Tools for Budding — Stripping the Seedlings.

V vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Ivinds of Budding — June Budding and Dormant Budding — Inserting the Bud — After Treatment. Budding Practice in Large Nurseries — Twig Budding — Bark Budding — After Treatment. Summer Culture of Budded Stock — Sprouting. Selecting Buds. Collecting " Bud Sticks " — Buds from Bearing Trees. Shipping " Bud Sticks."

Chapter V

Grafting Tools — Saws — Chisel and Mallet — Pruning Shears — Grafting Wax — Use of Oil in Wax — Waxing Pot — Wax Formulae. Theory of Grafting. Kinds of Grafts — Whip Grafts — Callusing — Piece Root or Whole Root Grafts — Side-whip Grafts. Top Working Old Trees. Cleft Grafting- Veneer Grafting — Side Grafting — Bark Grafting — Inarching — Bridge Grafting. Collecting Cions.

CHAPTER VI Propagation by Cuttings Ill

Cuttings — Fruits Grown from Cuttings. Parts Used. Classification of Cuttings — Principles Involved — Callusing Bed. Kinds of Cuttings — Single Eye Cutting — Simple Cutting — Heel Cutting— Mallet Cutting— Root Cutting— Nurse Root Cutting — Tip Cutting — Truncheons — Soft Wood Cuttings.

Chapter VII

Summer Culture — Heading Back — Trimming Up — Spraying. Spray Machines — Counting the Trees — Digging the Trees. Pulling the Trees — Fumigation — Storage Sheds — Grading. Grades of Trees. Sales Methods — Sub-agents — Catalog Selling — Jobbers and Dealers — Office Routine — Filling the Order.

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Chapter VIII Page

Pedigree Nursery Stock. Double Working of Nursery Trees. Influence of Stock on Cion — Dwarfing — Vigor — Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests. Hardiness in Nursery Stock. Horticultural Novelties. Nursery Inspection Laws — State and Federal Regulation. Nursery Organizations and Societies.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG, PAGE

1. An Orchard for Growing Myrobalan Seed in California 7

2. Some Common Fruit Seed 8

3. Seed Bearing Trees Growing by the Roadside 12

4. Separating Apple Seed from Pomace 13

5. Washing Out Apple Seed 14

6. Some of the Less Common Fruit Seed 16

7. Lath Propagating House 22

8. A Southern Propagating House 23

9. A Fruit Seed Planter ; 24

10. Fifty Acres of Apple Seedlings 26

11. The Skinner System of Irrigation 37

12. A Nursery with Good Natural Protection 38

13. A Trencher for Planting Seedhngs 41

14. A Firmer for Packing Soil around the Planted Seedlings 42

15. Shdingoff the Soil Ridges over Seed just before Growth Starts 43

16. Cultivating Seedhngs 44

17. Firming the Ground after Cultivating 45

18. Burying Apple Seedlings to Remove Leaves 47

19. Field of Apple Seedlings 48

20. Storage Cellar in which Apple Seedlings are Handled 49

21. Apple Seedhngs. No. 1 Straight 50

22. Apple Seedhngs. No. 2 Straight 51

23. Apple Seedhngs. No. 1 Branched 53

24. Standard Budding Knives 58

25. Peach Seedlings the Right Size for Stripping 59

26. Stripping the Young Seedlings 60

27. Making the T-cut for the Bud 62

28. Cutting the Bud 62

29. Inserting the Bud 63

ix

X ^LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

30. Peach Budded on Almond 65

3L A Budding Crew 66

32. Twig Bud 67

33. Knife for Cutting Bark Buds. . 69

34. Tying a Bark Bud 70

35. Bud Set and Tie Removed 71

36. Large Tree Worked over by Bark Budding 73

37. Grafting Tools 80

38. Bench Working, Whip Grafts 87

39. Whip Grafts 88

40. Maching for Wrapping Whip Grafts 90

41. Wrapping Machine in Operation 91

42. Whip Root Grafts 93

43. Side Whip Grafts 94

44. Working over an Almond Orchard to Prunes in California. ... 96

45. Cleft Grafts 97

46. Young Tree Cleft Grafted 98

47. Same Tree after Two Years' Growth 98

48. Top-worked Tree, leaving "Nurse" Branches 100

49. Veneer, or V Grafting 101

50. Side Grafts 102

51. Bark Grafts 104

52. Inarching 105

53. Bridge Grafts , 107

54. Bridge Grafts after Two Years 108

55. Some Types of Cuttings 117

56. Grape Cuttings .120

57. Citrus Cuttings 122

58. Nurse Root Cutting 125

59. Truncheons 127

60. A Gasoline Nursery Cultivator 131

61. A Gasoline Cultivator in Operation 132

62. A Nursery Sprayer 135

63. Digging Nursery Trees by Steam 136

64. Pulling the Trees after Digger has Passed 138

65. Hauling Nursery Trees to Storage 139

66. Fumigating Nursery Trees 140

67. Trees Stored in Cellar Previous to Grading 141

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi

FIG. PAGE

68. Trees In Ricks Ready for Filling Orders 142

69. Grades of Nursery Trees 144

70. Packing Stock for Shipment 149

71. Double Worked Nursery Trees 154

72. Almond Grafted on Peach 156

73. Almond Grafted on Peach 157

74. Almond Grafted on Plum 158

75. Cross-section through Some Old Grafts 159

MODERN PROPAGATION OF TREE FRUITS

Chapter I Seed For Propagation

Practically all of our more common varieties of fruit do not " come true to seed," hence the usual methods of budding and grafting have to be resorted to in order to perpetuate standard varieties. Some few of our fruits can be grown from cuttings, some do best by budding, while others are usually grafted. No particular method is necessary or vital to each kind of fruit, but the various operations now employed are the result or outgrowth of efforts to economize in propagation.

From the standpoint of the practical orchardist the growing of nursery stock is usually left to companies or independent concerns which make that branch of horticulture their chief business. The vast number of new orchards now set every year make the growing of nursery stock of more than passing interest, and it is becoming the business of up-to-date orchard men to look deeper and deeper into the '' why " and '^ how " of propagation. While it may seldom be feasible for an orchardman to grow his own stock it is always advisable to know as much about the business as possible.

The work of propagation divides itself naturally into two groups. One, the modern nursery company whose chief business is to grow young trees. Such companies manifest Httle interest in the production of fruit, growing only what is necessary for the work of production. The other is the orchardist who desires to grow his own stock or to carry on some experiment in connection with his orchard work. Such men are responsible for much of the advancement in horticultural knowledge and their ability should have full recognition among all students of the subject.

Investments in Nurseries. The U. S. Census of 1910 reports 80,000 acres actually employed in the production of nursery stock. This represents an increase of thirtyfive per cent over that of the ten preceding years. The capital invested in the above nursery companies approximate $21,000,000. This represents one hundred per cent increase or a doubling in value of the ten-year period.

Ninety-eight per cent of this business is handled by companies which make that their chief business, while the two per cent represents the work of the orchardists. In 1910 there were 2470 nursery concerns in the United States having an average investment of $8348. The distribution of nursery companies is fairly even over the United States. The bulk of the stock, however, is grown in the central States; diminishing toward the north or south. Some of the leading States and the value of their business are represented by the following figures:

CUREENT NURSERY PRACTICE 3

Pennsylvania 922,000.00

Not all parts of the country show increases in the nursery business. A number of sections show decreases in the decade following 1900. It is especially noticeable that the greatest decline comes from sections that were in the '' boom •' period in 1900 and have since fallen back to their productive level. Some of these are the New England, Virginia, Ozark and Colorado sections.

Current Nursery Practice. Nursery practice all over the United States is founded on fairly definite general principles. The details, however, necessary for the putting of the principles into practice are widely variable due to the differences in local environment. As one would expect the difference in climate between the north and the south or the east and the west is such that many modifications of the common practices are necessary in order to expedite work or to facilitate ease or convenience in handling the stock. However, when one gets a good working knowledge of the methods of propagation for any one section of the country, one can, by small changes in practices to suit the needs of the local conditions, grow good nursery stock in any part of the country. It is therefore desirable in this discussion to give only the more fundamenta operations and leave to the judgment of the reader such changes as are necessary to suit the work to his particular locality.

Seed. The first step in the work of propagation is to secure good seed. Very few of our common fruits will grow well from cuttings, hence some kind of a seedling must be grown on which the standard varieties can be budded or grafted. It is therefore necessary to get good seed that will grow strong roots, or the resultant tree will be weak and below standard. It is also necessary to grow stock on which standard varieties can easily be united. There is a wide difference in the various fruits as to the strength of the union a graft will make, and also as to the life and vigor of the resulting tree. Nursery men quite generally agree upon the kinds of stock best suited for the various kinds of fruit. The following Hst gives the stocks used for the different fruits by the best nursery companies in the United States:

Stocks for the Different Tree Fruits Common varieties.

Apple (standard) , ^

[ French crabapple.

Apple (dwarf) Paradise.

Apple (semi-dwarf) Doucine.

Chinese or Japanese.

Pear (standard) i t^- iv it. i

Kiener and French

Pear (dwarf) Quince.

Quince Common.

SECURING SEED 5

Almond. Bitter almond, peach or plum.

Apricot Common apricot or peach.

Cherry (sweet) Black Mazzard.

Cherry (sour) Mahaleb.

Peach Wild from Ken. and Tenn.

Plum (Eastern States) Myrobalan.

Plum (Western States) Myrobalan and Mariana.

Walnut Black walnut.

Pecan Own roots.

Chestnut. Native American.

Olive Own roots.

Citrus fruits Sour orange and pomelo.

Fig Grown from cuttings.

Mulberry Grown from cuttings.

Date palm Suckers or off-shoots.

Banana Suckers or off-shoots.

The above Hst comprises the most important fruits and the stocks mentioned are quite generally used throughout the United States. In certain localities other stock may be substituted but only to meet specific or unusual conditions.

Securing Seed. The securing of good strong virile seed is not always easy. Some are collected in various parts of the country, others are grown by the nursery companies for their own use, while still others are imported from Europe. The business of seed collecting has never been given much consideration in the United States; hence many of our most important fruit seed have to be imported. It is unfortunate that more attention has not been given to home grown seed as there is ample proof that such can be had just as good if not better than the imported.

It seldom happens that the seed from the fruit of the more improved varieties are suitable for propagation work. They are usually low in vitahty and often fail to germinate altogether. The longer the varieties in question have been known the less likely are the seed to be good. It is not only necessary that the seed grow well, but also that the resulting seedlings be strong, vigorous and free from diseases. Varieties that have been propagated vegetatively for a long period of years have gradually weakened in their seed-producing power. It therefore follows that the nearer one can get to the wild state in collecting seed the better will be the results.

The seed from the stone fruits (peach, plum, apricot, cherry, etc.), are collected to some extent in the United States. The peach seed comes mostly from the mountains and foot-hills of Kentucky and Tennessee. In this section it has run wild and simulated more nearly the conditions of its native country. The trees have had to fight for their own existence, and those that have survived are strong and vigorous. Where these cannot be obtained, access can only be had to the commercial varieties. A few kinds hke the Salway and Elberta produce good seed and are often substituted for the wild ones. Unscrupulous nurserymen go direct to the canneries and driers and gather seed promiscuously. This often results in many weak and inferior specimens, resulting later in short-lived trees.

With apricots the seed is usually collected from natural fruit where the grafts have failed to take, or from those

SECURING SEED 7

that have grown up along fences, creeks, etc. Almonds are collected about the same way as apricots. Many almonds that come naturally from seed are bitter, hence have no commerial value other than for nursery work. Almost every orchardhas some trees in it which have never been grafted, or the grafts have failed to take. These are usually separated at harvesting time and the fruit saved

Fig. 1. — An Orchard for Growing Myrobalan Seed in California.

for nursery work. It is not necessary that the almond seed be bitter in order to be used for nursery work, but they ought at least to be hard shells and selected from vigorous growing trees.

For plum stock several sources of seed are available. The most common is the Myrobalan which is used in the eastern and central United States. Most nurserymen prefer to import this variety from Italy, where it grows wild and

Fig. 2.— Some Common Fruit Seed. 1 Prime, 2 Apricot, 3 Almond,

4 Peach.

SECURING SEED 9

where the fruit is used for making a cheap wine. In the southern and western United States this variety is often referred to as the Cherry Plum, because of its resemblance to the common cherry. The tree grows well in the warmer cUmates and many nurserymen are now growing their own plum seed, Fig. 1. The Myrobalan does not do well in the colder parts of the prairie sections of the United States, hence some other kind must be substituted. Two kinds are available for this purpose, the Mariana and the St. JuUan. Both are hardy and resistant to the cold dry atmosphere of the prairie winters. Some of the Japanese varieties of plums are grafted on to peach stock, but the practice is not general.

The seed for growing cherry stock is of two distinct kinds. This is necessary because the common commercial varieties represent two different species which are quite distinct in their growth and habits. The sweet cherries which are frequently referred to as the Hearts and Bigarreaus, are usually grafted on to the Black Mazzard, which is a wild type of the same species. The sour cherries or the Dukes and Morellos are worked on to the Mahaleb. Both of these stocks grow well in the United States, yet very few nurserymen attempt to grow them for their own use. For the most part they are imported from Europe by some nursery supply house and redistributed in this country. There are many wild species of cherries in the eastern part of the United States which may be used as stock for the standard varieties, but few nursery companies make use of them, simply because there has been no effort to coUect them for the trade.

10 SEED FOE PROPAGATION

In the case of all the stone fruits, more or less difficulty is experienced in removing the fleshy covering in order to get ths seed into suitable condition for handling or storage. With the Mahaleb and some types of the Myrobalan, the pulp is dried down on the pit and the seed is used in that condition. In most cases, however, the pulp must be removed. This may be done in either of two ways. One is to remove the flesh by hand, and then dry the pits in the sun. The other is to pile the fruit up in large piles and let them decay. After the pulp is fairly well rotted they are shovelled into a vat and soaked up with water. The souring or fermenting of the mass causes the pulp to become separated from the pits. They can then be separated by washing them over a wire screen. They are then dried in the sun, sacked up and stored in a cool moist place until needed.

For stock on which to work apples, nurserymen are pretty generally agreed on the use of the so-called French Crabapple. Strictly speaking these are not crabapples but simply the fruit of a wild apple of France. Many of the low foothills and poor land areas of France are covered with apples that have run wild, resembling somewhat in appearance the crabapple and somewhat our common apple. The French collect the fruit from these trees and, after extracting the juice for cider or vinegar, remove the seed from the pomace — thus the American " French Crab."

The stock grown from these French seeds are quite generally uniform in their habits of growth and make strong vigorous seedlings. They are sometimes imported

SECUEING SEED 11

as seed but more often are grown for one year in Europe and then imported as seedlings. Nursery companies claim that they can buy the year-old seedHngs cheaper than they can get the seed and grow them themselves. The seedHngs thus grown are no better than American grown stock, — the situation simply represents an economic condition resulting from cheaper labor in Eiu:ope.

In recent years efforts have been made to grow apple seedHngs in the United States. But few places have been found that will grow a smooth, clean plant with a straight root. The central west is now the chief center for growing these seedHngs. Mr. D. S. Lake of the Shenandoah Nurseries, Iowa, makes the following statement on the subject: " Nearly all the apple seedHngs grown in the United States are in the vicinity of Topeka, Kansas, up and down the Kaw valley for thirty miles or more each way. This bottom land is made soil and more or less sandy but extremely fertile. There are about one thousand bushels of seed sown in the United States. Imported seed is mostly used and all the native seed used comes from Vermont, where there still remain some old seedling orchards. The improved cider mills crush the seed more or less and it is pretty hard to get good sound apple seed from Vermont. Sometimes half of the seeds are cracked by the miUs, and when the hulls are once cracked there is no chance for the seed to grow. The French seeds are gathered from cider mills in sections where apples are grown for the cider only. They do not select choice varieties, but simply select and grow apples that produce the most cider. These apples are about the size of the seedHng kinds grown in Vermont

SEED FOE PROPAGATION and perhaps there are some similar orchards in other eastern states.

'^ The imported seed is strong in vitality and grow good seedlings, but the French seed is getting poorer than it used to be from the fact that instead of using the old mills that they used to, which did not injure the seed, they are gradually adopting the cylinder grinders like our own

Fig. 3. — Good Seed-bearing Trees Growing by the Roadside.

which crack the seed more or less and I do not think it will be a great while until even the French seed will be as inferior as the American apple seed is to-day. We figure in order to get one bushel of good seed we must buy two bushels. This was not the case years ago."

There are many varieties of apples in the United States yielding seed that will answer every requirement of good nursery stock. These have never been made use of com-

GATHEEING APPLE SEED mercially, because of a lack of an organized effort on the part of any one to collect them for the trade. All through New England and in many of the other States apples grow wild in all sorts of places, Fig. 3. These often represent hardy, vigorous trees which bear fruit having plump, well-developed seed. There are also many of the commercial varieties

Fig. 4. — Skimming Off the Pomace.

which yield good viable seed. Even the common run of seed as taken from apple pomace can be used to good advantage if a little precaution is taken.

Gathering Apple Seed. To collect apple seed for nursery purposes it is necessary to get plump, well-developed seed from strong, vigorous, growing trees. The fruit is separated at harvesting time and the juice extracted for

SEED FOE PROPAGATION cider or vinegar making. The pomace is then put into a barrel or tank and soaked with water. The Httle remaining sugar in the pomace gradually ferments, causing a thin slimy coat to form over the seed. The pomace is stirred thoroughly from time to time, causing the seed to separate from the pu'p and settle to the bottom. After three or

Fig. 5. — Washing Out the Seed.

four days the pomace can be skimmed off the top of the barrel and the seed separated.

For separating the seed, two wire screens are needed, one of just large enough mesh to let the seed pass through and one small enough so they will not. Figs. 4 and 5. If, in addition, running water can be had the task will be easy. The large mesh screen will separate most of the pomace, while the smaller one will take out the smaller particles.

GATHERING APPLE SEED 15

Then a little washing with the hose will leave the seed free from the pulp. They should then be spread thinly on trays in the sun to dry. When dried sufficiently to prevent molding they are sacked and stored in a cool moist place. Only heavy seeds, which are the good ones, will settle to the bottom. The poorer ones rising to the top are skimmed off with the pulp. In this way only good seeds are secured. Figures four and five will give an idea how this work may be done.

Pear seed is collected in the same way as apple seed. There is less use for cider or vinegar made from pears than from apples, yet they are often used commercially. Where it is not desirable to first remove the juice from the fruit, they can be piled up in the open and allowed to decay. After several days, fermentation will be sufficiently advanced £0 that the fruit may be treated in the same way as the apple pomace.

Nurserymen import most of the pear seed used for stock. The seeds from the Chinese or Japanese sand pear and the common French pear are the most used, being preferred for their resistance to the pear bhght disease. Sometimes American grown seeds are used, in which case those of the Kieffer variety are preferred. This particular variety is a hybrid between the Chinese pear and the Bartlett, and partakes lat-gely of its Oriental parent in its resistance to diseases. Other varieties are occasionally used, and in sections where the pear blight is not bad most any strong growing kind would answer.

For other tree fruits the customs are not so well fixed. In propagating the various kinds of nuts, numerous methods are used. The English or Persian walnuts are either grafted on their own seedlings or on those of the Black Walnuts. The latter is preferred because of its hardiness and resistance to certain diseases. In the moist sections, the Eastern Black Walnut is used; while in the arid regions the Arizona Black or California Black are used because of their adaptability to the drier conditions. Pecans are worked on the more hardy native seedlings. Many of these

I

Olive -Olea europa

Fig. 6. — Some of the Less Common Tree Fruit Seed.

nuts are grown as seedlings, because only in recent years has any definite effort been made to develop better varieties, and the nearer any variety is to the native or wild condition the less the need for any special stock.

Chestnuts are usually worked upon the native American stock. Many of these are still grown as seedlings, there having been little effort toward improved strains. The hickories, butternuts, filberts and other wild nuts are almost entirely grown direct from seed, there being no need of

SUB-TROPICAL SEEDS— USE OF CUTTINGS 17

grafting. It is to be regretted that no greater effort has been put forth to improve some of our native nuts. They are widely variable, and in the hands of the right person could be developed into improved and highly desirable strains or varieties.

Sub-tropical Seeds. In the case of the tree fruits of the warmer climates no great choice of seeds exists. The citrus fruits (orange, lemon, pomelo, etc.), have quite a wide range of stock as they will readily interwork on the different species. The Florida sour stock, the seedling pomelo and the sweet orange comprise the bulk of the stock for all the different kinds of cirtus fruit. Formerly many lemons were used but these have since been discarded. They grow well, make a strong union but are not as hardy as the others. The Florida sour stock is preferred, and many propagators use it altogether.

The olive is sometimes grown from seed but more frequently from cuttings. The olive seeds are peculiar in that they have an oil sack surrounding the embryo which prevents moisture from getting in to start germination. Thus most olive seeds must have two years to germinate, making the process a long; tedious one. In Europe the hard seeds are cracked. But this is difficult as each seed has to be screwed up in a vise just enough to make a small crack. If overdone the germ is destroyed. However, they root fairly well from cuttings and do not have to be budded or grafted over.

Use of Cuttings. Some few tree fruits are grown from cuttings because the seed is either lacking or hard to grow. Of these the most important are figs and mulberries. Both have very small seeds and in the case of the fig are very difficult to start, — in fact many of them are infertile. Olives and quinces are as frequently propagated from cuttings as from seed; and apples, pears and most of the citrus fruits may be grown in this way. The stone fruits are difficult to propagate vegetatively but can be so grown. The methods employed in growing trees from cuttings are quite different from seed propagation and will be discussed later.

Shipping Seed. As much of the fruit tree seed is gathered a long way from where it is to be used, some attention must be given to preparation for shipment. Most seed should be dry enough so it will not mold in bulk, yet not enough to lessen the germinating quahties. Most all of the nut fruits when thoroughly dried fail to grow. This is largely the reason why commercial nuts bought on the open market do not grow.

Small seeds like apple and pear may be mixed with powdered charcoal which acts as an equalizer of moisture. Larger seeds may be shipped in paper bags or cloth sacks anywhere on land, but if they are to cross the ocean they must be protected from salt air and excessive moisture. Oiled paper is used for small quantities, while boxes lined with some waterproofing material are used for large quantities.