Virgil's Æneid, books I-VI; Davidson's literal English prose translation

Introduction

Few facts have been established concerning the early life of Publius Vergilius Maro, whom to-day the student knows as Virgil. From his own writings, from references made to these writings by his contemporaries, and from the works of certain later writers — such as Valerius Probus (a.d. First Century), uElius Donatus (Fourth Century) and Servius (Fourth Century) — who comment specifically upon the life and works of the poet, Virgil's career can be traced by a few outstanding facts. Interesting biographical data have been set forth from time to time by modern writers, delighting the reader with glowing accounts of the poet's love for literary pursuits, his prodigious intellect, and his unfolding genius. As in the case of any great man, the possibilities are unlimited for developing reports of Virgil's public and private life, — from auspicious omens preceding his birth

iii

IV INTRODUCTION

to the untimely end when the dying poet with his last words begged the Emperor Augustus to burn his Ztineid because \Lq manuscript was not yet finished. It is safe, however, to assume that details which we may find relating to the history of the man's life are more picturesque than proper.

Virgil was born at Andes, a hamlet in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mantua, 70 B.C. The accounts of his parentage and early boyhood are sadly conflicting. Whatever may have been his father's actual occupation, or the true name of his mother, reports agree in that his origin was most humble. And further we know that though of the peasant class, the industry of his parents made it possible for the boy to receive a good education. Until his fifteenth year, Virgil studied at Cremona. From there he went to Milan, continuing his work; and later to Eome, returning to his home at the age of twentyseven. The records of the period contain little information other than a bare mention of his studying, and that Greek, Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, and Law were the subjects in which he interested himself.

The year 41 B.C. began his life of achievement. Caesar murdered, and the republican faction defeated, Augustus and the Triumvirate required land for their disbanded army. An eviction of the peasants followed, among them Virgil's parents. Fortunately,

INTRODUCTION V

however, the officers of administration, Varus, Pollio, and Galhis were his friends; and they suggested that he go in person and plead the cause of the country-folk before the emperor. Virgil was unexpectedly successful. But his success, while accomplishing the immediate end of re-establishing his parents on their confiscated farm, attained for him the start which he seemed by nature to need. It gained for him a confidence in the world at large, and gave him a power in the belief that his views were shared by others.

While Augustus is not an impressive figure in history, his legislative interest in his people achieved what Virgil was desiring. Though cruel and often repulsive, Augustus persisted in the same careful way in which he had won the throne, calculating his opportunities and taking advantage of every situation. Nevertheless the laws which he made to gain the sympathy of those whose support he required accomplished the things Virgil thought necessary. Each man because of his personal views was strongly attracted to the other. It was a period of peace; men of letters were encouraged to develop their learning; the national religion was restored ; Greek refinement and culture were made to influence the rougher Latin civilization; and "Rome was recognized the center of all worldly power, Augustus' ac-

VI INTRODUCTION

ceptation of him as a man of letters, therefore naturally stimulated and inspired Virgil to express and bring forward his own literary self .

In 37 B.C. the Eclogues (Shepherd's Poems) were published. Written in imitation of the Idylls of Theocritus (275 B.C.), there is little to commend in point of literary form. The subject-matter, however, of the ten pieces gives marked evidence of Virgil's ability. The introduction of fields and skies, brooks, hills, stars, and shepherds, identifying Italian thought and feeling with foreign literary material, — produced a new individual type in Latin literature. If it be remembered from this work that the terms of nature and the country-side were the terms in which the poet most naturally expressed himself, his seeming failure in the 2Enei& to give an adequate picture of the Heroic Age will be justified.

In 30 B.C. the Oeorgics were published, a guide for farmers written in verse. A first book includes a discussion of the fields and crops; a second deals with trees and vines, especially olives and grapes; a third gives directions in cattle raising; and a fourth treats of bees. This, like the Eclogues was based upon a model, the Works And Days of Hesiod. The general subject-matter, however, the Italian peasants and the Italian country, was directly in accord with the

INTRODUCTION Vll

poet's own temperament. And expressed in the hexameter verse form which he had now mastered so well, the work may be considered his greatest production.

The fflneid, published after the poet's death, 19 B.C., by his executors, Tucca and Varius, was undoubtedly begun at the suggestion of Augustus. Csesar Augustus and his father, Julius Caesar, had claimed always a direct descent from the goddess, Venus through ^Eneas, lulus, and the Julian gens. In the very opening lines of the poem we are made to understand,

Through a contemplation of the hero's life, so presented — "ssevae memorem Junonis ob iram" — as to necessarily evoke sympathy, the reader is made to apprehend the full significance of what that hero accomplished. While the word, hero, in a poem perhaps immediately suggests the tragic, it must be realized that unless conditions are pictured which, acting together of themselves, will have a certain definite result, a causal re«

Vlll INTRODUCTION

lationship will be lost; and it is just this relationship of one event to another which gives unity and purpose to a piece. The hero in the iEneid is not heralded as a giantkiller, but as one who came from Troy to Italy, — u dum conderet urbem inferretque deos Latio"— . We do not expect, therefore, a story in which, child-like, our interest will center in the adventure of it. Sufficient emphasis is put upon the — multum ille et terris jactatus et alto vi superum" — so that being moved by each particular incident, the reader will appreciate the situation fully, and will therefore be inspired by the hero's success. The balance of feeling lies not with the man, himself, but with our admiration for the things he did. Augustus' main ambition was to glorify Eome and the culminating of its achievement under his rule.

Virgil spent eleven years it is believed, writing the 2Eneid. First the sequence of the events was traced in prose, and divided into twelve books; then the poet began his task of transposing this subject-matter into verse form. A conception of how faithfully he must have worked and how studiously he must have placed each word in its proper order, may be reached if we stop to think that his progress averaged but three lines a day. At this time, Virgil probably resided on the estate that had been given him near Naples by the emperor. In retirement he

INTRODUCTION IX

had the opportunity of developing his poem according to the high ideals which he had established for himself. When the poem was almost finished, Virgil started upon a trip to Greece, where he expected the invigoration from the change in country would put him in a mood to effectively revise the manuscript. His health, however, was failing him. At Athens he met Augustus returning from the East; and the emperor persuaded his friend to travel back with him to Italy. The voyage proved fatal ; for overcome by the raw sea air, Virgil became weaker and weaker. He died at Brundisium. His sudden death left the work uncompleted ; except, however, for certain rougher lines that did not receive the poet's final polish, there is little need of a further revision.

Like the poet's earlier works, the 2Eneid bears evidence of the author's dependence upon foreign models. The first six books are not so very unlike the Odyssey of Homer [relating of the wanderings of Odysseus or Ulysses]. iEneas' voyage from Troy to Dido's court is similar to Ulysses' wanderings before he reached the land of the Phaecians ; iEneas like Ulysses descends into the lower world; and each of the heroes encounters Polyphemus, the Cyclops. The last six books show their author's familiarity with the Iliad [describing Achilles and the close of the war]. iEneas' shield cor-

X INTRODUCTION

responds to that of Achilles; the enrollment of the Italian host agrees with Homer's record of the Greek ships; finally, Eneas' struggle with Turnus for the possession of Lavinia is the counterpart of the fight bebetween Achilles and Hector when Helen is the prize. In matters of essential fact, the Greek influence is felt throughout the JEneid.

Yet, however great may seem this resemblance between the 2Enexd and the works of Homer, there is really little ground common to the two writers. Homer related a tale of events concerning which he had a direct knowledge; while the Latin writer, desiring to tell of a man who took part in these events, drew naturally upon the Greek account as his source of history. Homer's efforts were not spent in seeking literary achievement but in telling a story. Virgil's purpose, on the other hand, was scholarly. He planned a history for the Latin people to inspire them with their present success through a consideration of the past. Until Julius Caesar's day there had been no culture in Europe worthy of the name except Greek culture. Obviously if Eoman Society was to glory in itself and its ancestors, its traditions would necessarily have to lead back to the source of all culture, Greece. Augustus' claim that the name Julius, itself, came from lulus (iEneas' Son), manifested

INTRODUCTION XI

this desire of the Romans to show their connection with the Greeks. Yet the Eomans in their highly organized state wanted to go still further; they wanted to glorify the superiority of their development. Hence we have the — "inferretque deos Latio."

Virgil's familiarity with the splendor of the Heroic Age was a borrowed one. The fields and the crops, the cattle and the bees were his natural themes. The JEneid, however, is not plagiarized if viewed sympathetically from the author's standpoint. There were the facts, a matter of history, and Virgil set about telling them to the best of his ability. It is possible to attach the stigma to his descriptions of fights and battles that they do not thrill the reader. But at the same time it is impossible to avoid praising his account of the storms, the landscapes, the courts, and the people. It must be borne in mind that while Homer's words recount the experiences of the Greeks, and the hero is the subject of interest at all times, Virgil's writing, in contrast, is made to hold up a glass, as it were, in which Rome might see itself and, being pleased with the reflection, might rest satisfied in the contemplation of it.

Words cannot describe how great was the poet's ability to accomplish the work which he undertook, or how well the finished poem has succeeded in its appeal. The thought,

Xll INTRODUCTION

however, may be perceived in the lines of Dante's DelV Inferno,

"I long with zeal Have sought thy volume, and with love immense Have conn'd it o'er. My master, thou, and

guide I He, from whom alone I have derived That style, which for its beauty into fame Exalts me."

VIRGIL'S ^ENEID

Book I

The subject of the JEneid is the settlement of iEneas in Italy. This noble Poem, on the composition of which Virgil was engaged eleven years, consists of twelve books, and comprehends a period of eight years. In the First Book, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing from Sicily, and shipwrecked upon the coast of Africa, where he is kindly received by Dido, queen of Carthage. The description of the storm in this book is particularly admired.

Arms I sing, and the hero, who first, exiled by fate, came from the coast of Troy to Italy, and the Lavinian shore : much was he tossed both on sea and land, by the power of those above, on account of the unrelenting rage of cruel Juno : much too he suffered in war till he founded a city, and brought his gods into Latium : from whence the Latin progeny, the Alban fathers, and the walls of lofty Eoaie.

Declare to me, Muse ! the causes, in what the deity being offended, by what the queen of heaven was provoked to drive a man of distinguished piety to struggle with so many calamities, to encounter so many 3 hardships. Is there such resentment in heavenly minds?

An ancient city there was, Carthage, (inhabited by a colony of Tyrians,) fronting Italy and the mouth of the Tiber, far remote; vast in riches, and extremely hardy in warlike exercises; which [city] Juno is said to have honored more than any other place of her residence, Samos being set aside. Here lay her arms; here was her chariot; here the goddess even then designs and fondly hopes to establish a seat of universal empire, would only the Fates permit. But she had heard of a race to be descended from Trojan blood, that was one day to overturn the Tyrian towers : that hence a people of extensive regal sway, and proud in war, would come to the destruction of Libya: so the destinies ordained. This the daughter of Saturn dreading, and mindful of the old war which she had the principal hand in carrying on before Troy, in behalf of her beloved Argos; nor as yet were the causes of her rage and keen resentment worn out of her mind; the judgment of Paris dwells deeply rooted in her soul, the affront offered to her neglected beauty, the detested [Trojan] race, and the honors conferred on ravished Ganymede: she, by these things fired, having tossed on the whole ocean the Trojans, whom the Greeks and merciless Achilles had left, drove them far from Latium; and thus, for many years, they, driven by fate, roamed round every sea: so vast a work it was to found the Eoman state.

Scarcely had the Trojans, losing sight of Sicily, with joy launched out into the deep, and were plowing the foaming billows with their brazen prows, when Juno, harboring everlasting rancor in her breast, thus with herself: Shall I then, baffled, desist from my purpose, nor have it in my power to turn away the Trojan king from Italy? because I am restrained by fate! Was Pallas able to burn the Grecian ships, and bury themselves in the ocean, for the offense of one, and the frenzy of Ajax, Oileus' son? She herself, hurling from the clouds Jove's rapid fire, both scattered their ships, and upturned the sea with the winds: him too she snatched away in a whirlwind, breathing flames from his transfixed breast, and dashed him against the pointed rock. But I, who move majestic, the queen of heaven, both sister and wife of Jove, must maintain a series of wars with one single race for so many years. And who will henceforth adore Juno's divinity, or humbly offer sacrifice on her altars?

The goddess by herself revolving such thoughts in her inflamed breast, repairs to iEolia, the native land of storms, regions pregnant with boisterous winds. Here, in a vast cave, king iEolus controls with imperial sway the reluctant winds and sounding tempests, and confines them with chains in prison. They roar indignant round their barriers, filling the mountain with loud murmurs. -ZEolus is seated on a lofty throne, wielding a sceptre, and assuages their fury, and moderates their rage. For, unless he did so, they, in their rapid career, would bear away sea and earth, and the deep heaven, and sweep them through the air. But the almighty Sire, guarding against this, hath pent them in gloomy caves, and thrown over them the ponderous weight of mountains, and appointed them a king, who, by fixed laws, and at command, knows both to curb them, and when to relax their reins; whom Juno then in suppliant words thus addressed: iEolus, (for the sire of gods and the king of men hath given thee power both to smooth the waves, and raise them from the wind,) a race by me detested sails the Tuscan Sea, transporting Ilium, and its conquered gods, into Italy. Strike force into thy winds, overset and sink the ships; or drive them different ways, and strew the ocean with carcasses. I have twice seven lovely nymphs, the fairest of whom De'iopeia, I will join to thee in firm wedlock, and assign to be thine own forever, that with thee she may spend all her years for this service, and make thee father of a beautiful offspring.

7I-86J VIRGIL S .ENEID. BOOK I 7

To whom ^Eolus replies: 'Tis thy task, queen, to consider what you would have done : on me it is incumbent to execute your commands. You conciliate to me whatever of power I have, my sceptre, and Jove. You grant me to sit at the tables of the gods: and you make me lord of storms and tempests.

Thus having said, whirling the point of his spear, he struck the hollow mountain's side: and the winds, as in a formed battalion, rush forth at every vent, and scour over the lands in a hurricane. They press upon the ocean, and at once, east, and south, and stormy south-west, plow up the whole deep from its lowest bottom, and roll vast billows to the shores. The cries of the seamen succeed, and the cracking of the cordage. In an instant clouds snatch the heavens and day from the eyes of the Trojans: sable night sits brooding on the sea, thunder roars from pole to pole, the sky glares with repeated flashes, and all nature threatens them with immediate death. Forthwith iEneas' limbs are relaxed with cold shuddering fear. He groans, and spreading out both his hands to heaven, thus expostulates : thrice and four times happy they, who had the good fortune to die before their parents' eyes, under the high ramparts of Troy ! thou, the bravest of the Grecian race, great Tydeus' son, why was

I not destined to fall on the Trojan plains, and pour out this soul by thy right hand? where stern Hector lies prostrate by the sword of Achilles; where mighty Sarpedon [lies] ; where Simois rolls along so many shields, and helmets, and bodies of heroes snatched away beneath its waters.

While uttering such words a tempest, roaring from the north, strikes across the sail, and heaves the billows to the stars. The oars are shattered : then the prow turns away, and exposes the side to the waves. A steep mountain of waters follows in a heap. These hang on the towering surge; to those the wide-yawning deep discloses the earth between two waves: the whirling tide rages with [mingled] sand. Three other ships the south wind, hurrying away, throws on hidden rocks; rocks in the midst of the ocean, which the Italians call Altars, a vast ridge rising to the surface of the sea. Three from the deep the east wind drives on shoals and flats, a piteous spectacle ! and dashing on the shelves, it encloses them with mounds of sand. Before the eyes of iEneas himself, a mighty billow, falling from the height, dashes against the stern of one which bore the Lycian crew, and faithful Orontes: the pilot is tossed out and rolled headlong, prone [into the waves] ; but her the driving serge thrice whirls around in the same place, and the rapid eddy swallows up in the deep.

Then floating here and there on the vast abyss, are seen men, their arms and planks, and the Trojan wealth, among the waves. Now the storm overpowered the stout vessel of llioneus, now that of brave Achates, and that in which Abas sailed, and that in which old Alethes: all, at their loosened and disjointed sides, receive the hostile stream, and gape with chinks.

Meanwhile Neptune perceived that the sea was in great uproar and confusion, a storm sent forth, and the depths overturned from their lowest channels. He, in violent commotion, and looking forth from the deep, reared his serene countenance above the waves; sees iEneas's fleet scattered over the ocean, the Trojans oppressed with the waves and the ruin from above. Nor were Juno's wiles and hate unknown to her brother. He calls to him the east and west winds; then thus addresses them : And do you thus presume upon your birth? dare you, winds! without my sovereign leave, to embroil heaven and earth, and raise such mountains. Whom I But first it is right to assuage the tumultuous waves. A chastisement of another nature from me awaits your next offense. Fly apace, and bear this message to your king: That not to him the empire of the sea, and the awful trident, but to me by lot are given: his dominions are the mighty rocks, your proper mansions,

Eurus: in that palace let king JEolus proudly boast, and reign in the close prison of the winds.

So he speaks, and, more swiftly than his speech, smooths the swelling seas, disperses the collected clouds, and brings back the day. With him Cymothoe, and Triton with exerted might, heave the ships from the pointed rock. He himself raised them with his trident; lays open the vast sandbanks, and calms the sea; and in his light chariot glides along the surface of the waves. And as when a sedition has perchance arisen among a mighty multitude, and the minds of the ignoble vulgar rage; now firebrands, now stones fly; fury supplies them with arms: if then, by chance, they espy a man revered in piety and worth, they are hushed, and stand with ears erect; he, by eloquence, rules their passions, and calms their breasts. Thus all the raging tumult of the ocean subsides, as soon as the sire, surveying the seas, and wafted through the open sky, guides his steeds, and flying, gives the reins to his easy chariot.

The weary Trojans direct their course towards the nearest shores, and make the coast of Libya. Tn a long recess, a station lies; an island forms it into a harbor by its jutting sides, against which every wave from the ocean is broken, and divides itself into receding curves. On either side vast cliffs, and two twin-like rocks, threaten the sky; under whose summit the waters all around are calm and still. Above is a sylvan scene with waving woods, and a dark grove with awful shade hangs over. Under the opposite front a cave is of pendant rocks, within which are fresh springs, and seats of living stone, the recess of nymphs. Here neither cables hold, nor anchors with crooked fluke moor the weather-beaten ships. To this retreat iEneas brings seven ships, collected from all his fleet; and the Trojans, longing much for land, disembarking, enjoy the wished-for shore, and stretch their brine-drenched limbs upon the beach. Then first Achates struck spark from a flint, received the fire in leaves, round it applied dry combustible matter, and instantly blew up a flame from the fuel. Then, spent with toil and hunger, they produce their grain, damaged by the sea- water, and the instruments of Ceres; and prepare to dry over the fire, and to grind with stones, their rescued corn. Meanwhile iEneas climbs a rock, and takes a prospect of the wide ocean all around, if, by any means, he can descry any [man like] Antheus tossed by the wind, and the Phrygian galleys, or Capys, or the arms of Caicus, on the lofty deck. He sees no ship in view, but three stags straying on the shore: these the whole herd follow, and are feeding through the valley in a long-extended train.

Here he stopped short, and snatching his bow and swiit arrows, (weapons which the faithful Achates bore,) first prostrates the leaders, bearing their heads high with branching horns; next the vulgar throng; and disperses the whole herd, driving them with darts through the leafy woods. Nor desists he, till conqueror he stretches seven huge deer on the ground, and equals their number with his ships. Hence he returns to the port, and shares them amongst all his companions. Then the hero divides the wine which the good Acestes had stowed in casks on the Sicilian shore, and given them at parting, and with these w^ords cheers their saddened hearts: companions, who have sustained severer ills than these, (for we are not strangers to former days of adversity,) to these, too, God will grant a termination. You have approached both Seylla's fury, and those deep roaring rocks; you are unacquainted with the dens of the Cyclops: resume then your courage, and dismiss your impending fears; perhaps hereafter it may delight you to remember these sufferings. Through various mischances, through so many perilous adventures, we steer to Latium, where the Fates give us the prospect of peaceful settlements. There Troy's kingdom is allowed once more to rise. Persevere, and reserve yourselves for prosperous days. So he says in words; and oppressed with heavy cares, wears the look of hope, buries deep anguish in his breast.

They addressed themselves to the spoil and future feast ; tear the skin from the ribs, and lay the flesh bare. Some cut into parts, and fix on spits the quivering limbs : others place the brazen caldrons on the shore, and prepare the fires. Then they repair their strength with food, and, stretched along the grass, regale themselves with old wine and fat venison. After hunger was taken away by banquets, and the viands removed, in long discourse they inquire after their lost companions, in suspense between hope and fear, whether to believe them yet alive, or that they have finished their destiny, and no longer hear when called.

Above the rest, the pious iEneas, within himself, bemoans now the loss of the active Orontes, now of Amycus, and then the cruel fate of Lycus, with valiant Gyas, and valiant Cloanthus.

And now there was an end [of discourse] ; when Jove, looking down from the lofty sky upon the sail-flown sea, and the lands lying at rest, with the shores and the nations dispersed abroad; thus stood on the pinnacle of heaven, and fixed his eyes on Libya's realms. To him, revolving such cares in his mind, Venus, in mournful mood, her bright eyes bedimmed with tears, addresses herself: thou, who with eternal

14 virgil's .bneid. book i [232-250

sway rudest, and with thy thunder overawest, the affairs of both gods and men, what so high offense against thee could my iEneas or the Trojans be guilty of, that, after having suffered so many deaths, they must be shut out from all the world on account of Italy ? Surely you promised, that in some future age, after circling years, the Komans should descend from them, powerful leaders spring from the blood of Teucer restored, who should rule the sea, the nations with absolute sway. Father ! why is thy purpose changed? I, indeed, was solacing myself with this promise under Troy's fall and sad ruin, with fates balancing contrary fates. Now the same fortune still pursues them, after they have been driven with such variety of woes. Great king, what end to their labors wilt thou give ? Antenor, escaped from amidst the Greeks, could with safety penetrate the Illyrian gulf, and the inmost realms of Liburnia, and overpass the springs of Timavus; whence, through nine mouths, with loud echoing from the mountain, it bursts away a sea impetuous, and sweeps the fields with a roaring deluge. Yet there he built the city of Padua, established a Trojan settlement, gave the nation a name, and set up the arms of Troy. Now in calm peace composed he rests: we, thy own progeny, whom thou by thy nod ordainest the throne of heaven, (oh woe un-

251-274] VIKGIL'S iENEID. BOOK I 15

utterable!) having lost our ships, are betrayed, driven hither and thither far from the Italian coast, to gratify the malice of one. Are these the honors of piety? is it thus thou replacest us on the throne?

The sire of gods and men, smiling upon her, with that aspect wherewith he clears the tempestuous sky, gently kissed his daughter's lips ; then thus replies : Cytherea, cease from fear : immovable to thee remain the fates of thy people. Thou shalt see the city and promised walls of Lavinium, and shalt raise magnanimous iEneas aloft to the stars of heaven; nor is my purpose changed. In Italy he (for I will tell thee, since this care lies gnawing at thy heart, and tracing farther back, I will reveal the secrets of fate) shall wage a mighty war, crush a stubborn nation, and establish laws and cities to his people, till the third summer shall see him reigning in Latium, and three winters pass after he has subdued the Eutulians. But the boy Ascanius, who has now the surname of lulus, (Ilus he was, while the empire of Ilium flourished,) shall measure with his reign full thirty great circles of revolving months, transfer the seat of his empire from Lavinium, and strongly fortify Alba Longa. Here again for full three hundred years, the sceptre shall be swayed by Hector's line, until Ilia, a royal priestess, impregnated by Mars, shall bear two infants at a birth. Then Eomulus, exulting in the tawny hide of the wolf his nurse, shall take upon him the rule of the nation, build a city sacred to Mars, and from his own name call the people Eomans. To them I affix neither limits nor duration of empire; dominion have I given them without end. And even sullen Juno, who now, through jealous fear, creates endless disturbance to sea, and earth, and heaven, shall change her counsels for the better, and join with me in befriending the Eomans, lords of the world, and the nation of the gown. Such is my pleasure. An age shall come, after a course of years, when the house of Assaracus shall bring under subjection Phthia and renowned Mycenae, and reign over vanquished Argos. A Trojan shall be born of illustrious race, Caesar, who shall bound his empire by the ocean, his fame by the stars, Julius his name, from great lulus derived. Him, loaded with the spoils of the East, you shall receive to heaven at length, having seen an end of all your cares: he too shall be invoked by vows and prayers. Then, wars having ceased, fierce nations shall soften into peace. Hoary Faith, Vesta, and Quirinus, with his brother Eemus, shall administer justice. The dreadful gates of war shall be shut with close bolts of iron. Within impious Fury, sitting on horrid arms, and his hands bound behind him with a hundred brazen chains, in hideous rage shall gnash his bloody jaws.