The English novel before the nineteenth century; excerpts from representative types

Front matter

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„0*

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Preface

An increasing tendency to recognize fiction as an apt vehicle for instruction in literary method and literary history is leading many schools and colleges to introduce courses in the history and technique of the novel. Study of this sort naturally involves discussion of the beginnings of the novel in earlier forms of narrative such as appeared before and during the sixteenth century, of its gradual rise through the next century and a half, and of its rapid decline during the last decades of the eighteenth century. Important as is this formative period in the history of the novel, it is liable in the average course to suffer from inadequate treatment because of the difficulty involved in obtaining and presenting the material.

It is to meet this difficulty that the present book of selections has been planned. The intention has been not to present whole books in condensed form, such a task in a volume of this character being obviously impossible ; but to offer from pre-nineteenth-century novels vivid and interesting excerpts which should illustrate definite technical and historical features in the development of the novel, and prove of sufficient length to give an idea of the general character of a book without thwarting the student's desire to read the book as a whole.

In order that the selections may be intelligible to the student, explanatory footnotes and connecting Hnks in the form of summaries have been supplied wherever it has seemed necessary. But the editors, feeHng that many text-books err in giving too much critical assistance, have purposely refrained from including any critical material on the novel except what may be found in the brief historical notes forming the introduction. Sufficient aid of this nature, they hope, will be supplied by the bibliography. The book is to illustrate, not to expound. It undertakes to represent various species of the novel : the romantic, the psychoiv PREFACE

logical, the didactic, the picaresque, etc. ; and in these selections to show the skill of respective novelists in the handling of plot, character, scene, incident, and purpose sufficiently to enable teacher and student to find the book of practical value in the class-room.

Care has been taken to secure accurate texts of the novels selected by comparing them with the most trustworthy editions accessible, but neither space nor expediency has permitted discussion of variant readings. Care has been taken, also, to ascertain exact dates of pubUcation for these novels, though in some cases, such as "Oroonoko" and the first volumes of "Tristram Shandy" wide difference of opinion has made it difficult to reach a satisfactory decision. Where dates could not be determined from a more accurate source, "The Dictionary of National Biography" has been followed.

The introduction is not intended as an epitomized history of Enghsh fiction, but simply as a convenient guide to be used in connection with the excerpts in placing them historically and in showing what they illustrate technically.

In regard to the particular excerpts made, it may be said that the editors, while reahzing the place in the growth of the novel of such contributary forms as the tale in all periods, the character-writing and epistolary narratives of the seventeenth, and the narrative essays of the eighteenth, century, felt that to increase the illustration with such material would be to exceed the Kmits of a single volume ; therefore it seemed wiser to keep to the main channel of development.

Again, it has seemed unnecessary to extend the period of representation into the nineteenth century, because the more modem novels are usually obtainable in the average library, they are published in cheap editions, and they are of such a nature as to be profitably read in their entirety.

Finally, we wish to acknowledge gratefully the counsel and assistance of Professor John M. Manly in solving problems of obscure chronology.

Contents

PAGE

INTRODUCTION vii

BIBLIOGRAPHY . xv

Introduction

The MedicBval Period: Arthurian Romance. — Out of the great diversity of fiction current in England before the sixteenth century, romance, particularly Arthurian romance, appears as the dominant type and the one which has exerted on succeeding periods the most persistent influence. In relation to the novel the mediaeval Arthurian romance stands probably closer than any other species of fiction of that day, embodying as it does a reflection of the courtly life of the period, an expression of the interests of love and adventure, and the portrayal of certain clearly defined though conventional types of character. "Le Morte Darthur" by Sir Thomas Malory (completed, 1469; printed, 1485) though late in point of time, is thoroughly mediaeval in spirit and marks the culmination in the development of mediaeval Arthurian romance. Based mainly on the French cyclic romances of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, works which are in themselves all inclusive, it is really an epitome of Arthurian adventure. For this reason, together with the fact that it offers no difficulties of language such as would attend the study of earlier English romances, the ''Morte Darthur" has been chosen as the most suitable representative of mediaeval fiction.

The Elizabethan Period. — In Elizabethan fiction may be traced three strains, all showing the indebtedness of the English Renaissance to Romance literatures: (i) The strain of the Italian novelle, collections of realistic stories of everyday life, may be traced in Lyly's "Euphues," together with the influence of certain manuals of courtesy and of courtly conduct such as Castiglione's "II Cortegiano." (2) The strain of the pastoral romance developed from Theocritus and Virgil by Boccaccio, Sannazaro, and Ariosto in Italy and by Montemayor in Spain, is found in England with the tradition of Arthurian romances of chivalry; of this union Sidney's "Arcadia" is a notable fruit.

viii INTRODUCTION

(3) The strain of the picaresque or rogue story of Spanish origin, exempUfied in Spain by Mendoza's "Lazarillo de Tormes," was developed in England through Nashe's "The Unfortunate Traveller," one of the first of a long line of picaresque novels.

"Euphues. The Anatomy of Wit" by John Lyly (1579) was a highly popular work, written probably for Elizabethan ladies. It combines to some extent the realistic method of the novelle and the purpose of the Renaissance courtesy book, attempting to set forth the manners and ideals proper to noble persons of the time. The selections illustrate the style, which later came to be called euphuism, characterized by alliteration, antithesis, word play, and the use of figurative material of a specific sort. They illustrate also the measure of Lyly's skill in narration and characterization, and the influence of the Renaissance upon the thought and conduct of Elizabethan society.

"The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia" by Sir Philip Sidney (composed, 1580-81; publ., 1590) was written as a pastime for the pleasure of his sister, the Countess, during the years of Sidney's banishment from court, spent at Wilton House, the charming country-seat of the Earl of Pembroke. Thus in raison d^etre the story thoroughly supplies the motive and aim of the romantic novel : an escape from the responsibilities of actual Ufe into the world of the ideal. The book illustrates admirably the Renaissance delight in sensuous beauty, an element which is given wide scope for expression through the pastoral setting. The passages chosen suggest the complexity of plot, and show the beauty of Sidney's language in the description of Arcadian scenes, his humor, and his method of characterization.

"The Unfortunate Traveller" by Thomas Nashe (1594) is a prominent example of the romance of roguery, a type of story comprising tricks, jokes, and adventures of a dubious sort by which an unregenerate hero glorifies himself. The rogue story comprises one phase of the reaction against romance which developed first in Spain in such work as "Lazarillo de Tormes," next in England in Nashe's novel, and finally matured in France in " Gil Bias."

The Seventeenth Century, a period of political disturbance in

INTRODUCTION ix

England, contributed little directly to the development of the novel. In the field of fiction it was a period of translation and imitation, particularly of the Franch fabliaux and of the French heroic romances in prose. But in spite of the general dearth of original production there appeared during this time two important and unique works.

"The Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan (1678-84) is a spiritual allegory conspicuous for its realism. As an allegory it is true to life both in its abstract and its concrete aspects and in the relation between the two. As a piece of narrative prose it marks a great advance in the reaHstic use of specific detail, and in simpHcity and directness of method and style.

"Oroonoko" by Mrs. Aphra Behn (1688) is sometimes spoken of as the first humanitarian novel in English. It is noteworthy not only as an early manifestation of the humanitarian interest, but also as an attempt to give accurate local color. Until very recently, "Oroonoko" has been held of particular significance in the development of realistic fiction. Though it has been conceded that the first part of the story is pure romance, the latter part in which the scene is laid in the South American colony of Surinam has been accepted as reaHstic portrayal, the result of the author's personal experience amid the scenes described. All writers on the novel, so far as we know, have entertained this view, until the appearance in 1913 of a study by Mr. Ernest Bernbaum ^ which is subversive of all former theories. Mr. Bernbaum points out convincingly that Mrs. Behn's account is compounded of pertain serious misstatements and of other details Scientifically accurate, but not at all necessitating first-hand observation. Most of the facts of natural history with which she deals are to be found in comparable form in a pamphlet, now rare, entitled "An Impartial Description of Surinam,"^ published in 1667. The comparisons which Mr. Bernbaum presents between Mrs. Behn and her source offer interesting studies in narrative technique. His final comment places her technically in a significant position with relation to her successors.

' "Anniversary Papers by the Colleagues and Pupils of George Lyman Kittredge," Mrs. Behn's "Oroonoko," Ginn and Company, 1913, pp. 419 flE. ^ George Warren, London, 1667.

X INTRODUCTION

The Eighteenth Century is conspicuous for three groups of writers : The trio of major novehsts marking the highest reach of the novel before the nineteenth century — Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding ; the group who stand only a Httle below them, yet showing unmistakable signs of decadence — Smollett, Sterne, and Goldsmith ^ ; and finally, a large number of minor writers who exhibit the disintegration of the novel form under the stress of thought and feeling rising out of the spiritual ferment of the revolutionary era. In this last group come the Novel of Manners, represented by Miss Burney and Miss Edgeworth ^ ; the Gothic Novel, represented by Horace Walpole and Mrs. Radcliffe ; the Novel of Feeling, represented by Mackenzie ; and the Novel of Purpose, with an emphasis upon education as seen in the work of Mrs. Inchbald and Thomas Day, and upon social problems as exemplified in WiUiam Godwin.

"The Life, Adventures, and Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton"^ by Daniel Defoe (1720) is, as the title imphes, a story of reahstic adventure of the picaresque type. The selections illustrate Defoe's method of direct narration, his skill in characterizing his central figures, and his remarkable power of creating verisimilitude by the use of concrete, circumstantial detail.

"Clarissa Harlowe" by Samuel Richardson (1747-48) is both a novel of manners and a novel of purpose. Though developed through a realistic medium the natural progress of the story is continually obstructed and the coloring heightened by a deHberate moral purpose permeating the whole, and culminating in numerous supererogatory letters after the close of the story, proper. The epistolary form adopted by Richardson probably grew out of such series of fictitious letters, in vogue during the seventeeth and early eighteenth centuries, as "Two Hundred and Eleven Sociable Letters" (1664) by Margaret Duchess of

* Selections from "The Vicar of Wakefield" were omitted, because the book is well known and is easily obtainable in cheap editions.

2 Miss Edgeworth was omitted because her work belongs to the nineteenth century.

^ "Captain Singleton" rather than "Robinson Crusoe" was chosen because it is a better example of the picaresque novel than is the latter, and it is the picaresque novel that the editors particularly wish to illustrate here. Moreover, "Captain Singleton" leads the student to a serious study of Defoe's technique from unhackneyed material and from a story more typical of the author's style than is "Robinson Crusoe."

INTRODUCTION xi

Newcastle, and "The Letters, of a Portuguese Nun" (1678). The method gives certain technical advantages : a varied point of view, emotional vividness, and opportunity for minute selfrevelation. The selections chosen exhibit Richardson's attitude toward his heroine as the chief vehicle for his moral purpose, his sentimentality, his dramatic power in the handhng of incident, and his realistic use of specific detail in scene, characterization, and action.

"The History of Tom Jones" by Henry Fielding (1749) is a novel of manners with a well-defined strain of adventure. The author's critical attitude toward himself, his work, and the public is attested by numerous chapters in serio-humorous vein scattered throughout the book, which, taken together, form a competent body of literary criticism. The selections from "Tom Jones," including some of these chapters, aim to present the hero's career father fully up to the moment of his departure from Mr. Allworthy's. Further than this it seemed unwise to" venture, because of the difficulties offered by the increasing complication of plot. This portion of the story well illustrates Fielding's humor and irony, his skill in describing character in action, and his power of vivid reconstruction of middle-class country life in the eighteenth century.

"The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." by Rev. Laurence Sterne (1759-67) marks the period of decadence by the breaking down of the novel form and the preponderance of sentiment. The book is famous, not only for the unique qualities of its wit and style, but also for the creation of a few great characters, foremost among whom stands "My Uncle Toby," happily presented in these selections.

"Humphry CHnker" by Tobias George Smollett (1771) is a story of love, adventure, and mystery told in epistolary form. It reflects the period of decadence in the breaking down of plot, in the descent from character to caricature, and in the display of farcical humor. The selections give various phases of Smollett's humor, the beginning of the serious love interest, and the introduction of the titular hero.

"Evelina" by Fanny Burney (Madame d'Arblay) (1778), another example of the epistolary method, is an excellent reprexii INTRODUCTION

sentative of the novel of manners of the type perfected by Jane Austen. In technique it is decidedly superior to many of its contemporaries in the noveUstic field. The excerpts get the story under way, and depict two of the heroine's poignant experiences in London, heightened by a faithfully realistic portrayal of urban background.

"The Castle of Otranto" by Horace Walpole (1764). Among the better types of fiction in this period of decHne the Gothic novel holds a prominent place. This species of novel illustrates that important activity of the Romantic Movement which sought to reconstruct the mediaeval past, expressing itself among other ways, in the erection of sham castles, and in the imposition upon the public of sham ballads and sham epics. The motive of the novel, however, was ethically upon a higher plane than that of these other literary forms. " The Castle of Otranto," important as the first pure specimen of the type, and exhibiting, unrelieved, all the unique machinery of the Gothic genre is here given in its entirety. Additional value now attaches to the book because it is out of print, and therefore very difficult of access. All these facts, together with the comparative brevity of the story, have urged its appearing here in complete form.

"The Mysteries of Udolpho" by Mrs. Ann RadcHffe (1794) marks the highest development attained by the Gothic novel in the eighteenth century. It reveals, too, another important phase of the Romantic Movement, the interest in external nature. Here, the austere mechanism of " Otranto " becomes even more effective through the addition of descriptions of the wild and the melancholy aspects of nature carefully worked into harmony with the general theme. The selections exhibit these particular characteristics.

"The Man of Feeling" by Henry Mackenzie (1771), said to be the most sentimental of all English novels, marks the extreme of the novel of feeling. It reflects, moreover, the various humanitarian interests and the revolutionary ideals of the period. The selections here illustrate the formlessness, the characteristic philosophy, and the sentimentality of this exaggerated example of the decadent novel.

"The History of Sandford and Merton" by Thomas Day

INTRODUCTION xiii

(1783-89) is ostentatiously a novel with a purpose. The book represents still another phase of the Romantic Movement : the humanitarian interest, given special impetus by Rousseau and manifested in new ideas concerning the education of children, and in sympathy toward the lower classes, the lower animals, and inanimate nature — a tendency often weakening into sentimentalism. "Sandford and Merton," following loosely the dictates of "Emile," attempts to show the superiority of the natural method of education over that pursued in the artificial society of the time. In this respect the book forms a good companion piece to "Nature and Art." The excerpts deal with incidents showing in an extreme way the results of these opposite methods upon the respective heroes of the book, Harry Sandford and Tommy Merton, and include a little tale offered to these young gentlemen for their moral delectation.

"Nature and Art" by Mrs. Elizabeth Inchbald (1796), Hke "Sandford and Merton," is a novel of purpose representing the educational aspect of the era of feeling. The two may well be compared as to situation, character, and purpose. Both attempt to expose the insincerity and greed of the artificial society of the day as contrasted with the virtues of the natura man, in this case a child unspoiled by conventional training.

"Caleb Wilhams" by Wilham Godwin (1794) illustrates the political theories current in England during the period of the French Revolution. The feehng which in these other novels of purpose expressed itself in an interest in humanitarian movements and in naturalness and sincerity in education, here manifests itself in an attack on the various forms of injustice to which society is prone, including the injustice of man to man. It is particularly the latter point that is illustrated in these selections.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS

British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books. London, 1882-1889; supplement,

1900-1905.

Cambridge History of English Literature, edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller,

1907-1914 (unfinished) ; see especially Vols. Ill, VII, IX, X, XI. Dictionary of National Biography, edited by L. Stephen and S. Lee. London,

1885-1900; supplement, 1901 ; second supplement, 1912. Traill, H. D. Social England. New edition. London and New York, 1901-1904.

II. THE NOVEL, GENERAL

Besant, Sir Walter. The Art of Fiction. A lecture. New edition. London and Boston, 1884.

BouRGET, Paul. " Reflexions sur I'art du roman," in fitudes et portraits. Paris, 1889.

Brunetiere, Ferdinand. Le roman naturaliste. Paris, 1896.

Cross, W. L. The Development of the English Novel. New York, 1906. (Bibliography.)

Dawson ^W. T. M akers of English Fiction. Chicago, 1905.

DuNLOP, J. C. A History of Prose Fiction, revised by H. Wilson. London, 1906. (Bibliography.)

James, Henry. Essay in rejoinder on " The Art of Fiction," in Partial Portraits. London and New York, 1S88.

Notes on Novelists with Some Other Notes. New York, 1914.

Jusserand, J. J. The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare, translated by Elizabeth Lee. London, 1890.

Lanier, Sidney. The English Novel. Jvevised edition. New York, 1897.

Masson, David. British Novehsts andjhsirijtyles. Revised edition. Boston, 1859.

Matthews, Brander. Aspects of Fiction. New York, 1896. The Historical Novel and Other Essays. New York, 1901.

Morgan, Charlotte E. The Rise of the Novel of Manners : a Study of English Prose Fiction between 1600 and 1740, in Columbia University Studies in English. Columbia University Press, New York, 1911. (Bibliography.)

Perry, Bliss. A Study of Prose Fiction. New York, 1903. (Bibliography.)

Raleigh, Walter. The English Novel. London, 1903.

Saintsbury, George. The English Novel, in Channels of English Literature. New York, 191 3.

XV xvi SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

SiMONDS, W. E. An Introduction to the Study of English Fiction. Boston, 1894. Stevenson, R. L. " A Gossip on Romance," and " A Humble Remonstrance,"

in Memories and Portraits.

Stoddard, F. H. The Evolution of the English Novel. London, 1900. TucKERMAN, Bayard. History of English Prose Fiction. New York, 1882. Winchester, C. T. Some Principles of Literary Criticism. London and New

York, 1899.

Zola, Smile. Le roman experimental. Paris, 1902; English translation by Belle

III. ROMANCE, GREEK

Smith, Rev. Rowland, translator. The Greek Romances of Heliodorus, Longus,

and Achilles Tatius, translated from the Greek with notes. Bohn's Library.

London, 1901.

Warren, F. M. A History of the Novel previous to the Seventeenth Century.

New York, 1895.

Wolff, S. L. The Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction, in Studies in

Comparative Literature. Columbia University Press, New York, 1912.

IV. ROMANCE, ARTHURIAN

Ashton, John. Romances of Chivalry. London and New York, 1886.

Catalogue of Romances in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum, by H. L. D. Ward, assistant in the Department of Manuscripts. London, Vol. I, 1883; Vol. II, 1S93; Vol. Ill, by J. A. Herbert, assistant in the Department of Manuscripts, 1910.

Early English Text Society Publications. London, 1864 — .

Ellis, George. Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances, London, 1805; revised by J. O. Halliwell, Bohn's Library, 1848.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia regum Britanniae, edited by San Marte (A. Schulz), Halle, 1854; translated by J. A. Giles, in Six Old English Chronicles, Bohn's Library, 1896.

Mabinogion, best translation (French), by J. Loth, in Cours de la litterature celtique, Paris, 1889; English translation by Lady Charlotte Guest, London,

1877- Sir Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, edited by H. O. Sommer. The original

edition of William Caxton now reprinted and edited with an introduction and

glossary. London, 1889-1891.

1900.

Guingamor ; Lanval ; Tyolet ; Le Bisclaveret. Rendered into English Prose

from the French of Marie de France and others, by Jessie L. Weston.

Second impression [London], 1910.

Marie de France. Seven of her Lays done into English by Edith Rickerti

London, 1901.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY xvii

RiTSON, Joseph, editor. Ancient English Metrical Romances, London, 1802 ;

revised by E. Goldsmid, Edinburgh, 1884.

For discussion of the origins of Arthurian romance see the following :

Fletcher, R. H. Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, in Harvard Studies

and Notes in Philology and Literature, Vol. X, 1906. Rhys, John. Studies in the Arthurian Legend. Oxford, 1891. ScHOFiELD, W. H. English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer. London and New York, 1906. (Bibliography.) .

V. ELIZABETHAN FICTION

Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. III. For Continental influences see the following:

(Spanish) Ordonez de Montalvo. Amadis de Gaula, translated by A. Munday, 1620; abridged by R. Southey, 1803; latest reprint, London, 1872.

George of Montemayor. Diana, translated by B. Yong. London, 1598.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. Lazarillo de Tormes, English translation. New York, 1890.

Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote, translated by John Ormsby. London, 1885.

Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James. A History of Spanish Literature. New York, 1898.

TiCKNOR, George. History of Spanish Literature. Fourth American edition, corrected and enlarged. Boston, 1872.

(Italian) Count Baldassare Castiglione. II Cortegiano, translated by L. E. Opdyke. New York, 1903.

John Lyly. Works, edited by R. W. Bond. Oxford, 1902.

Euphues. The Anatomy of \Vit ; Euphues and his England. In Arber's English Reprints, London, 1900.

Long, P. W. From "Troilus" to "Euphues," in Kittredge Anniversary Papers. Boston, 1913.

Wolff, S. L. " A Source of ' Euphues. The Anatomy of Wyt,' " in Modem Philology, Vol. VII, pp. 577-585.

Sir Philip Sidney. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, edited by H. O. Sommer, London and New York, 1891 ; edited by Albert Feuillerat, Cambridge, the University Press, 1912 ; edited by E. A. Baker, London, n.d.

Crossley, James. Sir Philip Sidney and the "Arcadia." London, 1853.

Greenlaw, E. A. Sidney's " Arcadia " as an Example of Elizabethan Allegory, in Kittredge Anniversary Papers. Boston, 1913.

Greg, W. W. Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama. London, 1905.

Rennajit, H. a. The Spanish Pastoral Romances. Baltimore, 1892. Thomas Nashe. Works, edited by Grosart. London, 1883-1885.

The Unfortunate Traveller or The Life of Jack Wilton, edited by E. Gosse. London, 1892.

xviii SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aydelotte, Frank. Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds, in Oxford Historical

and Literary Studies, Vol. I. Oxford, 1913. Chandler, F. W. The Literature of Roguery. Boston and New York, 1907.

(Bibliography.) Chandler, F. W. Romances of Roguery. Part I, The Picaresque Novel in

Spain. New York, 1899. (Bibliography.) Ford, J. D. M. Possible Foreign Sources of the Spanish Novel of Roguery,

in Kittredge Anniversary Papers. Boston, 1913.

VL THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

(See n of. this bibliography, Morgan, C. E., op. cit.) John Bunyan. Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. VIL

The Pilgrim's Progress . . . with Grace Abounding and a Relation of his Imprisonment, edited by E. Venables. Oxford, 1879.

Wharey, J. B. A Study of the Sources of Bunyan's Allegories. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1904. ^ Aphra Behn. Oroonoko, in The Novels of Mrs. Aphra Behn, edited, with introduction, by E. A. Baker. London, 1905.

Oroonoko, in Works of Aphra Behn, edited by Montague Summers. Stratfordupon-Avon, 1914-1915.

Bernbaum, E. Mrs. Behn's " Oroonoko," in Kittredge Anniversary Papers. Boston, 1913.

VIL THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 1700-1740

Daniel Defoe. Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. IX; V of this bibliography. Chandler, F. W., op. cit.

Aitkin, G. A. Romances and Narratives of Defoe. London, 1895. \ The Life, Adventures, and Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton, with introduction by Edward Garnett, Everyman's Library; edited, with introduction and notes, by H. H. Sparling in Camelot Series, New York, 1887. MiNTO, William. Defoe, in English Men of Letters Series. New York, 1879. 'Stephen, Leslie. Hours in a Library, Vol. I. New York, 1899. , Trent, W. P. " Bibliographical Notes on Defoe," in The Nation, Vol. LXXXI V, pp. 515-518; Vol. LXXXV, pp. 29-32, 180-183. Ullrich, H. Robinson und Robinsonaden. Weimar, 1898.

VIII. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, 1740-1800

Cambridge History of English Literature, Vol. X.

Hill, G.B., editor. Boswell's Life of Johnson. New York, 1891. (See index,Vol.VI.) D0B.SON, Austin. Eighteenth Century Vignettes, New York, 1892; second series. New York, 1894; third series, London, 1896.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY xix

Hazlitt, William. Lectures on the English Comic Writers, " The EngHsh Novelists," in Works, edited by A. R. Waller and A. Glover. London and New York, 1902-1904.

JussERAND, J. J. Le roman anglais. Origine et formation des grandes ecoles de

romanciers du XVIII<= siecle. Paris, 1S86. Knight, Charles. Shadows of the Old Booksellers. London, 1865. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Letters and Works, edited by Lord Wharn-

cliffe. London, 1887.

Stephen, Leslie. Hours in a Library. New edition. New York, 1899. Texte, Joseph. Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les origines du cosmopolitisme litteraire. Livre II, Chapitre III, Popularite europeenne du roman anglais ; Chapitre IV, L'CEuvre de Samuel Richardson ; Chapitre V, Rousseau et le roman anglais. Paris, 1895. English translation by J. W. Matthews, New York, 1889.

Thackeray, W. M. English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century. -Samuel Richardson. Works, edited by Leslie Stephen. London, 1883.

The Novels of Samuel Richardson. Complete and unabridged. With a life of

the author and introductions by W. L. Phelps. New York, 1 901 -1902. Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, edited by Mrs. Barbauld. London,

1804.

DoBSON, Austin. Richardson, in English Men of Letters Series. London and New York, 1902. ^Hughes, Helen Sard. "Characterization in 'Clarissa Harlowe,' " in /a/ma/ of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. XIII, January, 1914. Thompson, S. L. Samuel Richardson : a Biographical and Critical Study. London, 1900.

Henry Fielding. Works, edited, with introduction, by E. Gosse, London, 1898-1899; Works, edited by G. Saintsbury, second edition, London, 1893- 1899; Works, edited by L. Stephen, with biographical essay,. London, 1882. DoBSON, Austin. Fielding, in English Men of Letters Series, New York, 1894; Fielding, a Memoir, New York, 1900; Encyclopaedia Britannica, eleventh edition.

Godden, G. M. Henry Fielding. A Memoir, including newly discovered letters and records, with illustrations from contemporary prints. London, 19 10. Tobias George Smollett. Works, edited by G. Saintsbury, London and Philadelphia, 1895; Works, edited, with introduction, by W. E. Henley, New York, 1901.

Hannay, David. Smollett, in Great Writers Series, with bibliography by J. P.

Anderson. London, 1887.

Seccombe, Thomas. " Smollett," in Dictionary of National Biography, and in Encyclopaedia Britannica, eleventh edition. Laurence Sterne. Works, edited by G. Saintsbury. London and Philadelphia, 1894.

The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, with introduction by

H. Morley. I^ondon, 1891.

Bagehot, Walter. Literary Studies, Vol. II. London, 1S91.

XX SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cross, W. L. The Life and Times of Laurence Sterne. London and New York,

1909. (Bibliography.) Fitzgerald, Percy. The Life of Laurence Sterne. London, 1896. Melville, Lewis (Lewis S. Benjamin). Life and Letters of Laurence Sterne.

London, 1911.

Thayer, H. W. Laurence Sterne in Germany : a Contribution to the Study of

the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Eighteenth Century.

Columbia University Press, New York, 1905. (Bibliography.) Traill, H. D. Sterne, in English Men of Letters Series. New York, 1894.

The Gothic Novel

Beers, H. A. A History of English Romanticism in the Eighteenth Century.

New York, 1899.

Phelps, W. L. The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement. Boston, 1893. Reeve, Clara. The Progress of Romance through Times, Countries, and Manners. First edition. Colchester, 1785.

Reynolds, Myra. The Treatment of Nature in English Poetry between Pope

and Wordsworth. The University of Chicago Press, 1909. Horace Walpole. The Castle of Otranto : a Gothic Story. Philadelphia, 1854. (Out of print.) DoBSON, Austin. Horace Walpole. A Memoir. Second edition. London, 1893. Greenwood, Alice D. Horace Walpole's World. London, 1913. Seeley, L. B. Horace Walpole and his World. London, 1884. Ann Radcliffe. The Mysteries of Udolpho. G. Routledge and Sons, London, n.d.