California men and events

Dedication

To my Father and Mother, pioneers of 1849 and 1853, this history is sacredly dedicated, and to the Pioneers, in general, of whom Joaquin Miller said, "The cowards stayed at home, and the weaklings fell by the wayside".

Preface

In this little volume the compiler has made no effort to write in the so-called literary style. He has simply attempted to record, in a brief and an interesting manner, a few of the many events in the days forever past.

To save space, he has crowded many of the important incidents into the notes and so do not overlook the notes.

Authorities, yes, he has not forgotten them. The author, during the past thirty years, has read or glanced through, everything that "came his way" regarding California history.

Nearly all of the events that have been written, save from books of individual experiences, have been taken from Bancroft's, and Hittell's histories, and from Spanish and pioneer manuscripts. They are the original sources of general information.

The author occupies a rather unique or peculiar position. It is between the twilight and the sun-rise, so to speak. In boyhood he mingled with the pioneers. He attended the public schools and grew to manhood, with other pioneer sons. He has seen the majority of the '49ers pass on to the land whose streets are paved with gold. And he now sees a second generation of native sons, spring into birth and active life.

Hence enjoying the greater part of his daj's in California atmosphere, he knows whereof he writes.

PRAYER BOOK CROSS

In Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, this cross was erected in commemoration of the first religious service on the Pacific Coast. It was the gift of Geo. W. Childs of Philadelphia, and cost $10,000. With imposing ceremony, it was unveiled January 1, 1894.

CALIFORNIA'S PASTORAL DAYS, 1769- 1834

LEADING EVENTS

Beginning of Civilization.

Founding of Missions.

Slavery of Indians.

Priestly Rule.

Crude Form of Government.

Plenty of Food and Drink.

Peace, Contentment and Happiness. IMexican Independence.

Freedom of Indians.

Agriculture and Horticulture.

II Illustrations

Page

Prayer Book Cross 10

Carmelo Mission 14

Serra's Monument 25

Father Junipero Serra 25

Gen. M. G. Vallejo and Wife 37

Ex-Governor Pico, Jose Castro 37

Christopher Carson 50

John C. Fremont, General Kearny 50

John W. Marshall 66

Captain John A. Sutter 66

Sutter's Mill 70

Sacramento, 1850 77

Sutter's Fort 87

Colton Hall 96

Spanish Old Custom House 96

Stockton in 1849 113

San Francisco in 1850 113

State Capitol, 1854 179

Vigilance Committee Rooms 179

William M. Gwin 198

David S. Terry 198

David S. Broderick 198

James Woods 202

John Swett 202

Bishop Kip 202

Thomas Starr King 218

Edward D. Baker 218

Ruel C. Gridley 218

Home of Charles M. Weber 224

Ex-Governor Peter H. Burnett 240

Ex-Governor Henry H. Haight 240

Senator Leland Stanford 240

Stage Coach and Big Wagon 283

Driving the Golden Spike 285

George C. Pardee 308

Hiram W. Johnson 308

Wm. C. Ralston 312

Bank of California 312

John W. Bidwell 322

CONTENTS CHAPTERS

2 — The Spanish Conquest.

4 — Conquest of California.

6 — On to California. )<f — Organization of State.

9 — Commercial Events. 10 — The Foreigner and the Slave. 11 — Crimes and Criminals. 12— Exciting Events, 1850-60. 13— Political Events, 1854-56. 14 — Pulpit, Press and School. 15 — California During the War. 16 — Political Revolutions. 17 — Chinese vs. Kearnejnsm. 18— The Railroad Age. 19 — Unplaced Events.

CARMELO MISSION The Home and Burial Place of Father Junipero Setra.

Chapter I

The desire for fame, power and wealth is one of the strongest ambitions of individual and nation. And in the last half of the fifteenth century we find the four most powerful kingdoms — Spain, Russia, France and England — either through conquest or discovery, seeking new lands.

Spain had come into the possession of the entire Pacific coast, because of the discoveries of Balboa (1513) and Cabrillo (1519). The navigator last named sailed as far north as Cape Mendocino. All nations acknowledged the Spanish claim and her title was undisturbed until 1580. _ Then the famous English navigator, Sir Francis Drake, claimed all of the land north of San Francisco bay for Elizabeth, his Queen, on account of his explorations. Two years previous Drake sailed into the north Pacific, in his ship, the Golden Hind. He captured many Spanish galleons, as they sailed from Manila to Panama, laden with valuable treasure. Having filled his ship with vast wealth, he sailed northward and expected to reach England through the reported northwest passage. The strait of Annan was a myth. Turning southward, he sailed along the California coast, where he discovered and anchored in the bay now known as Drake's bay. He landed and took possession of the soil in the name of England's Queen. While on shore Fletcher, the chaplain, on June 24th, 1579, held divine service. This was the first religious service on the Pacific coast.

The British Queen paid no attention to the new land and Alta (upper) California remained

16 MEX AXD EVEXTS

unexj)lore(l. almost forgotten, for nearly two hundred years.

In the meantime Baja (lower) California had been settled and explored by the Jesuits. They had occupied the peninsula since 1697, but in 1767 they were driven from the soil by the government. The Franciscans were put in full possesr sion of all the missions and Jesuits' property.

In the following year (1768) King Phillip learned that the Russians had crossed Rehring's straits and were encroaching upon Spanish soil, for Spain claimed all the territory south of the strait of Juan de Fuca.

Immediately the King got busy. He commanded Jose Galvez, the Inspector General of, Mexico, to colonize upper California. According to national law. all claimants to land must occupy the soil. The government could not compel citizens to immigrate to the new land and Galvez sought the assistance of Father Junipero Serra. then president of the California missions The good padre quickly assented, as he was anxious to carry the gospel banner to the Indians.

In the colonization work it was agreed that llie Franciscans were to found the missions, attend to the religious work, and have full control of the Indian c(jnverts. The government was to found puel^los (towns), presidios (barracks) and have full charge of the military and the civil power. They were to guard all mission property and, when required, provide a military escort to the friars.

In carrying out so large a work Cialvez planned four expeditions to San Diego bay, two overland and two by water. The vessels were to be loaded with agricultural implements, seeds of various kinds, food supplies, and sufficient church furniture to found two missions. The land parties were to take with them cattle and pack animals.

After much preliminary work, the ship San Carlos was fitted out, Father Serra blessed the vessel, the crew and the flag. Leaving La Paz January 9th, 1769, she arrived at her destination April 14th. It was a \-oyage of suffering and death. The companion ship of the San Carlos, the San Antonio, sailed from Cape St. Lucas February 15th, making a quick trip and arriving April 14th at San Diego. The first land party, that in command of Captain Rivera y Moncada, reached their new home May 14th. March 24th they left Velecata. In command of Caspar de Portola, then Governor of California, the second land party on March 9th left Loreto. President Serra accompanied this party. After four months of travel they arrived July 1st, and were greeted with salutes and cheers, a party going out to escort the Governor into camp.

There had been much suft'ering and loss of life. In the four expeditions 219 soldiers, Indians and sailors started for San Diego; 126 only survived. On the morrow, however, July 2nd, this little pilgrim band celebrated a solemn high mass. The "Te Deum Laudamus" was sung, accompanied by salvos of musketry.

Mourning not for their dead nor delaying any longer than necessary the work of the church, the zealous padres immediately began preparation for the founding of the two missions, one at San Diego, the other at Monterey. The ship San Jose, loaded with supplies, was despatched to Monterey harbor. Unfortunately, however, she was lost on the voyage.

The mission of San Diego de Alcala, July 14th, 1769, was founded by Father Serra. Governor Portola was then on his march northward, accompanied by Fathers Crespi and Gomez and 64 soldiers, muleteers and Indians, he having left the harbor July 12th. In this famous march, now twice celebrated by San Francisco, his destination was Monterey bay. Portola had neither guide nor map, but he believed he could locate the harbor by the description of it as given by the navigator Viscaino. This famous navigator discovered the bay in 1602 (a).

But when the Governor reached Monterey he found no vessel at anchor. Thinking the harbor was farther north, he continued his journey. Three months later the party was in great distress. Their supply of food was fast diminishing. Starvation seemed not far distant. While traveling in what is now San Mateo county, Novemher 2n(l. a few soldiers climbing a hill to look for deer discovered on the east a big body of water, San Francisco bay. Immediately they rejoiced, for they believed that they had found Monterc}' l)ay, and soon would have a su])ply of food. They hastened l)ack and reported. The next day the entire party traveled along the shore looking for the ship San Jose. The Indians by signs communicated with the party. They understood the savages to say a vessel lay near the ocean. Traveling to what is now the Cliff house, they saw and recognized in the north Point Reyes and San Francisco (Drake's) bay (b). They now returned to San Diego (January, 1770). and announced their arrival l)y the tiring of guns.

In the meantime events were very discouraging in the mission. There had been no progress. The Indians had attacked the Spaniards, badly wounding the ])lacksmith and killing a l)oy. The food supply was fast disajipearing. (iovernor Portola commanded that March 20th the entire party should return to La Paz unless relief came. Fathers Serra and Crespi declared that they would not lea\^e San Diego, but would take their chances of life with the Indians. .Ml

(a) Fatlicr Ascension, who was with the Viscaiiio expedition in 1603, celebrated mass in this historic spot. -Again was mass celebrated in 1769 by the Portola partj'. Father Serra was the tliird padre to there celebrate mass. '

A >mall wooden cross bearing upon its arms the date June .3, 1770, together with the small oak tree, stood there for many years. I saw it in 1SS4. Later the tree and cross w^ere cut down and a full-sized marble statue of Father Serra was erected. There is a similar statue in Golden Gate park. ]\lrs. Jane L. Stanford also erected at Monterey, upon the summit of the iiill. a very handsome and costly marble memori.il. It represents Fatiier Serra stepping from a lioat lo llie I)each. bearing in his arms a hirge cross.

(b) This bay (Bodega), together witli Point Reyes, was discovered in 1595 by Sebastian Ccremon, a Manila pilot. lie nanu'd tin- bay San Francisco and the ])oint. Reyes. Ilence tlie mi>un<ierstanding of tlie navigators and padres in 1769. Tliey confounded the two names and l)elieved that the soldiers had re-discovered the b;iy named by Ccremon.

of the padres beg^an a novena, or nine days of prayer. The nuNcna ended nn the evening of March 19th. Strange to say, the followingmorning a ship was seen upon the ocean and a few hours later the San Antonio entered port laden with food supplies.

The ship's captain Ijrought goods news to Father Serra ; Galvez commanded that a mission be founded at Monterey immediately. The San Antonio was sent on with food and church furniture. The party (April 17th, 1770) again began their march for the historic spot, and, arriving May 24th, they camped on Carmelo bay. Fresh water was plentiful there. The bay was so named in honor of the three barefooted Carmelite padres who accompanied the Mscaino expedition.

As soon as the vessel arrived the entire party moved down to the beach at Monterey. "Beneath an oak tree near the water's edge," wrote Father Crespi, "a brush wood shelter was erected. An altar was arranged and the bells suspended. The celebration began with the loud ringing of the bells. Then President Serra, vested with alb and stole, the entire company knelt and sung the hymn of the day, 'Venite Creator Spiritus' (Come, Holy Spirit). The President then blessed the water and the great cross which had been erected. He then sprinkled the shore and all of the surroundings with holy water 'in order to drive away all infernal enemies.' Thereupon High Mass was celebrated at the altar of Our Lady. At the close of the mass 'Salve Regina' (Hail to Our Queen) was sung, and the whole ceremony closed with the *Te Deum Laudamus' (Thee, O God, We Praise)."

In this manner (June 3rd, 1769) was the mission San Carlos founded. It is now in use as the Catholic church of Monterey. Father Serra was not pleased with the mission location. There was no fertile soil in that locality, and it was too near the soldiers' barracks either for the best interests of the Indian converts or the young women. Permission was given by the King, and in November, 1770, the mission proper wa.s remo\ed to the beautiful Carmelo valley. A temporary building erected upon a high knoll was used as a mission until 1791. The cornerstone of the present mission was laid in 1793. Four years later the church was dedicated, (c).

Father Serra was a great admirer of Francis de Assisi, founder of the Franciscans, and he was anxious to have a mission founded in his honor.

When Galvez named the mission to be founded, Father Serra exclaimed : 'Ts there to be no mission to our Father Saint Francis?"

Galvez replied :

"If St. Francis desires a mission, let him show us his port and we will build one there."

Serra, learning of the discovery of the bay, believed that God had guided the Portola party to that point, and he declared : "Our Father St. Francis has made known to us his port, and we will build a mission there."

Serra knew not that the port was on the north side of the Golden Gate (d), a point inaccessible to them ; so they transferred the name to the present San Francisco bay.

Fathers Cambon and Palou, the latter a very intimate friend of Serra's, were sent to San Francisco in June, 1776, to find a mission site. They selected the si)ot then known as the Dolores lagoon (a spring of water) having there

(c) This mission building was the largest and best in California. Its walls were built of a soft yellow sandstone, found in that vicinity, which hardens in the air. The cement between the blocks was made of soft mud mixed with finely powdered sea shells. The roof timbers were constructed of small oak trees, transported from the hill upon the shoulders of the Indians. The roof timbers were fastened together with nails imported from Spain. As the supply was limited, the padres made use of long narrow strips of cattle hide. The roof covering was of sun-dried brick, oval shape. Stone steps gave access to the two square built towers, the one a bell tower, the other opening into the choir loft. The halftone shows the old mission in its decay, before it was restored by a redwood shingled roof.

(d) The Golden Gate was so named in 1844 by John C. Fremont.

been found in 1773. As the day set apart for the founding- of the mission drew near, padres, soldiers and Indians assembled at the presidio. It had been several mcinths established. When all things were ready the company marched along the winding horse path from presidio to mission. The distance was about live miles. An Indian led the procession, bearing a banner of the cross. Behind him marched a second convert carrying an image of St. Francis, raised high upon a pole. On arrival. Father Palou planted and blessed a large cross. He then celebrated high mass, assisted by three other padres, who had come north from Monterey. The ceremony closed with a discourse upon the life of St. Francis.

A temporary church was erected and thus used until 1787. In 1795 the present mission building was completed. Until 1888 the old landmark was a place of worship. In that year the present modern edifice was built. Remarkable as it may appear, the great fire of 1906 destroyed not this venerable mission. Upon reaching the edifice the flames suddenly changed their course.

An event very unusual took place in this state November 24, 1913, for the Governor, Hiram W. Johnson, declared it a legal holiday in honor of the 200th anniversary of Father Junipero Serra. It was a commendable honor, for Junipero Serra was California's first and most remarkable benefactor.

Born on the Isle of Majolica, Spain, November 24th, 1713. he at the age of 17 joined the Franciscans. Serra studied for the priesthood, and in 1749 he sailed for Mexico, there to labor with the friars of the San Fernando college. He was assigned to missionary work among the Indians of Serra Gorda. In 1768 the Franciscans were placed in possession of the peninsula missions, and Father Serra was appointed president.

He arrived at Loreto April 1st. 1769. and remained in full charge of the Alta California missions until 1784. Then 71 years of age, he was rapidly failing in health. The death of his intimate friend. Father Crespi ; the news that the college was unable to send him more padres for

22 ^[EX AXD EVENTS

tlic founding- of new missions, and the fact that liis authority to confirm converts ended in Tuly hastened his death. He died August 28th. 1784. and was buried in the "sanctuary fronting the altar of Our Lady Dolores." It was thus recorded in the church record (e).

Two days previous to his death, although very feeble, he insisted on taking communion before the altar. There he knelt during the entire service, and he made confession to Father Palou. At his death the bells were tolled. Weeping Indians came and placed flowers upon his ])ody and halfhour guns were fired at the presidio. Monterey.

Father Serra was a religious fanatic. His entire thought and talk was of a religious nature. Mxtremely austere in habit, he always slept upon a board. He would wear neither shoes nor -stockings, sandals only keeping his feet from the earth. He would drink no wine, and ate only the plainest kinds of food. He was also extremely ])enitent. Often he would inflict self-punishment, after the manner of St. Francis. And Father Palou. his biographer, wrote that Serra at times would beat himself with a stone or chain upon the breast, while in the puljiit. until, l)]eeding and bruised, he sank to the floor unconscious. Sometimes he l)listered his flesh with a burning torch.

The missions of Alta California were all l)lanned by the padres, the Indians performing the manual work. They were located in the most fertile spots along the coast, the padres l.-eing good judges of soil. Some of the missions had a crude system of irrigation. They were al)out a da}''s journey apart, and the well known l)athway over which the friars trod is now known as "el camino real," the king's highway.

In regard to the mission inhabitants, they were all Indians, and in charge of priests, two

(e) Some thirty years ago Isitlicr Cassova was in charge of the Monterey parish. In looking over some old records he found the register of the cleath of and burial of I'^ather Serra "on the gospel side." To prove tlie record correct, workmen were called. Digging at the recorded spot, they found the bodies of Fathers Serra, Crespi and Lasuen. The padre last named was tile successor of President Serra.

padres to each mission. In number thev varied, according to the zeal of the fathers in charge. For instance, La Soledad at one time had 493, San Antonio 1,046 and La Purissima 1,.500 men, women and children.

To obtain converts the soldiers were sent out into the surrounding country to capture and drive in the wild Indians. On one occasion they were unsuccessful, (ieneral M. G. Vallejo was sent out with a company of soldiers to bring in a band of Indians. The savages, however, were commanded by a chief named Stanislaou, who was a runaway mission neophyte, and, making a severe fight on the Stanislaus river, Vallejo was compelled to retreat.

Life in the mission was somewhat similar to that of the slave in the south. The padre was master and overseer and the Indian was obliged to go or come as he commanded. He was awakened at daylight and compelled to attend mass. Then breakfast was eaten. From sunrise until eleven o'clock the males labored in the fields, sowing or reaping grain ; in the orchards, cultivating vines and fruit trees ; on the pasture lands guarding stock, and in the mission buildings manufacturing clothing, blankets and various other goods. The women also labored, engaged in housework, making blankets, sheets, tablecloths and towels. After they labored until five o'clock the angelus bell rang out at sunset. For a moment the padres and Indians stood with heads bowed, then to church they hastened for evening prayers.

The women of the mission were confined in a "mojerio." nunnery, and they were closely guarded by an old female Indian. The padres encouraged the marriage of the young girls to the soldiers. Hence it was that many of the dusky maidens married at a young age. twelve years, just to obtain their freedom. Every per- .son, Indian or Mexican, upon conversion was baptized. Each new born child was also baptized into the church and the name of every baptized person was placed upon the church register.

In their splendid work for California the mission fathers were prosperous and content. The missions were not only self-supporting, but they exported hides, tallow and foodstuffs. Wine and brandy they also exported in considerable quantity, and in 1830 San Fernando mission alone manufactured 2,000 gallons each of brandy and wine. Their property was principally stock. But in 1826 the four missions. Soledad, San Juan Baptista, Carmelo and San Antonio, all now in Monterey county, had $136,000 worth of foodstufYs, 220,000 cattle, 18,000 horses, 45,000 hogs and 240.000 sheep.

The independence of Mexico in 1821 sounded their death knell. The Mexican constitution declared the freedom of all .citizens, but the political i)ower of the church succeeded in keeping the missions intact until 1834. First the church and then the anti-church party ruled the government. In 1833, however, the anti-churchists, in power, passed a law secularizing the mission. 'Jliey appointed as Governor of California Jose Figueroa, himself a half-Indian. Following his instructions in 1834, the mission Indians were given their freedom.

With a.^tonishing rapidity the missions crumbled. The buildings began their decay. The stock was stolen or wandered astray, and in a few years nothing was left save the fast falling walls, rotten timbers and broken tiles. This sudden destruction of California's first civilization may be shown by a single example, that of San Diego de Alcala. In 1831 the mission register recorded the names of 1,506 Indians. At that time the fathers had 1,196 horses, 8,822 head of cattle and 16,581 sheep. Twelve years later, 1843, there was left not an Indian and 48 horses and 110 head of cattle.

In that year the Mexican government sold the missions and the remaining mission property to private individuals at ridiculously low prices. 'J4ie United States boundary commission of 1854, of which Edward M. Stanton, Secretary of State under President Lincoln, was a member, restored the mission churches and surrounding land to the Archbishop of the Catholic church, Joseph Aleman v.

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CALIFORNIA'S PASTORAL DAYS.

1769-1834.

Leading Events.

Beginning of Civilization.

Founding of Missions.

Slavery of Indians.

Priestly Rule.

Crude Form of Government.

Plenty of Food and Drink.

Peace, Contentment and Happiness. Mexican Independence.

Freedom of Indians.

Agriculture and Horticulture.

Chapter II. Spain Colonizes California

The King; of Spain had long desired a harbor on the western coast where the Manila galleons could obtain wood and water. When he learned of the discovery of San Francisco bay he commanded that it be explored and that a presidio , be founded there. Lieutenant Ayala was directed to explore the bay. Sailing from Monterey July 14. 1774, in the San Carlos, on the evening of the second day he entered the Golden Gate, (a) The ship was anchored off what is now known as Black Point. The party remained in the harbor nearly forty days, and Ayala explored the waters as far east as the mouth of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers (b).

The presidio, or barracks, was to be the quarters of the soldiers and their families ; for it was decreed that all of the soldiers must be married men with families, healthy and robust , and likely to lead regular lives. Thus they would set a good example to the natives. They must be recruited in Mexico. Single maidens could accompany the soldiers, provided they were willing to marry the single soldiers and bring up families.

Captain Anza was sent to Mexico to find re-

(a) This was the first vessel to enter the San Francisco harbor. Some years later the San Carlos was stranded on the mud flats of San Francisco bay, and in our time workmen digging at the corner of Clay and Battery streets found the old hull deeply embedded in the mud. Spikes from the old relic are now on exhibition in Golden Gate park museum.

(b) These rivers were discovered in 1772 by Father Crespi and Lieutenant Fages. At this time they were walking along the Contra Costa shore looking for a crossing to Port San Francisco.

emits. He succeeded in persuading 207 soldiers and colonists to make California their future home. In October. 1775, they left Tubac, Mexico, and traveling overland, March 10, 1776, they arrived at Monterey. Several weeks later, starting June 17. Lieutenant Morgan in charge of 17 soldiers, each with large families, together with seven married colonists, jcnirneyed to San Francisco. They arrived June 27 and camped near :• spring of water, wdiich is now the corner of Howard and \ alencia streets. The following day the party moved to the bay shore to the point now known as Fort Mason. A fe,w days later the San Carlos arrived with supplies and building material. The following month, September 17. the presidio was dedicated. The ceremony included the celebration of mass, accompanied by cannon salutes

Presidios were founded at dififerent places along the coast (c). They were so located as to protect the i)adres from Indian attacks, and also protect the coast from a foreign invasion. The presidio points were Los Angeles, Santa P)arl)ara, Monterey and San Francisco. Pueblos or towns were also established. They were located at the presidio points, also San Diego and San Jose. The pueblos were governed by certain rules and regulations prescribed by the King (d).

California was an unknown paradise to all the world save the Spaniards until 1785. In that year the French di])lomat Jean dalaup de la Perousc, in his exploring expedition around the world, arrived September 14 at Monterey. He remained ten days and was cordially received by the mission fathers. Several scientists accompanied the expedition, and during that time they

(c) The presidios were all built alike. The wails usually were built of adobe, twelve feet iu height and four feet in thickness. Their length and widtli was from 301) to 4UU feet. A cannon was planted at the corner of each of the four walls and at the onlj- entrance a fifth cannon was set. Inside the inclosure family houses, a church, padres' home, storehouses and corrals for stock were built.

SPAIN COLONIZES CALIFORNIA 31

took copious notes of the flora and fauna of Monterey and sketches of the mission.

Eight years later (November 14, 1792) George Vancouver, an Englishman, sailed into San Francisco bay. During his stay he visited the Santa Clara mission. He was the first foreigner to travel that distance inland. A few weeks later he visited Monterey. Two years later he returned and was coldly received. The Spaniards wanted to know why he so quickh^ returned.

The Russian ship Rurick, in command of Otto Kotsebue, touched at San Francisco October 2, 1816. It was another world exploring party. One of the scientists, Johann Eschscholtz, discovered the golden poppy. It was named esclischoltzia after its discoverer. It is now the state flower.

In the latter part of the century the merchantmen and other vessels sailing in the north Pacific began touching at the California ports for wood and water. The first vessel to arrive was the United States man-of-war Otter, Captain Ebenezer Dorr. She carried six cannon and a crew of twenty-six men. Entering the port of Monterey, her captain was supplied with wood and water. When ready to sail he asked permission of Governor Borica to land eleven English sailors who had secretly boarded his vessel at Botany bay, Australia. The Governor refused his consent. It was a violation of Spanish law to land any foreigners. The shrewd Yankee captain, however, that night forced the sailors at the point of a pistol to go ashore. He

(d) Each colonist must live within the bounds of the pueblo, which was six miles square. The government provided him with a house, lot, farming land, seeds, agricultural implements, horses, mules and cows, two of each kind. The animals were pastured on common lands. In return the farmer paid the government from the profits of his rancho. After the debt was paid he must sell his produce to the soldiers at a fair profit, if they wished to buy. Each colonist was compelled to build a house and irrigating ditches. He must do his part in working on the roads and streets, keeping them in condition for travel. He must hold himself in readiness at all times for military duty.