Life and letters of Dolly Madison

Front matter

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Contents

Page

XI. Apropos - 483

Dolly Madison Breakfast - - - - - - 497

Index to Names ----._ 509

ILLUSTRATIONS

Mrs. Madison. By Gilbert Stuart — Frontispiece. Page

Scotch Town, Virginia -------- 6

231 New Street, Philadelphia 12

150 North Third Street, Philadelphia 20

153 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia 24

Harewood, West Virginia - 40

Harewood, Interior --------- 44

429 Spruce Street, Philadelphia 52

Mrs. Madison. By James Peale - - - ■ - - -56

Six Buildings, Washington, D. C. 72

2411 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C. - - -76

Mr. and Mrs. Madison. By T. C. Liebers ... - 84

Mrs. Thomas Law. By Gilbert Stuart ----- 88

Sydney, District of Columbia ------- 1 04

Carroll Row, Washington, D. C. - 108

Letter — Mrs. Madison to Mr. Latrobe - - 112

Anthony Morris. By James Peale - - - - - - 1 1 6

The President's House 120

The Octagon, Washington, D. C. - - - - - 136

Seven Buildings, Washington, D. C, 1816 - - - 140

Montpellier, Virginia 148

Dr. William Thornton. By Gilbert Stuart - 152

Mrs. William Thornton. By Gilbert Stuart - - - - 1 68

Marcia Burnes. By James Peale 172

Cottage of David Burnes - - - - - - - -180

1202 D Street, Washington, D. C. 188

Mansion Square, Washington, D. C. - - - - - 196

Mrs. John P. Van Ness. By Charles B. King - - - 200

John Peter Van Ness 208

Rosedale, District of Columbia -216

Mrs. Madison's draft of letter to President Jackson - - 224

The Highlands, District of Columbia 232

St. John's Church, Washington, D. C. 248

Dolly Madison House, Washington, D. C. - - - - 264

Belle Vue, Washington, D. C. - - 280

Mrs. Madison. From Engraving of Portrait by Joseph Wood 296

Friendship, District of Columbia 312

Mrs. Madison. By Fleming 328

Brentwood, District of Columbia ------ 344

Mrs. Madison. By W. S. Elwell - 360

Kalorama, District of Columbia - - - - - - 376

John Payne Todd 392

Mrs. Tobias Lear - - 408

Mrs. Richard Bland Lee 424

Mrs. William Craig - 440 z o

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THE incomparable Dolly! It is not irreverent of Dorothea Payne Madison; it is expressive of admiration and affection. The superiority in comparison is only an attempt to adequately aggregate her attractive attributes. The queens of our chosen kings are a long line; a line all strung with gems, each with especial excellence, but Queen Dolly sparkles the most. An adoring and affectionate wife was Mrs. Washington; and when her husband entered she arose and said "The President." No hero of the times that evolved the Revolution and consummated it is entitled to greater honor than the heroine, Abigail Smith Adams. Mrs. Adams could cultivate a farm, raise children, spin cloth, study literature, teach herself French, and do all manner of wonderful things, all at the same time; and write besides the chattiest letters and letters political and philosophical. And how she could write — she was the equal of the elder Adams and the younger Adams, and nothing more can be added of letter-writing praise. Mrs. Adams was the mistress of the Executive Mansion from November 16, 1800, to March 4, 1801. She, in scriptural paraphrase, said: ''I am a mortal enemy to anything but a cheerful countenance and merry heart," and in this King Cole spirit while living in "the Castle" kept the fires going "to secure from daily agues"; and, in absence of fence, yard or other convenience, used the great unfinished audienceroom to hang up the clothes in. It is items like these, that Mrs. Adams has preserved, that make history worth reading.

It is only fair to say this much of Mrs. Adams — for she in four months exercised her housewife ability to have in readiness "the Castle" for Mrs. Madison's reign of sixteen years. Mr. Jefferson was a widower, and in the absence of his daughters, and they were almost always absent, Mrs. Madison, the wife of the Secretary of State, was the first lady by substitution; and, of course, was in the succeeding eight years that in her own right.

Letters are conversation — conversation expressed with more care and deliberateness than by spoken language. Letters express thought and the thought expressed exhibits the character. The spirit of the letter indicates that of the writer as vivacious or slow, gay or sad. The style reflects the culture ; and the conformity to rules shows the education.

Letters live and the writers die. The scene of the letter is always acted although the actors have long since made exit.

Letters suggest life — the mind is there in the phrasing; the hand is there that pushed the penning. Letters awaken memory — the absent or gone return — the mental mirror has a more perfect presence than a painted portrait. Letters recreate the unseen writer; the reader imagines the writer; from the letter catches the soul and gives it a human form.

In Dolly Madison's day letters had a superior excellence. More brilliancy of thought then and more uniqueness of telling. Variety, freshness and style are opposite the commonplaces of these machine days. Quaint are the old letters with their lazy abbreviations and simple punctuation. If the letters that have been preserved are exponents, the writers wrote for the generations. The letters quoted are all in the appropriate styles of the rhetoric. Some of the friendship letters are talking letters (in their naturalness, the best of all) ; others are clothed in courtesy with classic ornaments, but whatever their style or their contents, they will be passed by with brief comment, or none at all, for to the intelligent the apparent needs no pointing and the wellsaid needs no re-saying.

Dorothea Payne was born May 20, 1768. Her mother's maiden name was Mary Coles. Mary was the daughter of William Coles and Lucy Winston.* William was Irish and hailed from Enniscarthy, on the River Sliney, in the County Wexford, Ireland. Her father was John Payne, son of John Payne, senior, an Englishman, who married Ann Fleming, of Scotch parentage and noble lineage.

John Payne, junior, soon after his marriage, purchased an estate in Hanover County, Virginia, within driving distance of his father's plantation and of Coles Hill, the plantation of his father-in-law — neither far distant from the James River and the city of Richmond. The son's mansion was called Scotch Town.

Dorothea smiled first in North Carolina, where her parents were on a visit. She was named in honor of Dorothea Spotswood Dandridge, granddaughter of

♦Memorandum in Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison in the Public Library, District of Columbia.

Alexander Spotswood, the Governor. This Dorothea successively married Patrick Henry and Edmund Winston, notable men, and cousins of our Dorothea's mother.* Dorothea was the eldest daughter. Dorothea had these brothers and sisters who reached majority, although the accuracy of the list is not claimed: William, Isaac, Temple, John, Walter, Lucy, Anna and Mary. Dorothea was quickly changed to Dolly.

Dolly's parents joined the Society of Friends soon after marriage. True to the tenets of the Society, they manumitted their slaves. They were inclined to locate in Philadelphia, the stronghold of the sect. A preliminary visit was made.

Journal of Elizabeth Drinker :

1781, March 5. Molly Payne spent ye day, and lodged with us. She and son Walter breakfasted ye 6th.

Evidently favorably impressed with the plan, they executed it. Their servers did not accept release from servitude with favor and Mother Amy made the migration with the family and continued in its service; and from her savings of wages to her mistress bequeathed five hundred dollars. f

Journal of Elizabeth Drinker:

1783, July 9. John Payne's family came to reside in Philada

It is said that the Paynes were entertained at the Drinker's who lived at the corner of Front street and Drinker's alley (now effaced) until they secured a home for themselves.f

*Dolly Madison. Maud Wilder Goodwin. Vbid.

$The Paynes * * * only stopped at their friend's house until they could obtain a house of their own. Where this was located is

The Philadelphia Directory, 1785. By Francis White:

John Paine, Merchant. Fifth between Market and Arch streets.

Between the Drinkers and Paynes was affiliation for Elizabeth Drinker's father like Mary Payne's, familiarly Molly, was a native of the county, Wexford, in the old country.*

Journal of Elizabeth Drinker :

1784, July 10. Sally Drinker and Walter Payne, Billey Sansom and Polly Wells, Jacob Downing and Dolly Payne, went to our place at Frank ford. Dolly and Josey Sansom and Nancy Drinker (from Par La Ville) met them there. A squabble. Nancy returned home in ye evening with her sister.

Through Haddonfield, New Jersey, two leagues from Camden, runs ye King's Highway, as says the tablet:

This street was laid out and surveyed in 1681 by order of the representatives of the King of England, and called "Ye King's Highway."

Ancient buttonwoods line the highway, these buttonwoods, which, in vain, endeavor to match their antiquity are considerably over an hundred feet tall. The king had forethought of a need of a highway for says the second tablet :

The British army passed under these trees after evacuating Philadelphia, June, 1778.

not known, but in 1785 John Payne, according to MacPherson's Directory, lived at 410 Third street. The site of this structure, after considerable investigation, had been found to be that of the present building now numbered 57 North Third street, the fourth house below Arch street, on the east side. — Public Ledger, June 2, 1912. *The Journal of Elizabeth Drinker.

II

On the King's Highway is the mansion that disdains the decays of time, for it was built in 1750. Soon after its putting up, it became the property of Hugh Creighton, who made of it, a tavern, and of himself, the tavern's keeper. The State of New Jersey was born there and therein is a tablet whereon it is told.

Mr. Creighton's tavern has another distinction. W. Jay Mills, in Historic Houses of New Jersey, has :

The visits to Haddonfield were bright spots in Dolly Payne's early life. Hugh Creighton was not a strict Friend, and his wife, Mary French, was a woman of most lovable character, with a heart large enough to take in all the world's people who chanced to cross her quiet pathway. Tavern keeping in the eighties of the eighteenth century, although an honorable and profitable occupation in Southern Jersey, was frowned upon by the generality of Friends, as their discipline did not permit them to look on it with favor. Life at her uncle's* genial hearth was much broader than in her own home at Philadelphia. In the former place she obtained some of her first impressions of days untinctured by the gray shadows of the meeting house.

As a girl of eighteen in the year 1786, she is described as being of slight figure, possessing a delicately oval face, a nose tilted like a flower, jet black hair, and blue eyes of wondrous sweetness. Those beautiful eyes, with their power to scintillate with playfulness or mellow with sympathy, wrought great havoc with the hearts of the Quaker lads of Haddonfield. Although many years have flown since she tripped through the quiet streets and lanes of the place her memory is alive there. Elderly people still repeat what their fathers and grandfathers once said of her, and from the glowing tributes paid to her youthful charms it is easy to imagine that many a

*The writer thinks "Uncle" and "Aunt" Creighton are familiar and not family endearments.

231 NEW STREET, PHILADELPHIA good Quaker lad's love was laid at her shrine. * * * In those early Haddonfield days she often took frolicsome rides with her cousins in the mail coaches that stopped twice daily at the tavern, driving a mile or two out on the highway and walking home.

* * * Commodore James P. Cooper, U. S. N., who died in the town in 1854, aged ninety-three years, was often her devoted attendant on these occasions and on berrying excursions, and in later life never tired of singing her praises. * * *

Many times during the year "Aunt Creighton" drove to Trenton to visit friends on Queen st, generally taking the young people with her. Those trips with her kind aunt delighted the merry Quakeress, who with her love of fine things, inherited no doubt from her courtly ancestors, the Coles and the Flemings. Wandering through Green St., and Pinkerton alley shops and fingering the "world's goods" she was as happy as any maiden of to-day out for the first time on a shopping expedition.

Harriet Taylor Upton — in Our Early Presidents, Their Wives and Children:

She was wondrously fair. Her mother, who would not permit her to wear jewels, taught her to take care of her complexion. She was sent to school with long gloves on her hands and arms, a close sunbonnet and a white linen mask on her face; in fact it is plain to see that in many ways great attention was bestowed upon the outward as well as the inward graces of the young Friend. * * * There is in existence still belonging to this period, a delicate gray satin Quaker gown, with elbow sleeves and square neck worn by the young beauty — Dolly certainly may be called a beauty.

Mr. Payne, an educated man, took celebrity as a lay preacher or Public Friend and on the First Day in the Meeting House removed his broad-brim and with his eloquence moved his hearers. It still stands the Free

Quaker Meeting House at the southwest corner of Fifth and Mulberry streets and used for the Apprentices' Free Library.*

John Todd, senior, was a pedagogue. He taught the r's, and while so doing, to appease his brutal nature, applied on pretexts constant castigations. His was the Quaker school for boys on Fourth street below Chesnut and known as Proud's School. Robert Proud was the early historian of Pennsylvania and his portrait is in its Historical Society.f

Directories of Philadelphia :

1785. John Todd, Schoolmaster, corner of Fourth and

Chesnut streets. 1791 103, Chestnut.

"In that delighted land which is washed by the Delaware waters" Dolly passed her budding womanhood. "And her ear was pleased with the Thee and Thou of the Quakers;" and for one she resigned her name for his. However it was the paternal dictation to which she yielded and that she had said to the proposal she "never meant to marry."t After the formidable formalities of the church, she and John Todd, junior, were married, January 27, 1790. Elizabeth Collins was the bridesmaid and Anthony Morris, the groomsman. § And on the register the witnesses signed their names, John, James, Mary and Alice Todd, the bridegroom's relatives; John and

Dolly Madison. Maud Wilder Goodwin.

^Annals of Philadelphia. John F. Watson. Public Ledger, June 2, 1912.

XMemoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.

§Statcd by descendants.

Mary Payne, Lucy, Anna and Mary, the bride's relatives and sixty others.* The bride was in her twenty-second year and the groom in his twenty-seventh — for he was born, November 17, 1763. The wedding was solemnized in the Friends' Meeting-House on Pine street, since razed. Todd practiced law and had a lucrative practice.!

The bride and groom went to housekeeping at 85 Chesnut street next to the corner of Third. The site is now numbered 231.$

Philadelphia Directory, 1791:

John Todd, Esq., Attorney at law 85, Chesnut.

Lucy, Dolly's sister, in 1792, at the age of fifteen, married George Steptoe Washington, a nephew, and favorite of General Washington. George Steptoe inherited from his father, Samuel, "Harewood," in Jefferson county, Virginia. The father had a love for the chase — he had for it his trained stud of horses and pack of dogs; and his love was not confined to the chase for he had a line of wives that did not stop until the count of five.§

Philadelphia Directory, 1791 :

*Dolly Madison. Maud Wilder Goodwin.

^Public Ledger, June 2, 1912.

JCharles Godfrey Leland : "I was born in a house on Chestnut street, the second door below Third street, on the north side. It had been built in the old Colonial time, and in the room in which I first saw life there was an old chimney piece which was so remarkable that strangers visiting the city often came to see it. * * * It was then a boarding house kept by Mrs. Rodgers. She had taken it from a lady who also kept it for boarders. The daughter of this latter married President Madison. She was known as 'Dolly Madison,' famous for her grace, accomplishments and belle humeur, of whom there are stories still current in Washington." This is 85 Chestnut street, old numbering. A. C. C.

^Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.

John Paine, Starch maker. 89 Elm St.*

Mr. Payne, because of inexperience in commercial matters or because of the severe stringency of the times, made a failure. The loss consequent to the liberation of slaves and that of the business changed affluence to dependence. The change of circumstances made a change of spirit — from cheer to chagrin; and a change from soundness to sickness. He died October 24, 1792, and was buried in the Free Quaker burial ground on Fifth street near Locust, now no more. He by will gave his wife his entire estate and the exclusive executorship. The property was in lands in Kentucky and Virginia. George Walker and John Todd were the witnesses.

Mrs. Payne during her husband's life and after his death — 1791'2'3 — was engaged in the arduous task of keeping a boarding establishment.

Philadelphia Directory, 1793:

Mary Payne, widow, boarding house, 96 N. Third st.

The structure stands; it is 150 N. Third — present numbering.! It was patronized by the prominent politically and the proprietress had social prominence. She declined business in 1793 and lived with her daughter, Lucy.

Joseph Jackson, who has the pen of a ready writer and can accomplish a diligent search, is the authority that Dolly Todd lived at 231 New Street, 150 North Third Street, and when Dolly Madison at 429 Spruce Street, Philadelphia.

*In Public Ledger, June 2, 1912, reproduced "231 New street, where Dolly Madison's father made starch and where she lived when she married John Todd."

^Public Ledger, June 2, 1912.

Mr. Todd, Dolly's husband, bought, November 23, 1791, from the estate of Jonathan Dil worth, the site where is now 149 and 153 So. Fourth and 341 and 343 Walnut. Number 51 then, 153 now, is where John and Dolly lived and where were born the sons, John Payne, February 29, 1792, and William Temple in the summer of 1793; both namesakes of Dolly's brothers.

In the summer, the city was scourged with yellow fever. The pestilence made heroes and proved cowards. Mr. Todd was a hero.

In the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, August 23, 1793, is, "A fever prevails in the City * * * of ye malignant kind ;" and November 2, same year, "What a favorable reverse, which calls for humility and thanks." Daily, between the dates is a terrible tale.

Thomas Jefferson to James Madison

* * * The yellow fever increases. The week before last about 3. a day died. This last week about 11. a day have died, consequently, from known data about 33, a day are taken, and there are about 330. patients under it. They are much scattered through the town, and it is the opinion of the physicians that there is no possibility of stopping it. They agree that it is a nondescript disease, and no two agree in any one part of their process of cure. The Presidt goes off the day after tomorrow, as he had always intended. Knox then takes flight. Hamilton* is ill of the fever, as is said. He had two physicians out at his house the night before last. His family think him in danger, & he puts himself so by his excessive alarm. He had been miserable several days before from a firm persuasion he should catch it. A man as timid as he is on the water, as timid on horseback, as timid in sickness, would

*Alexander Hamilton.

be a phaenomenon if his courage of which he has the reputation in military occasions were genuine. His friends, who have not seen him, suspect it is only an autumnal fever he has. I would really go away, because I think there is rational danger, but that I had announced that I should not go till the beginning of October, & I do not like to exhibit the appearance of panic. Besides that I think there might be serious ills proceed from there being not a single member of the administration in place. Poor Hutcheson dined with me on Friday was sennight, was taken that night on his return home, & died the day before yesterday.

Mr. Todd removed his wife, at the time in a critical condition, and the two sons to Gray's Ferry, a rural pleasure place on the Schuylkill's banks. He left her with the promise of returning and leaving her no more until the exigency expired. He, in the city, did for his clients what required immediate doing; and, in the city, he found his father and mother victims of the epidemic. Both parents died* and John Todd, the father, made a will making his sons John and James and Samuel Jones, executors, in which he bequeathed to his son John five hundred pounds ; to his grandsons, John Payne and William Temple Todd, fifty pounds each; his silver watch to his son, John, in trust for John Payne or in case of his death, for William Temple; the residue of the estate to his five grandchildren.

Mr. Todd on his return bore with him the diead disease. At the threshold, he to Dolly's mother said: "I feel the fever in my veins, but I must see her once more."f In a few hours he was dead — "a martyr to professional duty." In the embrace was contamination.

*In the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker the father's death is reported October 3 ; the mother's October 12. ^Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.

The younger child died and Dolly recovered. Mr. Todd died October 24, 1793. He by a will in sentimental and sermonical sentencing gave his widow an estate of value. Appendix A.

Philadelphia directories :

1793. John Todd, jun. Esq. attorney at law 51 So Fourth St.

1794. Dorothy Todd, widow, 51 So. Fourth St.

Twenty-five and a widow! Not her fault surely and surely she felt her fascination. The sympathy, the protection, the admiration, the adoration and all that from the hypnotized men a widow has. Any widow that — but Dolly was so charm ful, so youthful — no wonder her friend bid "Hide thy face — there are so many staring at thee"; and so good to see that ''gentlemen would station themselves where they might see her pass."

Among Dolly's acquaintances was the New York Senator, Aaron Burr, of reputation — irresistible to the sex of skirts and no wise self-restrictive of his irresistibility. Of Burr, Madison solicited a meeting with the pretty widow. She writes to her confidante, Mrs. Lee, she who was Elizabeth Collins, 1794:

Thou must come to me, — Aaron Burr says that the great little Madison has asked to be brought to see me this evening.

The rumor of an engagement soon reached the Executive Mansion; it did not have to travel fast as from Dolly's house it was only several blocks distant ; definitely, the mansion was on Market street near Sixth. Mrs. Washington from the privilege of station or the standing of relationship — the Payne and Washington families having intermarried — she exercised feminine curiosity and arrogance of advice. The inquisitor paid deference to Dolly's sect in the use of its peculiar personal pronouns ; or whoever made the report, made it that way :

Mrs. Washington: "Dolly, is it true that you are engaged to James Madison?"

Dolly: "No; I think not."

Mrs. W. : "If it is so, do not be ashamed to confess it; rather be proud; he will make thee a good husband, and all the better for being so much older. We both approve of it; the esteem and friendship existing between Mr. Madison and my husband is very great, and we would wish thee to be happy."*

The fragments of a love letter in the courtship days! Dolly had visited her people in the scenes of her childhood. At Fredericksburg, on the way to her sister, Lucy, she wrote to the aspirant an encouraging note — it had an endearing stile. Of Mr. Madison's letter, in turn, words are lost in the folds of the three part pages preserved.!

Orange Aug: 18. 94: I rec d some days ago your precious favor from Freds. I cannot exprefs, but hope you will conceive the joy it gave me. The delay in hearing of your leaving Hanover which I regarded as the only satisfactory proof of your recovery, had filled me with extreme * * * inquietude, and the consummation of that welcome event was endeared to me by the stile in which it was conveyed. I hope you will never have another deliberation on that subject. If the sentiments of

*Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison.

fin the handwriting of Mrs. Madison — ''Part of a letter from Mr Madison to Mrs Todd Aug: 18. 1794"

150 N. THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA my heart can guarantee those of yours, they assure me there can never be a cause for it.

Mr. Madison's letter says that he is indefinitely detained by the illness of a foreigner with whom he was to travel. He says that it is cruel he should be obliged to mingle with the delicious hopes imparted by her letter, the painful apprehensions of delay; that the adverse incident is the more mortifying as he had spared no efforts and made some sacrifices to meet her. And he hopes that the unavoidable delay will not extend its influence to the epoch in which he is to repeat the claim of which she is apprised.

Suits in love should not, Like suits in law, be rock'd from term to term.

Madison was a lawyer ; he knew the reason and result of dilatory tactics in law suits ; he sought a speedy decision in his love suit. He that called a-wooing was much a man, with a tongue for persuasion, but it is a fact that Dolly hesitated and, perhaps better to take the issue under advisement, retired to quietude. Mrs. Dolly Todd with her infant and younger sister, Anna, visited her sister Lucy, and her husband, George Steptoe Washington, at their estate, Harewood, in the vicinity of Charlestown, West Virginia. From there she addressed a letter to Mr. Wilkins, her counsel at Philadelphia, seeking advice. This law-learned gentleman with the alliterative name was on the most friendly relation with the widow. His penmanship was almost perfect, however his habit of slightly enlarging the first letter of the word sometimes makes it difficult to decide if a capital is intended. Mr. Wilkins had his office at 119 S. Second Street, original numbering.

M" Dolley P. Todd particular Care of Martinsburg Geo. Washington Jim. Esq Virginia.

Philadelphia August 22nd 1794.

I will not delay a moment my ever dear and valued friend to reply to your last interesting Epistle. Flattered as I am by your Condescension in consulting me on this important Occasion and truly and disinterestedly solicitous for your Welfare — the Task I undertake is far from being a painful one. As your friend I feel not the least Hesitation in forming my Opinion — ought I then feel any reluctance in communicating it?

M r M — n is a man whom I admire. I know his attachment to you and did not therefore content myself with taking his Character from the Breath of popular applause — but consulted those who knew him intimately in private Life. His private Character therefore I have every reason to believe is good and amiable. He unites to the great Talents which have secured his public Approbation those engaging Qualities that contribute so highly to domestic Felicity. To such a man therefore I do most freely consent that my beloved sister be united and happy.

Yes my dear and amiable Julia you have my fullest and freest Approbation of the Step you are about to take. No Wish is dearer to my Heart than your Happiness & Heaven is my Witness that nothing is less selfish than my Attachment to you. That I have not been insensible to your Charms ought not I think to be regarded as a Fault — few perfons in similar Situations would not have felt their irresistible Influence; but none I will venture to say could have mingled in their Emotions more true Respect and more Fraternal Affection than I have.

With respect to the Settlement on your Son I will give you my sentiments frankly. You are placed in a critical situation in this Affair — the Eyes of the World are upon you and your Enemies have already opened their Mouths to censure and condemn you. I hope you will disappoint them — I believe you will now be just — for you have hitherto always been generous. I must confefs I conceive it to be your duty to make some Settlement upon him and I know you too well to doubt your Inclination to do it. The only Question can be to what Amount and in what Manner shall this Settlement be made.