American history, for use in secondary schools

Front matter

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NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO

Preface

In this volume the author has treated the topics and suggested the methods that he has found most satisfactory with his own classes. As the development of the nation has been the main theme, many subjects often treated in high school texts have been discarded as non-essential. Many others not connected closely with our national development have been of sufficient interest or importance to 1 ceive attention in separate chapters. In order to make as clear as possible the general course of American development and to explain the character of the principal movement within each short period of the nation's life, the subjects have been grouped under topical heads. The author has hoped to indicate by this means the relation of each historical change to the movement of the times and the relation of this smaller movement to the larger phases of our development which are given in the chapters.

The author regrets that in the preparation of this book he has not been able to consult the later volumes of The American Nation and cannot give references to these volumes. He washes to express to Messrs. Harper and Brothers his appreciation for the opportunity to examine proofs of two of these volumes, and to Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company for the use of two maps from Winsor's Narrative and Critical Jlistory of Anierica. He takes pleasure in acknowledging the many helpful suggestions and criticisms offered by President Kendric C. Babcock of the University of Arizona, Mr. Haven W. Edwards of the Redlands High School, and Miss Anna V. McNair of the Pasadena High School.

Pasadena, California, April, 1907.

PREFACE FOR REVISED EDITION

In this revision no attempt has been made to consider any events except those of the last quarter century. A consecutive account is given of the most important events of the twentieth century, and full recognition is given to important recent movements, political, economic, and social.

Pasadena, California, February, 1914.

SUGGESTIONS

On account of the limited time at the disposal of high school pupils, the marginal references have been selected with care. Most of them will be found in the average public library, and a fair proportion in the ordinary high school library. Many of the groups of marginal references can be used for topics to supplement the lists given at the ends of the chapters.

The following lists of books will probably be found most useful in connection with this text. As duplicates are always more useful for class use than even a large number of titles, a large high school library would probably contain a much larger number of books from the first and second lists than from the third.

I. A SMALL LIBRARY

One or more copies of each of the following: — • Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VIL CoMAN, Industrial History of the United States.

MacDonald, Select Documents of United States History {\']'](i-\%(i\)^ Burgess, Middle Period.

Dodge, Bird^s Eye View of the Civil War.

Hart (ed.), American History told by Contetnporaj'ies, Vol. IV. American History Leaflets, Nos. 4, 5, 23, 30.

II. A MEDIUM-SIZED LIBRARY

Selected from the books given above and the following: — Epochs of American History, 3 volumes.

Channing and Hart, Giiide to Ajnerican History. MacDonai.d, Select Charters Illustrative of American History. MacDonald, Select Statutes of United States History. The American Nation : —

Bourne, Spain in America.

Andrews, Colonial Self- G over nvient.

viii Snirarestions

<ii>

Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution.

Van Tyne, The American Revolution'.

McLaughlin, Confederation and the Constitution.

Turner, Rise of the New West.

Hart, Abolition and Slavery.

Chan N IN G, History of the United States, Vol. I. Parkman, Struggle for a Continent.

FiSKE, Critical Period of American History, Ashley, American Federal State.

Hart, Actual Government.

Hart (ed.), American History told by Contemporaries, 4 volumes. American History Leaflets.

Old South Leaflets.

Dewey, Financial History of the United States. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy.

Johnston, American Political History, 2 volumes. Burgess, Middle Period.

Burgess, Civil IVar and the Constitution, Vol. I. Stan wood. History of the Presidency.

Andrews, The United States in our Ou>n Time. Larned (ed.). History for Ready Reference, Vol. VI. Elson, History of the United States.

HI. A LARGE LIBRARY

Selected from the books given above and the following : —

WiNSOR, Narrative and Critical History of America, 8 volumes. * The American N^ation, rest of the 27 volumes. ♦Fiske, 13 volumes on American history. ♦Semple, American History and its Cctgraphic Conditions.

Brigham, Geographic Lnflucnccs in American History.

Ogg, Opening of the Mississippi.

EGGLEsroN, Beginners of a Nation.

Frothingham, Rise of the Republic.

Lodge, Short Fli story of the English Colonies.

Doyle, English Colonies, 5 volumes.

Johnston (Woodburn) (eds.), American Eloquence, 4 volumes.

Roosevelt, Winning of the West, 4 volumes. •Taussig, Tariff History of the United States.

ScHOULER, History of the United States (17S3-1S65), 6 volumes. ♦McMaster, History of the People of the United States (17S3-1S60) 7 volumes published.

White, Money and Banking. ♦Rhodes, /Li story of the United States since the Compromise of /Sjo, 7 volumes.

Sjiggcstions ix

American Statestnen Series; especially volumes on Franklin, * Washington, *Hamilton, *Webster, *Clay, *Calhoun, Lincoln, lienton, Chase, Seward, and Blaine.

American Commonwealth Series; especially volumes on Virginia, Maryland, Connecticut, Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky, Texas, Louisiana, and Kansas.

Larned, History for Ready Reference, 6 volumes. •'Sparks, Expansion of the United States.

Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress.

Cox, Three Decades of Federal Legislation.

Burgess, Civil War and the Constitution, Vol. II.

Johnson, War of Secession.

Wood-Edmunds, Civil War in the United States.

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4 volumes.

Burgess, Recotistruction and the Constittition.

Foster, American Diplomacy in the Orient.

Johnson, American Raihvay Transportation.

Those starred in this list should be included in list II if possible.

Chapter I Conditions Affecting Colonization In America. 1-23

ION PAGB

Introduction I

Geography and American colonization .... 2

Climate and rainfall « 3

Natural resources 5

Geographical divisions of the United States ... 7

Influence of geography on English colonization . . 8

Geographical advantages of the P^rench colonies . . lO

The North American Indian :

The Indian tribes ....

Life and character of the Indians General relations of Indians and Whites Help given to the English by the Indians Results of Indian v^^ars

Europe during the Fifteenth Century:

13. Connection between the history of Europe and America . 17

14. Political Europe after 1450 18

15. Trade with the East before 1475 '9

16. Search for new sea routes to India 20

CHAPTER II The Discovery of a New World

1 8. Preparation of Columbus ..... c . 24

19. Columbus's first voyage o 25

xi xii Contents

20. The Pope's division of the earth o- . , . ,26

21. Later voyages of Columbus 27

22. The Cabots 28

23. Vespucius and the naming of America .... 29

24. The Pacific Ocean ........ 30

Explorations in the United States (15 13-1543) :

27. De Soto » 32

28. Verrazano and Cartier 32

The Close of the Sixteenth Century :

29. The situation in Europe ....... 33

30. The French in Florida (i 562-1 565) 34

31. The English in the New World (i 562-1 583) ... 35

32. The Ralegh colonies (1584- 1590) 36

33. The results of the first century 37

Chapter III Early English Colonization (1600-1660). 40-62

34. The charter of 1606 40

35. The settlement at Jamestown ...... 41

36. The influence of tobacco culture . . . . .42

37. The first Virginia assembly (1619) 43

38. Virginia becomes a royal province (1624) . ... 43

New England before 1628 :

39. The Plymouth Company and the Council for New England 44

40. The English Puritans 46

41. The Puritans and the English monarchs . . . ' . 47

42. The Pilgrim migrations ....... 48

43. Early history of New Plymouth ...... 48

Beginnings of Massachusetts Bay (i 628-1 636):

44. The Massachusetts Bay Company ..... 49

45. King Charles and the Puritans ...... 50

46. Character of the Massachusetts Bay colony . . .51

47. Political problems and dangers 52

48. Religious difficulties 53

Expansion in New England ( 1 635-1645) :

49. Providence plantations and Rhode Island „ . . 54

50. The Connecticut Valley , . . . , , =55

Contents xiii

51. New Haven 56

52. Northern New England 57

53. The New England confederation (1643) . • » • 57

54. The charter of Maryland (1632) 59

55. The proprietor and the freeman 60

56. Religious toleration ........ 60

Chapter IV Later English Colonization (1660-1700). 63-85

58. Commercial situation of England about 1660

59. England and the Colonies (i 660-1 685)

60. The founding of New Netherland

61. The province of New Netherland

62. New Netherland and its neighbors .

63. Conquest of New Netherland (1664)

64. The English in New York (1664-1685) .

The Quaker Colonies :

65. New Jersey and the Quakers

66. Penn and his colony

67. The government of Pennsylvania

68. Boundaries of Pennsylvania ...

The South after the Restoration (i 660-1 730) : Misgovernment in Virginia (i 660-1 676) . Bacon's rebellion (1676) ....

The Carolina charters (1663-1665) .

Proprietary government in Carolina (i 667-1 729)

Problems of New England ( 1 655-1 675) .

Massachusetts and the Crown (i 675-1 684)

The Great Revolution (1685-1700) :

The Dominion of New England ....

The revolution of 1689 in England and New England Revolutionary movements in the Middle and Southern Colonies ......

Results of the revolution in America

The colonies in 1700 ....

63 64

65 67 67 68

71 72

73 74 75 75

77 78

79 80

82 83 84

XIV

Conttnts

CHAPTER V SECl

Si.

RIVALRY OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH (1689-1763) So- 103

ION

Introduction .......

91 92,

93 94 95

French Exploration and Settlement : Fountling of New France Exploration of the West ...

French and English Colonies (16S9-1754) The Treaty of Utrecht ( 1 7 1 3)

Georgia

The English colonists and their governors Government of the French colonies Preparation for the final conflict

Expulsion of the French (i 754-1 76 : The struggle for the upper Ohio valley .

The situation in America and in Europe The first period of the war (1754-1757) . The second period of the war (175S-1760) The Peace of Paris (1763)

Summarv

PAGE

86 88 89

"?}> 94 lOI

CHAPTER Yi

COLONIAL CONDiriOXS (.1750). 104-126

Population and Society :

96. Number of the people

97. Classes of society .

98. Indented servants .

99. Slavery . 100. Colonial life .

Occupations : loi. Agriculture

102. Commerce and shipping

103. Industry and labor .

104. Colonial currency .

105. The professions

Miscellaneous Conditions:

106. Colonial churches .

107. Superstition .

105 106 106 108

115 116

XV io8. Clime . c o • ^^7

109. Education . 1 18

no. Newspapers 120

112. Colonial government . . . . . . .122

113. Colonial law 123

Part II The Formation Of A Union (1763-1789) 131- 132

135- 136.

Chapter VII

THE BEGINNINGS OF REVOLUTION (1763-1775) 127-153 Colonial self-government and English control before

The Old Colonial Policy of England : General methods of colonial control England's interference with colonial government England's control through colonial officials Control of colonial legislation ....

Early acts of trade ( 1 660-1 696) Later Restrictive Legislation (1696-1760) General effect of the commercial system . The writs of assistance .....

The New British Colonial Policy (i 763-1 767) : The conditions in 1763 ....

George III and his ministers (i 760-1 782) The establishment of a colonial army (1763) The Sugar Act of 1 764 .

The Stamp Act

Reception of the Stamp Act .

The Stamp Act congress .

The repeal of the Stamp Act .

English and American ideas of representation . The Townshend Acts (1767) ....

Disorder and Organized Opposition (i 767-1 775) : The reception of the Townshend Acts Growing disorder ( 1 768-1 770) The committees of correspondence (i 772-1773) The tea tax .......

128 128 129 130

131 132

143 144

145 146 147 147

XVI

SECTION PAGB

137. The repressive acts (1774) 148

138. The First Continental Congress (1774) .... 149

139. The inevitableness of war 150

140. Summary I^i

Chapter VIII 142

143'

144,

145 146, 147

148 149 150

152,

154. 155. 156.

157- 158.

165. 166. 167. 168.

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR (1775-1783). 154-188

Revolt and Independence :

Events around Boston (1775) .

The W2S on the northern border (1775-1776)

Change in the theater of war (1776)

The Second Continental Congress (i 775-1 776)

The movement toward independence

The character of the Declaration

The first state governments

Conditions Affecting American Success:

The theater of war

British military organization and policy . The American army ....

The loyalists

The finances of the revolution .

Continental currency ....

The Campaigns of 1776 and 1777:

The movement against New York (1776)

The Trenton-Princeton campaign .

The plan of campaign (1777), Philadelphia

Burgoyne's advance (1777)

The surrender of Burgoyne (1777) . •

Changed Conditions (i 778-1 779) :

French aid before 1778 ....

The French alliance (1778)

Attempted conciliation by the British (1778)

Intrigue and neglect (1778)

The war in the North and West (i 778-1 779)

The Close of the War (i 780-1 781) :

British success in the South (1780) .

The treason of Arnold (1780) Campaigns in the South (1780-1781) Yorktown (1781)

xvii

The Treaty of Peace (1782-1783) :

169. Conditions affecting the Treaty of Peace .

170. Claims and negotiations (1782)

171. Provisions of the Treaty of Peace (1783)

173. 174.

197- 198. 199.

Chapter IX Creation Of A General Government (1781- 1789) . 189-217

The Articles of Confederation ; Formation of the Confederation Provisions of the Articles of Confederation

The league of states

The amendment of the Articles of Confederation

The Critical Period (1781-1787) :

Critical conditions ......

The old soldiers

Land claims of the states ....

Ordinances for the government of western territory The West and foreign affairs ....

Relations with Great Britain ....

Internal disorder

Formation of the Constitution (i 787-1 788) : The Annapolis conference The Connecticut compromise .

Later history of the convention Feeling of the people ....

Ratification of the Constitution by the states

Character of the Constitution :

Dispute over the nature of the Constitution The nation and the states ....

Congress ........

The president

The courts

Amendment of the Constitution The sources of the Constitution

The Organization of the New Government (1789)

The presidency

Beginnings of the new congress

The executive departments ....

189 189 190 191

200 201 202 203 204

209 210 212, xviii Contents

SECTION PAGB

200. The national judiciary . . . . , . .214

Chapter X The Close Of The Xvhi Century. 218-230

Social Conditions :

202. The people 218

203. The frontier 219

204. The admission of new states 220

205. The movement toward emancipation . . . .221

206. The cotton gin and slavery ...... 222

Political and Religious Changes :

207. Voters and officeholders 223

208. Tendencies toward democracy 223

209. Religious freedom 224

Economic Conditions :

213. Improved means of communication 228

Chapter XI Foreign And Domestic Problems (1789-1811). 231-268

214. Problems confronting the new government (1789) . 231

Financial Policy and Political Parties (i 790-1 793)

215. The national debt 233

216. Assumption of state debts 234

217. New national taxes 235

218. The United States bank 236

219. The formation of political parties 237

Foreign Affairs (i 793-1 798) :

220. Difficulties with France (1793) 238

221. Grievances against England (1794) . . , . 239

223. The close of Washington's administration . . . 242

Co fit CI Us

XIX

224. Trouble with France (i 796-1800)

231. 232. 233. 234.

Federalists and Republicans ( 1 798-1 802) : The Alien and Sedition laws (1798) The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions (i 798-1 799)

The election of 1800

Jefferson and his party ......

Reversal of Federalist practices ....

The national courts

Disputes over the lower Mississippi River

The purchase of Louisiana

Extent and importance of Louisiana

The Burr conspiracy (1805- 1806) . . . .

Commercial Warfare ( 1 805-1 81 1):

European war and American commerce before 1806 The impressment of American seamen Orders and decrees (1806-1807) The Embargo (1807) Indirect results of the Embargo The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) The Macon bill No. 2 (1810) .

Summary ....

PAGE

244 245 246

• 250

255 256

CHAPTER XII The Second War of Independence

243. Events leading to war (1811-1812)

244. Declaration of war (1812)

246. The war on the ocean (1812-1814)

247. The last year of the war .

248. TheTreaty of Ghent (1814) .

Changed Conditions after the War of 181 2

249. The new nationality

250. Our altered international standing .

251. Downfall of the Federalist party

253. The second national bank

254. The Supreme Court

255. The development of the West .

269 269 270

273 274

275 276

277 278 279 280 281

XX Contents

256. Internal improvements 282

257. Importance of the westward movement .... 283

Slavery and Foreign Affairs ( 1 819-1 824) :

259. The Missouri problem 285

260. The Missouri Compromises (1820-1821) . . . 286

CHAPTER XIII The Triumph of Democracy (i 824-1 829)

264. The presidential election of 1824 . . o . . 295

265. New political parties . . . , . . . 297

266. The election of Jackson (1828) . , » . . 298

267. The importance of Jackson's election .... 298

268. New political methods 300

269. The spoils system . 301

National Sovereignty verstis State Sovereignty (1826-

1833):

270. Controversies over Indian lands 302

271. The Webster-Hayne debate (1830) . « . . 303

273. The South and the tariff . 305

274. Nulliticalion and the compromise tariff . . . 306

Finance and Politics (i 829-1 843) :

275. First attack on the United States bank .... 307

276. Overthrow of the bank 308

277. Government revenues and the panic of 1837 • • • 3^°

278. Administration of Van Buren (1837-1841) . . . 311

279. The election of Harrison (1840) 311

Chapter XIV A Half Century Of Changes. 317-338

Transportation and Business (1S15-1860) :

282. The steamboat 317

XXI

284. Railways . 319

285. Significance of improved means of transportation . . 320

286. The telegraph and other inventions . . <, . 322

287. Industrial changes after 1810 ...... 323

289. Opening of the government lands 325

290. Development of Democracy 326

291. Changes in the states 328

292. Social legislation ........ 329

293. Newspapers and education 329

294. American cities ....•••. 33I

Free and Slave States :

295. Growth of the United States 331

296. Foreign immigration 333

297. The admission of new states ...... 334

298. Early abolitionists 335

Chapter XV Slavery In The Territories (1843-1857). 339-365

Introduction ........ 339

302. The annexation of Texas (1843-1845)

303. Oregon territory to 1846 .

305. Conquest of California. Peace

Slavery in New Territory (1848- 1 85 3) :

306. The Wilmot proviso

307. Oregon Territory ; election of 1848

308. California

309. The elements of a compromise (1850)

310. Discussion of the compromise .

311. Completion of the compromise of 1850

341 341 343 344 346

312. The fugitive slave law ....

313. Attempts to gain more slave territory ,

Slavery in Old Territory (1S54-1857) :

314. The Kansas-Nebraska bill (1854) .

315. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

316. Reorganization of political parties .

317. The struggle for Kansas (i 855-1 861)

318. The case of Dred Scott (1857)

PAGE

353 354

355 356 358 359 360 ^61

Chapter XVI Disunion And Civil War (1857-1861). 366-398

327- 328.

329- 330. 331.

332. 333- 334-

Approaching a Crisis (185 7-1 860) : The situation in 1857 Political factions and parties .

The Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858) Union and slavery ....

Influence of John Brown's raid (1859) The election of i860

The Secession Movement (1860-1861) :

Secession in South Carolina (December, i860) Attempted conciliation (December- January) . The Confederate States of America Close of Buchanan's term Fundamental causes of secession Slavery and state sovereignty versus

Lincoln; "The Three Months' Lincoln's policy Sumter .

Preparation for war The border states Bull Run .

War

Conditions Affecting Union Success : Resources of North and South The southern armies The northern armies The navies; the blockade Foreign relations (1861-1865) .

Bonds and a national banking system Greenbacks and taxes nationality

367 368

369 370 371

373 374 375 377 378 379

380 381 382

383 384

387 387 389 390 391 392

XXlll

344. Southern finances and government

345. Critical situation at the North .

PAGE

393 394 395

Chapter XVII Prosecution Of The War (1862-1865). 399-430

Theater of war in the West ....

Grant's campaign in the West (to February, 1862) Completion of the Western Tennessee campaign

New Orleans (1S62)

The theater of war in Virginia ....

Monitor and Merrimac

McClellan's peninsular campaign

The Middle Period of the War (August, 1862-June, 1863) :

The fall of 1862

Events leading to emancipation ....

Emancipation ........

Chancellorsville; Lee's second invasion .

Union Advance (July, 1863- July, 1864):

Gettysburg

Vicksburg

Operations around Chattanooga (1863) .

Naval operations (1864)

The advance on Atlanta (1864) ....

Grant in Virginia (May-July, 1864)

The Close of the War (July, 1864-April, 1865) : The Shenandoah valley; Hood in Tennessee Sherman in Georgia and the Carolinas The end of the war ....

The people and Lincoln's government

Summary of the campaigns

Conclusion ....

399 401

403 404

405 407 407

410 411 412 414

415 416 418 419

421 422

423 424 424 426 427 428