Diseases of children

Front matter

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Preface

In this volume the author has attempted to present to practitioners and students of medicine a practical clinical treatise on diseases of infants and children. He has but briefly outlined the pathological findings and has avoided unnecessary etiological discussions in order that he might, in a compact volume, find more space in which to clearly outline the differential diagnosis and give in full the treatment of these diseases.

The diseases of infancy and childhood differ very widely in their clinical manifestations and in the methods of their successful treatment from corresponding diseases in the adult; the reasons for this are physiological rather than pathological. The undeveloped organism of the child, because of its physiological peculiarities, reacts to the same pathological factors very differently from the completed and stable organism of the adult. For this reason the author has dwelt in detail on the physiological factors of disease in infancy and childhood, and has attempted to make practical application of these facts both in the prophylactic and curative treatment of these diseases.

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to Gen. Wm. M. Wherry, Dr. M. A. Brown, Dr. Alfred Friedlander, Dr. David I. Wolf stein, Dr. Max Dreyfoos, Dr. Frank H. Lamb, Dr. M. L. Heidingsfeld, and Dr. Samuel Iglauer for revision of manuscript, and to Dr. W. J. Graf for photographic work.

323 Broadway, Cincinnati.

Section I The Child Page

I. General Hygiene of Infancy and Childhood . . 1

Chief causes of death in infancy and childhood; general hygiene and care of infants and young children. II. Growth and Development . . . . . . 13

Weight during infancy and early childhood; height of child at different ages; head measurements; development of the spine and bony framework; muscular development; the special senses; the nervous system; the heat-regulating mechanism.

III. Examination of the Sick Child 28

Present illness; previous medical history; family history; physical examination; inspection; palpation; reflexes; percussion; auscultation; macroscopic and microscopic examination of intestinal discharges; tuberculin skin reactions; blood examinations; lumbar puncture ; radiography.

IV. Therapeutics of Infancy and Childhood ... 38

Drug administration by the mouth; inunctions; fresh air; hydrotherapy; hypodermoclysis ; nasal douche; stomach-washing ; rectal enemata ; rest-cure ; massage ; active and passive exercises; psychotherapy; vaccine therapy.

Section II The New-born

V. The Care of Premature Infants 62

Physiological peculiarities of the new-born; incubator; padded basket; feeding.

VI. Diseases of the New-Born . ' 69

Asphyxia neonatorum ; congenital atelectasis.

VII. Diseases of the New-Born (Continued) ... 75

Septic infection; dermatitis exfoliativa; erysipelas; ix tAPTER PAGE

hemorrhages in the new-born; diseases of the umbilicus; mastitis; Holt's inanition fever.

VIII. Diseases of the New-Born (Continued) ... 89

Tetanus neonatorum; icterus neonatorum; occlusion of the bile ducts in the new-born; other forms of icterus occurring in the new-born; ophthalmia neonatorum.

IX. Birth Injuries 97

Cephalhematoma; hematoma; birth palsies.

Section III Infant Feeding

X. Milk in Its Relation to Infantile Nutrition . . 100 Composition; digestibility, and relative importance of the various ingredients of milk.

XI. Human Breast Milk in Its Relations to Infant

Feeding 107

Composition of colostrum and human milk; how to determine wholesomeness of breast milk; how to modify its quantity and quality.

XII. Breast-Feeding 112

Principles underlying normal breast-feeding; mixed feeding; weaning; the wet-nurse.

XIII. Food Materials Used in the Artificial Feeding of

Infants 118

Clean raw cow's milk; sterilized milk; pasteurized milk; peptonized milk; buttermilk; Finkelstein's albumin milk; skim milk; whey; carbohydrates; proprietary foods; albumin water; meat preparations.

XIV. Artificial Feeding 129

Value of percentage feeding; calorimetric standard; principles underlying artificial feeding; home modification of milk; value of carbohydrate and alkaline diluents; feeding of difficult cases; laboratory method of modifying milk; diet of children as they grow older.

Section IV Diseases Of The Digestive System

XV. Dentition 144

The eruption of the temporary teeth; dentition as a pathological factor; permanent teeth.

CHAPTER

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXL XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

CONTENTS xi

PAGE

Stomatitis catarrhalis ; stomatitis aphthosa; stomatitis rnycosa; stomatitis ulcerosa; stomatitis gangrenosa.

Other Diseases of the Mouth and Diseases op the

Esophagus 154

Bednar's aphthae; perleche; elongated uvula; geographical tongue ; tongue-tie ; hare-lip ; esophagitis ; periesophageal abscess; branchial cysts.

Acute gastric indigestion; acute gastritis; dilatation of the stomach; ulcer of the stomach; acute gastroduodenitis ; congenital hypertrophy of the pylorus ; chronic gastritis.

Etiology and Preventive Treatment of the Intestinal

Disorders op Infancy 173

Acute Intestinal Indigestion 183

Food injuries; fat indigestion; sugar indigestion; protein indigestion.

Enteric Infection 189

Acute enterocolitis; cholera infantum.

Chronic Intestinal Indigestion 197

Chronic enterocolitis; infantile atrophy; marasmus; chronic intestinal indigestion in older children.

Chronic Constipation in Infancy and Congenital Dilatation of the Colon 204

Intestinal Parasites 210

Tape-worms ; round-worms ; thread-worms.

Intestinal Intussusception 219

Appendicitis 222

Peritonitis and Ascites 228

The Rectum and the Anus 233

Malformations ; polypi ; prolapse ; fissure of anus.

Section V Nutritional Disorders

XXIX. Rickets 237

XXX. Infantile Scurvy 246

XXXI. Diabetes Mellitus . . . ' 250

XXXII. Recurrent Vomiting, Recurrent Coryza and Migraine 251 Severe acid intoxication with gastroenteritis; recurrent corvza ; migraine.

Xll

Section VI Chapter

XXXIIL

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLL

XLIL XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PAGE

Fever 260

Typhoid Fever 267

Whooping Cough 287

Rubella, erythema infectiosum.

Variola . . . 345

Vaccinia; varicella.

Mumps 357

Acute Articular Rheumatism and Other Forms of

Arthritis . . , . 402

Section VII Diseases Of The Respiratory System

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

LII.

LIII.

Diseases of the Nasal Mucous Membrane . . . 411 Rhinitis; epistaxis; foreign bodies in the nose.

Acute follicular tonsillitis; Vincent's angina; chronic tonsillar hypertrophy; quinsy.

Diseases of Pharynx 424

Adenoids; acute retropharyngeal abscess.

Diseases of Larynx 429

Acute laryngitis; edema of the larynx; growths and foreign bodies in the larynx; congenital laryngeal stridor.

Bronchitis • . . 438

Acute catarrhal bronchitis; chronic bronchitis; membranous bronchitis.

Lobar Pneumonia 442

Pleurisy 470

Xlll

Section VIII Chapter

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

THE HEART

Congenital Heart Disease

Acute Endocarditis ....

Myocarditis and Acute Cardiac Dilatation

Chronic Valvular Disease

Functional Cardiac Disorders

Pericarditis . .

PAGE

484 489 494 498 506 509

Section IX Diseases Of The Blood And Ductless Glands

LXI. Simple Secondary Anemia . . . . . . 522

LXII. Pseudo-Leukemia of Infants 524

LXIII. Chlorosis . 526

LXIV. Pernicious Anemia 528

LXV. Leukemia 530

LXVI. Purpura . . ,531

LXVII. Hemophilia . .537

LXVIII. Hodgkin's Disease . 540

LXIX. Simple Adenitis . 542

LXX. Status Lymphaticus . . . . . . . 545

LXXI. Diseases of the Spleen ...... . 551

LXXII. Diseases of the Thyroid Gland 552

Sporadic cretinism.

Section X Diseases Of The Urogenital System

LXXIII.

LXXIV.

LXXV.

The Urine

Lithuria; indicanuria ; hematuria; hemoglobinuria;

acetonuria; physiological albuminuria; orthostatic

albuminuria.

Chronic Nephritis and Other Diseases of the Kidneys

Chronic diffuse nephritis; cystopyelitis ; tumors of the

kidney; hydronephrosis; perinephritis; dislocation of

the kidney.

XIV

CHAPTER

LXXVI.

LXXVIL

Diseases of the Genital Organs ....

Gonorrheal vulvovaginitis; simple vulvovaginitis; urethritis; adherent prepuce; phimosis; periphimosis ; undescended testicle; hypospadias; enuresis.

PSEUDOMASTURBATION IN INFANTS ....

PAGE

Section XI Diseases Of The Nervous System

LXXVIII.

LXXIX.

LXXX.

LXXXI.

LXXXII.

Infantile cerebral palsies; brain tumors; abscess of the brain; chronic internal hydrocephalus; meningocele; encephalocele ; hydrencephalocele ; idiocy.

Tuberculous meningitis; meningococcus meningitis; purulent meningitis.

Diseases of the Spinal Cord 641

Anterior poliomyelitis; myelitis; hereditary ataxia; spina bifida.

Diseases of Peripheral Nerves 661

Multiple neuritis; facial paralysis; progressive muscular dystrophy.

Disorders of sleep; eclampsia in infants and children; laryngismus stridulus; tetany in infancy and childhood; nystagmus; epilepsy; chorea; habit-spasm; pica; hysteria; headaches; asthma.

Section XIII Diseases Of The Skin

LXXXIV. Eczema and Other Skin Diseases ....

Eczema; urticaria; f urunculosis ; erythema multiforme; congenital icthyosis; impetigo contagiosa; pemphigus neonatorum; tinea tonsurans; scabies; pediculosis capillitii.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

PLATE FACING PAGE

I. The Moro tuberculin skin reaction 36 ''

II. Blood picture in dermatitis exfoliativa 79 y

III. The enanthem of measles (Koplik's spots) 335

IV. The von Pirquet tuberculin skin reaction 385 /

V. Scheme of the circulation of the blood in the fetus 483 /

VI. Blood pictures in von Jaksch's disease, and acute lymphatic

leukemia 525

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

FIGURE PAGE

1. Effect of electrical stimulation on the spinal ganglion of cat 12

2. The rate of growth in weight of dull, mediocre, and precocious

boys and girls 16

3. Bad position while writing 20, 21

4. Palpating spinal curvature 32

5. Percussion and auscultation position 33

6. Position for lumbar puncture 37

7. Fresh-air ward 44

8. Hypodermoclysis 47

9. Position for nasal douching 48

10. Stomach-washing 50

11. Temperature curve showing influence of artificial heat on prema-

ture infant 63

12. Padded basket for treatment of premature infants 67

13. Breck's feeding-tube 68

14. Schultze's method of artificial respiration 72

15. Blood chart in dermatitis exfoliativa 79

16. Umbilical hernia 86

17. Colostrum 108

18. Woman's milk 108

19. Weight chart breast-fed infant 114

20. Freeman's pasteurizer 121

21. Weight chart artificially fed infant 136

22. Thrush fungus 149

23. Stomatitis gangrenosa, before perforation 152

xv xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

24. Stomatitis gangrenosa, after perforation 152

25. Radiograph, pyloric stenosis 166

26. Congenital stenosis of the pylorus 167

27. Congenital stenosis of the pylorus, longitudinal section through

tumor mass 169

28. Temperature chart, gastroenteric infection, mild 189

29. Temperature chart, gastroenteric infection, severe 190

30. Casein curds 198

31. Infantile atrophy 199

32. Taenia saginata 211

33. Taenia solium 212

34. Ascaris lumbricoides 216

35. Egg of ascaris lumbricoides 216

36. Oxyuris vermicularis 218

37. Acute peritonitis position 230

38. Malformations of the rectum 233

39. Radiograph showing bony deformities in rickets 238

40. A case of rickets 239

41. Knock-knees and bow-legs 241

42. Temperature chart, typhoid fever, child 2 1 /£ years of age 270

43. Temperature chart, typhoid fever, child 6 years of age 271

44. Temperature chart, typhoid fever, child 10 years of age 272

45. Temperature chart, typhoid fever with relapses 274

46. Temperature chart, malarial fever 282

47. Temperature chart, pertussis and measles complicated by broncho-

pneumonia 290

48. Temperature chart, pharyngeal diphtheria treated with antitoxin. . 297

49. Temperature chart, laryngeal diphtheria treated by intubation. . . . 298

50. Chart showing decreased death rate from diphtheria under antitoxin 303

51. Intubation position 306

52. Temperature chart, scarlet fever, mild, child 12 years of age 319

53. Temperature chart, scarlet fever, severe, child 6 years of age 320

54. Chart showing mortality by age in 5,000 cases of scarlet fever. . . . 326

55. Temperature chart, measles, uncomplicated 336

56. Temperature chart, measles, complicated by bronchopneumonia;

died 337

57. Temperature chart, measles, complicated by bronchopneumonia;

recovered 338

58. Varicella eruption on the fourth day 355

59. Syphilitic dactylitis 365

60. "Hutchinson's teeth" 366

61. Bronchial and other lymph nodes mainly affected in tuberculosis . . 379

62. Radiograph, enlarged bronchial glands at right hilum 380

63. Pulmonary tuberculosis with left-sided pneumothorax..... 389

64. Ileopelvic lymphatic glands . „ „ 390

LIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S xvii

FIGURE PAGE

65. Anterior view of the cecum and appendix 391

66. Tuberculosis of the spine 392

67. Position in examination for adenoid growths 427

68. Retropharyngeal lymph glands 428

69. Radiograph of foreign body in right bronchus 436

70. Temperature chart, lobar pneumonia, child 2 years of age 445

71. Temperature chart, lobar pneumonia, child 4 years of age 446

72. Temperature chart, lobar pneumonia, child 10 years of age 447

73. Temperature chart, bronchopneumonia, mild 459

74. Temperature chart, bronchopneumonia, severe 460

75. Temperature chart, empyema following pneumonia 473

76. Temperature chart, empyema 474

77. Radiograph, pleural effusion in chest 476

78. James' apparatus for expanding the lung 481

79. Clubbing of the fingers in congenital heart disease 486

80. Radiograph of enlarged heart from mitral regurgitation 500

81. Radiograph of pericarditis with effusion : . 511

82. Diagram showing blood changes in a ease of purpura hemorrhagica 534

83. Position in palpating the spleen 551

84. Typical cretin, age 4 years 554

85. Same cretin after eight years of treatment 555

86. Sarcoma of the kidney 588

87. Genitourinary organs, embryo about five weeks 604

88. Genitourinary organs, embryo about nine weeks 605

89. Genitourinary organs 606

90. Hemiplegia from cerebral hemorrhage 612

91. Spastic diplegia 614

92. Idiopathic hydrocephalus 619

93. Meningocele, encephalocele, hydrencephalocele 621

94. Temperature chart, tuberculous meningitis - 629

95. Opisthotonos 633

96. Temperature chart, meningococcus meningitis 634

97. Temperature chart, pneumococcus meningitis 640

98. Temperature chart, acute anterior poliomyelitis 646

99. Deformities resulting from acute anterior poliomyelitis 647

100. Quadrupedal gait from acute anterior poliomyelitis 648

101. Hydrencephalocele and spina bifida 659

102. Progressive muscular dystrophy 667

103. Progressive muscular dystrophy 66S

104. Progressive muscular dystrophy 669

105. Impetigo contagiosa 731

106. Ringworm of the scalp 733

107. Pustular scabies of the hands 736

PEDIATRICS