The origin of Christian science, a key to the writings of Mary Baker G. Eddy

Dedication

To the memory of my mother, who lived and died in the faith that Jesus of Nazareth is the Way, the Truth and the Life, and who first taught me to love the Gospel and to hate heresy.

Contents

PREFACE ix.

Chapter I

Mrs. Eddy's claim of originality — Relation of Christianity and Christian Science — The original source of Christian Science — Neoplatonism and the Neoplatonists — Spinoza and other sources. Where what is new in Christian Science is to be found — Scientific method used — An objection anticipated.

CHAPTER II. Theology 33-73

General parallels — Christian Science a form of pantheism — The doctrine of emanation — Mrs. Eddy's god an impersonal god — Mrs. Eddy's god not an individual — All anthropomorphic conceptions ruled out — God a being without will — Certain kinds of knowledge denied to God — God exists in active state only — God does not suffer — God is without sympathy — God does not answer prayer — The indifferent deity of Christian Science.

Chapter III

The unreality of matter — Rejection of medicine — Rejection of the Lord's Supper — Rejection of the resurrection of the body — Instances in which Mrs. Eddy does not apply the principle of the unreality of matter — Other inconsistencies — Mind the creator of the world — Eternal character of creation — The world eternal — The creative act eternal — The world necessarily created — The perfection of the world — The harmony of all things — The beauty of the world — Miracles denied.

vi. The Origin of Christian Science,

Chapter IV

Preliminary explanations — The real man eternal and perfect — Definition of life — Its relation to eternity and time — Identification of certain ideas — Man identified with his maker — Man not a free agent — The fall of man interpreted as an ascent — Mrs. Eddy's doctrine compared with Hegel's — The explanation of the nature of Jesus Christ — Christ identified with mind — The resurrection of Christ not an objective fact but a spiritual truth — The trinity — Mrs. Eddy's estimate of herself.

Chapter V

Great value of parallels in psychology — One infinite mind — Relation of individual minds to the universal mind — A point of difference — A destructive defect — Nature of "immortal Mind" — It is ever active, never passive — Source of its knowledge — Its ideas eternal — It errs not and knows not error — Nature of error — Psychological basis of the

Christian Science trinity — Knowledge that proceeds from cause to effect — Inferior knowledge — Idea of time — Minimizing of faith — The human

will — Knowledge that proceeds from effect to cause — Hopeless inconsistencies — Love identified with understanding — Logical force of the parallels traced out — Hindrance of language — Identification of revelation and intellectual discovery — Mysticism — Predictive prophecy — Mathematical demonstration.

Chapter VI

Christian Science a philosophy, not a religion — Evil a negation — Material origin of evil — Origin of the idea of evil — God has no idea of evil — Pain and sickness explained as evil is — How Christian Science simplifies life — The virtues of tem-

Contents. vii.

perance, moral courage, love and sympathy — Desire and self-denial — Blessedness, salvation and

regeneration — The greatest good — Found in the fading out of personality — Conclusion. Bibliography 237-240

PREFACE,

For years I have been acquainted with Christian Science. It was, however, by accident that I discovered its source. Without intending to do so, I ran upon the very hatchery of it. Several years ago I formed the purpose of pointing out the Neoplatonic elements in the philosophy of Spinoza. In doing this I was compelled to study thoroughly both Spinoza and the Neoplatonists. Upon getting some accurate knowledge of their systems of philosophy I saw that Christian Science has much in common with them.

I then formed the purpose, so soon as that task was completed, of showing the dependence of Mrs. Eddy on the Neoplatonists. Without a suggestion from me, a friend who read the manuscript observed the kinship between Neoplatonism as therein presented and Christian Science, and encouraged me to do this work also. As I pursued it my surprise constantly increased, as I discovered more and more the identity of the multitudinous ideas of the two systems. It can be truthfully said that Christian Science is little more than Neoplatonism translated into English and adapted to our theological vocabulary.

The two tasks, the second of which would not have been possible without the first, have required much patient labor, and have been accomplished in the midst of many other duties and distracting cares, but not in haste. The work has, I think, been accurately done.

There is another reason why I have written this book. Christian Science embodies much of the subtlest infidelity of our time, such as is found in Unitarianism, Universalism, New Thought and Higher Criticism of the destructive type. It is proper that we give some attention to the breeding place

X. The Origin of Christian Science.

of these carriers of religious microbes that infect Christian life with so much poison. Beelzebub, ''the lord of flies," as the name signifies, is still sending forth his emissaries. Unbelief does not now say that Christ is Beelzebub, but on the contrary it says that the flies come from Christ and should be welcomed by us. When we discover the place whence they do come, we may be more inclined to screen our houses against them.

There are two false opinions of Christian Science. The one is cherished by its friends, namely, that it is an interpretation of and a development of Christianity; the other is held by its foes, namely, that it is a conglomeration of the crazy fancies of a distorted brain. Neither is true. Christian Ccience is a stream that rises in as high and pure a fountain of thought as the world has produced, except that it is pagan and not Christian.

The proof presented in this essay will be conclusive in proportion to one's accuracy of knowledge of Christian Science or Neoplatonism. Therefore it is especially and respectfully commended to all well-informed Christian Scientists, as well as to all others, whose minds are sufficiently developed to appreciate the "deep things" that are herein dealt with.

One criticism upon the manuscript has been made by friends. It is that the treatment is too abstruse for the popular mind. I fear that it may prove to be true but I hope for a better result. I am in a "strait betwixt two," plow deep and explain Christian Science, or scratch the surface and accomplish nothing. I have chosen the former. Christian Science is a profound philosophy. Its roots strike deep and we must dig deep to get at them. Those who understand Christian Science or who are tolerably versed in philosophy will be able to follow without difficulty the argument.

Introduction

By Rev. F. C. McConnell, D.D.

Dr. Stafford performed a duty to his fellow men, when he wrote this book. Few men are so well qualified as he, by nature and training, to accomplish such a task.

Dr. Stafford has been a careful student of philosophy and theology for more than a decade of years since he was graduated from one of our best institutions and pursued studies in one of the German universities.

It is but simple justice, to say that the book maintains throughout, the attitude of scholarly research and perfect fairness. It has not been the author's method to caricature, but to balance statement against statement, with the poise of a scholar who knows his ground and is familiar with the processes of thought, with which he deals, quoting correctly from sages and from modern scholars with equal facility, being versed in the Greek and the Latin tongues, in which the ancient authors wrote, and also in the German language in which are translations of their works.

Let it be remembered that it is not Dr. Stafford's immediate purpose to refute Christian Science. He has taken for his task the single object of showing where the founder of Christian Science and the Neoplatonists agree. And this he does show to be true of their ideas, their philosophy and often of their verbiage itself, even to the use of imagery and illustration. Parallel thoughts and statements are introduced with conclusions reached, alike in both Neoplatonism and Christian Science, covering so completely the whole range of xii. The Origin of Christian Science.

the writings of Mrs. Eddy that an irresistible conviction is produced, that the author of Christian Science borrowed from the Neoplatonists, with here and there a flavor from Spinoza.

Interest in these parallels is sustained and heightened to the last page of the book. A few parallel passages, here and there, might not excite comment, but when all the essential body of the system of Christian Science, covering the whole range of cosmology, psychology, theology and philosophy, is traceable to these Grecian philosophers, as Dr. Stafford shows, there is but one conclusion possible.

The very delightful style of Dr. Stafford makes the book attractive from the beginning to the end; and the exceeding generosity of the author toward the founder and the advocates of the cult whose sources he traces, challenges the good will of the reader from page to page.

Dr. Stafford discloses the true nature of Christian Science in such a lucid manner, as to make his work desirable to those who care to know about the system whether friendly or opposed to the teachings of its author.

Few men who are capable of such intricate research could have sustained the good spirit and impartial fairness which are everywhere manifest. If Christian Science should live to need a history, or dying, want posthumous genealogy, or if one would now understand its true nature, let this book be commended.

The author has given to the book the title: "The Origin of Christian Science'' — "A Key to the Writings of Mary Baker G, Eddy.'' The title, with the subscription, is itself explanatory of the plan of the treatment. Parallel passages are produced and quoted, with citations made in footnotes to the authors from which they come. And these are compared with the writings of Mrs. Eddy on

Introduction. xiii.

the same subjects. Since the author of Christian Science claims to have given a key to the sacred Scriptures, it is but fitting that one who knows, should furnish a key to her writings. Dr. Stafford has shown that Plato was the manufacturer of that *'key" and has prior claim, and that he never thought of connecting it with the revelation sent down from heaven. He has also traced the course of those who have temporized with that "key" from Plato's day down through the centuries until Mrs. Eddy seized it and attempted to thrust it into the lock of eternity.

Our debt to Dr. Stafford is enhanced by the clearness with which he has presented a very abstruse subject. The mysteries of human life are so deep and so little known that many people are helpless in the hands of those who would lead them. Witness those who resort to spiritism, mind-reading, fortune-telling and what not. Dr. Stafford has laid bare the very abstruse subjects involved in Platonic philosophy and Christian Science in such a way as to make them clear to all who seek to know the truth. He has shown by irrefutable evidence that Christian Science is a key which locks God out of his word and locks Jesus Christ out of his blood-bought kingdom.

This key opens a door outward, where Plato and Plotinus and Proclus and Spinoza roam in the limitless unreal, but never can it open the door into the Father's house of many mansions.

Chapter I. The Problem And The Proof

One of the most remarkable movements of modern times is Christian Science. It claims hundreds of thousands of adherents. It has gone into many lands. It has made converts of the rich and the poor, the educated and the illiterate, of the mighty and the meek. When we note that it has accomplished this in the brief period of less than fifty years and consider the radical character of its teaching, affecting profoundly its followers religiously, medically, socially, and intellectually, we are the more ready to wonder at its rise and progress.

Christian Science is associated with the name of Mary Baker G. Eddy. She claims to be the discoverer and founder of it. And this claim is reiterated by all loyal Christian Scientists. No decrees issuing from the Vatican have found a more ready response from loyal subjects than the expressed will of Mrs. Eddy ; and no Pope, it seems, has assumed such sublime right to give commandments to mankind.

I am concerned in this essay with only one thing, namely, Mrs. Eddy's claim to be the discoverer and founder of Christian Science. The ability of Mrs. Eddy can be and, I think, should be freely conceded. In fact she has proved herself to be a genius. Her moral character too has stood very well the fierce fires of criticism, though there are some things in her history and some qualities in her disposition that are not flattering. These matters, however, weigh nothing as concerns the question before us in this discussion, namely, the original source of the principles of Christian Science,

Mrs. Eddy's claim expressed in her own language is as follows. She says: '*It was in Massachusetts in February, 1866, and after the death of the magnetic doctor, Mr. P. P. Quimby, whom Spiritualists would associate therewith, but who was in no wise connected with this event, that I discovered the Science of divine Metaphysical Healing, which I afterwards named Christian Science. The discovery came to pass in this way. During twenty years prior to my discovery I had been trying to trace all physical effects to a mental cause; and in the latter part of 1866 I gained the scientific certainty that all causation was Mind, and every effect a mental phenomenon." ^ Continuing to explain she says: "I then withdrew from society about three years, — to ponder my mission, to search the Scriptures, to find the Science of Mind, that should take the things of God and show them to the creature and reveal the great curative Principle, — Deity." ' Speak-

^ Retros. and Intros. p. 38. =* Retros. and Intros. p. 39.

Note — The abbreviations, figures, etc., of the footnotes will be understood by an investigation of the Bibliography.

ing again and in many places of this discovery, she says: **In following these leadings of scientific revelation, the Bible was my only textbook" ; ' "No human pen nor tongue taught me the science contained in this book" ; ' "I have found nothing in ancient or modern systems on which to found my own, except the teachings and demonstrations of our great Master and the lives of prophets and apostles. The Bible has been my only authority. I have had no other guide in the straight and narrow way of Truth" ; ' ''Science is an emanation of divine Mind, and is alone able to interpret God aright. It has a spiritual and not a material origin. It is a divine utterance";* "He (Christ) left no definite rule for demonstrating the Principle of healing and preventing disease. This rule remained to be discovered in Christian Science" ; ' "The Scriptures gave no direct interpretation of the scientific basis for demonstrating the spiritual Principle of healing until our Heavenly Father saw fit, through the Key to the Scriptures in Science and Health to unlock this mystery of godliness" ; * "The revelation of Truth in the understanding came to me gradually and apparently through divine power" ; ' "To one 'born of the flesh*, however. Divine Science must be a dis-

covery. Woman must give it birth";' "All Science is a revelation."' How Mrs. Eddy can regard anything as being both a discovery and a revelation will be explained under the discussion of her psychology. Such terms are not inconsistent for her. She uses the adverb, "apparently," not to express doubt but desirable modesty.

It is a daring claim that Mrs. Eddy makes and the way in which it is declared is most interesting. Nothing in all that Mrs. Eddy has written is so satisfactory and so unsatisfactory as this, so frank and so elusive. Read the statements carefully and see if they are not self -contradictory. What books or authorities was she studying during the twenty years before she discovered the principle of metaphysical healing, after which discovery she turned to the Scriptures? Since she confesses that Christ left no definite rule for demonstrating the principle of healing, how could the Bible be her only authority and "guide in the 'straight and narrow way' of Truth"? And if this "rule remained to be discovered in Christian Science", which came to her as a divine revelation, has Christian Science a fundamental rule that was not taught by Christ? If so how can Christian Science be founded on "the teachings and demonstrations of our great Master and the lives of prophets and apostles"? Mrs. Eddy confesses that the "definite rule for demonstrating the Principle of healing and preventing disease" is not in the teachings of Christ, but is in Christian Science. Now this rule is a fundamental principle of Christian Science. It is the principle Mrs. Eddy claims to have discovered after twenty years of searching. "In following these leadings of scientific revelations," she says, "the Bible was my only text-book." But whence did she get "these leadings" in the following of which the Bible became her guide?

But I need not so soon anticipate the line of argument. Look again at the language of this remarkable claim and see that these three things are clearly affirmed.

1. That Mrs. Eddy is the discoverer and founder of Christian Science.

2. That the Bible was her authority for the system.

3. That she was not influenced by any other authorities.

I undertake in this essay to prove that Mrs. Eddy's claim in all three counts just specified is false. If I show that she was influenced by others fundamentally, so much as to do little more than to reproduce their system, then I disprove the third proposition and show that the first and main element of her claim, namely, that she is the discoverer and founder of Christian Science, has no truth in it. If I show that the principles of Christian Science are in a system that is not only non-Christian and pagan but anti-Christian, a system that was inspired by those who wanted to resist the spreading tide of Christianity, then I disprove the second point of her claim. Mrs. Eddy's language suggests her mental process and a plan of procedure for us in our investigation. She says that "in the latter part of 1866 I gained the scientific certainty that all causation was Mind and every effect a mental phenomenon." This she claims was a great discovery, but it is no new doctrine. Armed with this theory and the many views logically connected with it in a philosophic system which Christian Science is little more than a reproduction of, Mrs. Eddy turned to the Bible and studied it three years. For what? To read this philosophy into it.

The prudence of Mrs. Eddy kept her from claiming that she found in the Bible the "scientific certainty that all causation was Mind and every effect a mental phenomenon". This is that "definite rule" that was "discovered in Christian Science". But what one may not get out of the Bible she may put into it. As a result we have ''Key to the Scriptures". If any one doubts Mrs. Eddy's genius let him study this specimen of verbal and mental gynmastics. If she had been equally gifted for physical feats, the moon would have been a plaything for her. It is amazing that any number of persons can take this performance, this caricature, seriously. But necessity is the mother of invention. Mrs. Eddy had to get her system into the Bible or fail. It would not do to tell sick people that she could cure them by the metaphysics of a pagan philosophy. So she worked her ideas into the Bible and very naturally what she gets in she can get out. It should be said, however, as a matter of truth, that there are some ideas common to Christianity and Christian Science. This is only natural and what any one might expect. The same is true also of Christianity and Buddhism. But these similarities are accidental. The two religions are essentially different. So, too, there are a number of similarities between Christianity and Platonism and consequently between Christianity and Neoplatonism. And these are those similarities which appear between Christianity and Christian Science. But these similarities, I repeat, are accidental ; that is, they do not belong to the genius of the two systems.

For example, Mrs. Eddy teaches the selfexistence of God and says certain pretty things about it, quoting legitimately God's word to Moses at the ''burning bush", '7 am that I am". ' Now this truth is taught in the Bible. It is implied in the favorite name for God in the Old Testament, Yahweh, improperly transliterated in King James' version, Jehovah. But this conception of God was well proclaimed by Philo, who tried to harmonize Plato and the Old Testament, ' and was taught by the Neoplatonists ; and it would seem to be a necessary belief of every man who turns his reason to religion. Let it be said also in this connection that Philo's attempt to interpret the Old Testament according to Plato was a pre-

' Ueberweg's Geschichte der Philosophie, Vol. I p. 356.

natal preparation for Christian Science. It is not my purpose to meddle with the Quimby question. Whether or not Mrs. Eddy was influenced by P. P. Quimby does not affect the contention herein made. One thing is certain, Quimby was not the originator of the principles of Christian Science. That Mrs. Eddy got many of her ideas from him is well established. ' But I am concerned with the original source of them. If Quimby had them where did he get them? To answer this question is the problem.

And let it be stated without further delay that Christian Science is a system of ideas or philosophic principles. A philosophic system is a body of doctrines or a collection of conceptions that are logically related and interdependent. Let no one hastily conclude that Christian Science is a jumble of notions thrown together by a fanciful and unsystematic mind, or, as one puts it, "unorganized speculation". ' It is speculation but not unorganized speculation. Many are bewildered when they attempt to understand Christian Science and are offended at what appears to be glaring inconsistencies. I do not deny that it contains irreconcilable inconsistencies. But many of the inconsistencies complained at are only apparent and are the result of not understanding Mrs. Eddy's standpoint. If we grant her principles we must grant

Cf. several articles in McClure's Magazine for 1907 by Georgine Milmine, especially the one in the Feb. No.

Rev. O. P. Gifford in Review and Expositor, Vol. VIII No. 2, p. 196.

most of her conclusions and admit that her application of them is in general legitimate. Mrs. Eddy realized this and so do all well-informed Christian Scientists. So they urge us to study her teachings much and carefully. Christian Science is a metaphysical system, as Mrs. Eddy claims ; and, as all students of metaphysics know, such a body of ideas must be carefully studied before one can have even an intelligent opinion as to it.

My purpose is to show that the metaphysical principles of Christian Science are a reproduction of those of Neoplatonism. How Mrs. Eddy came upon them I do not know and I do not care. Others may investigate that question. I am concerned with establishing a fact, not with how the fact came to be. Mrs. Eddy was aware of Neoplatonism as a historical event, and had some knowledge of its religious character. '

Neoplatonism, as the word indicates, is a modified form of Plato's philosophy. It is also an application of the principles of Platoism to religion; that is, pagan religion. Christianity has felt its influence; but a zeal to revive paganism and to re-establish its power caused Neoplatonism to rise and reign for several centuries. It is perhaps the most powerful philosophical system that was ever given to the world.

The honor of originating this system is attributed to Ammonius Saccas, a teacher of Alexandria, who flourished in the first part of the third century after Christ. Almost nothing is known of him ; and he probably would have been entirely forgotten had it not been for his brilliant pupil, Plotinus, the real founder of Neoplatonism. He was born in Alexandria about the year 205 A. D. He came to Rome in the year 244, where his lectures were received with great enthusiasm. He died in 270. Plato and Aristotle have had no follower whose thought is more penetrating or more sublime.

The next greatest name among the Neoplatonists, the one after whose death the school rapidly declined, is Proclus, who lectured at Athens. He died in 485. For breadth of learning, for productiveness, for brilliancy of imagination, for analytical ability, for gifts for systematizing his thoughts, for finished, scholarly productions, we shall hardly find his equal. He was a literary genius.

There are two other great names second only to Plotinus and Proclus, namely, Porphyry, the pupil and great admirer of Plotinus, and lamblichus, the pupil of Porphyry. The former was a popular expounder of the views of Plotinus; the latter was a fluent orator and religious enthusiast.

After these five great names, the founders and builders of the structure, there come a host of others who have worked upon it and given it the touch of their genius. I mention Julian the Emperor of Rome, called the Apostate, Syrianus, the predecessor and teacher of Proclus, Olympiodorius

(the younger) , Marinus, Simplicius and the Christians, Synesius and Boethius. Boethius was a Christian who subscribed to certain Neoplatonic principles, as many Christian theologians have done. Synesius was a Neoplatonist who adopted the Christian faith. He was more a philosopher than a Christian. The anti-Christian character of Neoplatonism is manifest in the fact that the Emperor Julian, who was mad against Christianity, was an enthusiastic supporter and defender of it. lamblichus was his teacher and guide.

Neoplatonism is, I repeat, one of the mightiest metaphysical systems that have been given to the world. Though it is a purely rational view of the universe and was at first inspired to defeat Christianity, by virtue of its intellectual power it affected profoundly scholastic theology. And not a few remains of it linger in modern theology and the "old" psychology. It professed to be unmaterialistic, spiritual and intellectual, as Christian Science does.

We shall find in Christian Science certain features that show a modified or developed form of Neoplatonism. For example, Mrs. Eddy's conception of Christ, and of Christian theology in general, is in the main the same as Spinoza's, the great Jewish philosopher and the world's greatest pantheist. Now Spinoza did little more in his philosophy than to reproduce Neoplatonism and his teaching as to Christ is a forging of him into the Neoplatonic mould. He could not deny his historical reality. But he could attempt to explain him according to his philosophy. Mrs. Eddy, with the aid of the same philosophy, makes the same disposal of him. The refined and scholarly infideUt^^ of our age owes more to Spinoza and to David Hume, the great English historian and empirical philosopher, than to all other persons combined.

That Mrs. Eddy borrowed from Bishop Berkeley or David Hume is a most superficial suggestion. That she resembles Ralph Waldo Emerson is true, for he is little more than a Neoplatonist. That she has reproduced ideas of certain German philosophers, as Fichte and Hegel, is also true, many of whose conceptions were also Neoplatonic. '

That Mrs. Eddy's system is derived from Indian philosophy, Brahmanism and Buddhism, is rather a guess, the general points of similarity thereto being also in Neoplatonism. '

That Mrs. Eddy is dependent on Plato is obvious to all who are acquainted with the thought of both. But it is Platonism as developed and modified by the Nepolatonists, that is, Platonism as used to characterize theology, that we find in Christian Science. Christian Science is an offshoot, that is, a sucker, of Platonism.

Again this, the mightiest thinker of the world, rises before us in a modern theological movement. The world has not yet freed itself

* Cf. Retros. and Intros. p. 55.

'Cf. The Pagan Invasion. Article in 8t. Louis Christian Advocate, March 27, 1912, by Rev. S. H. Walnright, D.D.

from his moulding mind. If one imagines that Christian Science is a jumble of wild fancies or wonders that it has won to itself so many followers of varying degrees of intelligence, it will be of benefit to him to know that Plato, from whom so many philosophic systems good, bad, and indifferent, have sprung, is in the background of tliis system also. Yes, no less a person than Plato stands there, at first in dim outline, but growing more distinct the longer we look, though Mrs. Eddy is unwilling that anyone should see him there. ' However, she does give to him the honor of dimly discernmg Christian Science. '

If there is one thing new in Christian Science it is the application of Plato's principle, that matter is unreal, to the healing of the body. Plato, it may be supposed, was smart enough to see that, if the body is unreal, the healing of it is unreal in the same sense in which the body is. It does not take much of a philosopher to see that. If the unreality of matter means the non-existence of the body, as Mrs. Eddy argues, then it is illogical to speak of the healing of the body at all, for what does not exist cannot be sick nor healed. Surely this world-conquering thinker could see that, too. So, it may be, he concluded not to be troubled about therapeutics. Mrs. Eddy, however, could not thus compose her mind. "Aching voids" or painful non-entities were of great concern to her. But notwithstanding all Mrs. Eddy's talk