Five missionary minutes

Front matter

FIVE MISSIONARY INUTES

EIBST SERIES

)RGE H. TRULL

PART II MATERIAL FOR FIFTY-TWO SUNDAYS Arrangement of the Material 22

Presentation of the Material 25

FIRST QUARTER

1. Scripture Introduction. Genesis i. 1; John iii. 16 — The Verses that Led to Neesima's (Nee'-si-ma) Conversion (Japan) 25

2. Field Item. A Dramatic Close to a Prayer Meeting (Home Missions) 27

3. Prayer Introduction. Repeating and Praying the Lord's Prayer (Porto Rico) 28

4. Scripture Introduction. Psalm xci — Facing Death Without Flinching (China) 29

5. Hymn Introduction. All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name (Africa) 30

6. Field Item. Treating Dyspepsia in Korea . . .30

7. Scripture Introduction. Matthew xxviii. 19, 20 — A Command and a Promise (Africa) 31

vii viii Contents

PAGE

8. Field Item. An Indian Defends the Bible (Home Missions 33

9. Field Item. How an African Witch Doctor was Put out of Business 34

10. Prayer Introduction. The Lord's Prayer Amended (General) . 35

11. Recruiting for Service by a Hymn Introduction. Speed Away, Speed Away on Your Mission of Light . 36

12. Book Announcement. Foreign Mission Volume, The Days of June 38

13. Field Letter (Alaska). Typical Letter from a Present-day Home Missionary 40

SECOND QUARTER

14. Field Item. The Cooking Stove in Davy's Head (Home Missions) 43

15. Giving, First Sunday. How the Native Christians Give. Illustrations from Africa, Alaska, and China . 44

16. Giving, Second Sunday. How the Native Christians Give. Illustrations from India, Laos, Southern Mountaineers in North America, and from Korea . . .47

17. Giving, Third Sunday. Why I Should Give to Missions — Seven Word Pictures 52

18. Giving, Fourth Sunday. Kingdom Day — Subscription Pledges to Missions . . . ' . . .54

19. Recruiting for Service by a Field Item. A Gift of Days (Korea) . . 56

20. Recruiting for Service by a Field Item. A Boy Follows His Dollar to the Mission Field (India) . . .57

21. Field Item. The Romantic Story of the First Foreign Missionaries of the Korean Church . . . .59

22. Book Announcement. Home Mission Volume, Down

23. Field Letter (China). Typical Letter from a Present-day Foreign Missionary 62

24. Hymn Introduction and Scripture. Onward, Christian Soldiers— Revelation vii. 9-17 65

25. Temperance Item. Where Liquor is Currency and Children are Pawned for Drink (Africa) . . . 66

26. Field Item. An Immigrant's Life Story (Home Missions) ' . . .67

Contents ix

THIRD QUARTER

PAGE

27. Scripture Introduction. Isaiah liii. 3-7; John iii. 14-18 —Hearing the Crucifixion Story for the First Time (Home Missions) 69

28. Recruiting for Service by Suggesting Definite Activity. Utilizing Waste Material (China, India, Korea) . . 70

29. Field Item. Bible Study under Difficulties (Brazil) . 73

30. Scripture Introduction and Prayer. Numbers xxxii. 23; Proverbs xxviii. 13— The Influence of a Stolen Bible (Lndia) - . 73

31. Hymn Introduction. Throw Out the Life Line (Home Missions) 75

32. Field Letter, Canada. Typical Letter from a Missionary Magazine 76

33. Report on Missionary Investments. The Boy Who Wanted to Know about the Returns . . . .79

34. Scripture Introduction and Hymn. Psalm xxxiv. 4-7 ; Psalm cxxiv— Psalms of the Besieged at Peking. Hymn, Peace, Perfect Peace (China) . . . .80

35. Prayer Introduction. ' Kedo hapsata " Let Us Pray (Korea) 81

36. Book Announcement Home and Foreign Mission Volume, Adventuies with Four Footed Folk . . 82

37. Field Item. An Appeal that Brought the Church

in Honan to Independence (Korea) ' . . .83

38. Temperance Item. Indians Whom Fire Water Could Not Tempt 84

39. Field Item. A Laos Evangelist Tears His Bible in Pieces 85

FOURTH QUARTER

40 Field Item. Idolatry Transplanted in North America 87

41. Scripture Introduction. Matthew xiv. 13-21— Feeding

the Hungry (India) ...... 88

42. Hymn Introduction From Greenland's Icy Mountains 89

43. Prayer Introduction. A Prayer for David Livingstone (Africa) .... 90

44. Book Announcement Home Mission Volume, An American Bride in Porto Rico 91 x Contents

PAGE

45. Recruiting for Service by a Scripture Introduction. John iv. 35 ; Matthew ix. 38 ; Mark xvi. 15— Three Statements of Jesus Regarding Missions (General) . 92

46. Field Letters. Typical Ones from Great Missionaries 95

47. Field Item. Grit Wins an Education (Negro, Home Missions) 100

48. Temperance Item. A South African Chief Advocates Temperance 103

49. Prayer Introduction. Talking with God (Syria) . 105

50. Scripture Introduction. 1 Kings xviii. 25-46 — An Ancient and a Modern Drought Broken (China) . . 105

51. Field Item. A Navajo (Na'-va-ho) Rite Between Sunset and Dawn (Home Missions) .... 107

52. Hymn Introduction. How Firm a Foundation (China) 109

Part III Material For Special Days

Sunday Nearest New Year. The Korean Way of

Turning over a New Leaf on New Year . . . 110 Easter Sunday. Suwartha's First Easter Day . . 110 Children's Day. Erecting the Family Altar . . 113

Empire Day (July First) or Independence Day (July

Fourth.) The Boy Who Honored the Flag . . .114 World's Temperance Sunday. Bishop Whipple and

the Indian's Fire- Water 114

Peace Sunday. Swords Become Plowshares and Spears

Pruning Hooks 115

Sunday Nearest Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving Day

in Central Africa 116

Sunday Nearest Christmas.

Christmas an Unknown Day to a Missouri Settler . 117

Santa Claus in Korea 118

Index 119

Preface

Sufficient missionary material has been collected in this volume for fifty-two Sundays in the year. It is arranged for use in the Sunday-school from the desk, either directly in connection with Scripture, prayer, and hymns, or otherwise during the opening or closing periods. It has been prepared for what is often termed the " Main School," that is, for grades above the Primary. Much of it can be adapted, however, to the needs of any particular grade.

All of the items are brief, requiring not more than three to five minutes a Sunday for presentation. Unity of theme for the entire year has not been attempted.

It is not desirable in a single year to use a greater variety of topics than is here presented. It is hoped that a later volume will give, in addition to some of the features of the present one, such additional topics as Map Drills, Stories, Impersonations, and similar material.

The subject-matter in this volume is arranged for use in schools that have either the Uniform or Graded Sunday School Lessons.

George H. Trull.

New York, March 25, 1912.

CHAPTER I MISSIONARY EDUCATION EVERY SUNDAY Missionary Education Essential

One of the leading aims of the Sunday-school is to develop Christian character. Missionary instruction is an essential part of such training, and must therefore be provided in such ways as the needs of the local school demand. Because missions are so intimately and vitally related to Bible study, prayer, singing, giving, personal service, temperance, and other subjects dealt with in the Sunday-school, the topic can be introduced in a natural and normal way practically every week, as an integral part of the session. It should never be " tacked on " or " lugged in ; " its place is fundamental.

Missions Essentially Unique

Missionary instruction cannot be regarded in exactly the same way as are some other subjects in the curriculum, such as temperance teaching, Bible geography, Bible history, Church history, instruction in Church doctrine and polity. These subjects, important and necessary, do not, however, suggest the spirit in which, or the standpoint from which, every lesson should be taught. Missions is really the central theme of the Bible, so that whatever part of it is studied, whether historical, poetical, prophetical, or doctrinal, it should be approached in the spirit of one who desires spiritual truth for the purpose of fitting him to find his place and to do his duty in the expanding kingdom of God. For this reason we are not only warranted, but compelled, to plan for missionary education for the entire year.

Missions Must be Introduced Normally

Missions every Sunday does not mean the revolutionizing and complete overturning of the Sunday-school session, but rather the introduction of the missionary idea into the regular opening or closing period of worship in a normal way. The purpose is not to show how ingeniously the missionary idea can be brought forward, but how naturally it is related to the development of spiritual life, and how aptly it fits into the regular session.

Five-Minutes-a-Sunday Method

Owing to the brevity of time of the Sunday-school session, and the lack of facilities for more intensive and effective work, the plan of missionary instruction presented in this volume is the only one that is feasible in a very large number of Sunday-schools. It is hoped, however, that the Sunday-school that uses this " five-minutes-a-Sunday method" for a year or more, will be led in due time to undertake in certain classes or departments, at least, more thorough mission study.

Its Advantages

Some very distinct advantages of the " five-minutesa- Sunday method " are apparent.

1. It is simple but effective.

2. It does not require extensive preparation.

3. The items are very brief.

4. There is great variety of material.

5. There is much variety of presentation.

6. It produces definite missionary impression through

consecutive presentation of missionary facts.

7. It will also help to remove prejudice to missionary instruction in the Sunday-school; for it proves not only how interesting missions are, but how intimately they are related to the Christian life.

The Missionary Five Minutes a Variable Period in the Session

Emphasis should be laid upon the fact that there should not be a special and set five-minute period for the presentation of missionary material, always at the same hour, say at 9.35 a.m., or 10.40 a.m., or 3.15 p.m. every Sunday. This will defeat the very aim to make missionary, education normal. By the Five Missionary Minutes we mean rather a brief period allotted from week to week at different times for the introduction of the missionary idea. Sometimes this may be in the opening period of worship, sometimes in the closing. The five minutes or less will be utilized whenever the material in hand can be most effectively presented.

CHAPTEE II

MISSIONS IN THE WOKSHIP OF THE SUNDAY SCHOOL

The worship of the Sunday-school ordinarily includes the singing of hymns, prayer, the reading of Scripture, and the presentation of offerings. The aim of this book is to introduce through these features the missionary idea in a natural way.

Missionary Introductions to Hymns and Missionary Hymns

In addition to the specific missionary hymns to be found in most hymnals, many other hymns have a broad missionary significance because of their relation to certain events in Church or mission history. To call attention to these incidents when announcing the hymn will help the pupils to enter into the situation, and, therefore, to appreciate its missionary bearing. This is

Whn S r7V y a m j ssionar y "hymn introduction"

Who can fail ever afterward to associate the stnr;«U

connected with "All hail the power of tsus' nlm T»

Onward Christian soldiers," and "How firm a

foundation/' related on pages 30, 65, and To9 when

once they have been told? '

Missionary Introductions to Prayer

. The Church as a whole and its individual members in particular need to give much larger place to Intercessory prayer Training in this form of prayer should be given m the Sunday-school. The sphere of much

hmfted n0 ^l 0ffered ^ the rf age ^day-school "too S w L B } e T n f s a l e as ^d upon the local school and tta7lt the d / y '- bu V the s y sto »atic presentation of fempkted ^ **" PUWiC prayer is not con "

. To engage in intelligent intercessory prayer for missions one must enlarge his missionary knowledge, Zd on the other hand, an acquaintance with thi farts needs, and conditions will stimulate intercessory prayer and, at the same time, the devotional life

In the Prayer Introductions that follow in Part II some brief missionary incidents are so given as to lead

Sr tU l?K y a " d direC l ly t0 PW. While due re gard should be given to the development of systematic prayer for great world topics, it must be remeXred

S?l ^^T f ° r ^\ na ' fOT exam P le > in the abstract will never be as vital as to pray for some particular individual in China, or some form of work presented n a concrete incident. The value of Prayer Introduc-

X°fl„% ' ther J^ ore > m . thei * concreteness, so that definite prayer follows logically.

• T D 6 ? S f T ? theSe missi onary Introductions to Prayer in Part II is not meant to take the place of the denominational or interdenominational prayer cvcles

n^v., P T de apla - n f °, r b0th ^stematic and definite prayer. _ Denominational cycles can be obtained from the various Mission Boards, and interdenominational prayer cycles, at ten cents each, from the Missionary

Education Movement, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City, and the Student Volunteer Movement, 125 East 27th Street, New York City. In the Appendix to the Rev. Andrew Murray's Ministry of Intercession will be found an excellent cycle entitled " Pray without Ceasing." It can be had in leaflet form from the Fleming H. Eevell Co., New York, at 3 cents a copy, 35 cents a dozen.

Missionary Introductions to Scripture Lessons

In the Sunday-schools that use the Uniform Lessons the Scripture passage in the worship of the school is usually the Uniform Lesson for the day, or some parallel passage relating to it, or an entirely different passage selected by the superintendent. With the increasing use of Graded Lessons many of the schools are adopting the last-mentioned course. Either consecutive Scripture is read from week to week, or a selected passage is chosen for the day.

The use of the selected passage not only gives variety, but the superintendent can determine the particular message he desires to enforce by means of the Scripture lessons. As in the case of the hymns, many passages of Scripture not distinctly missionary in content have a missionary significance because of their connection with missionary events or incidents. It is just here that the Missionary Introductions to Scripture passages presented in this book furnish to the superintendent selected material which he can use to convey a missionary impression.

Missionary Education Through Giving

Kingdom Day is a title which has been applied to that Sunday in the year when the Sunday-school takes its annual pledges for missionary offerings on the weekly or monthly basis. The observance of such a day in every Sunday-school is strongly urged. Whether such a day is observed or not, surely the school should be given constant opportunity to contribute to missionary and other benevolent causes. The incidents on

Giving contained in Part II have all been grouped together with a view to leading up through successive Sundays to Kingdom Day. The interest thus aroused should lead to some definite consecration of money by members of the school. Care must be exercised not to arouse interest without providing and suggesting proper and adequate expression.

Schools that have not adopted systematic giving with the use of individual pledges should correspond with their denominational Mission Board regarding plans and methods.

In schools where Kingdom Day and individual pledge cards are not in use, the items under Giving may be reported as incentives to the school to give generously to missions by whatever financial plan the offerings are received.

It is important that definite reports should be made from time to time to the school regarding the disbursement of the money. If your school is contributing to some specific work at home or abroad, you should receive from your Mission Board letters three or four times a year telling about the work. If your school is contributing to the general work of your Board, some brief report should be made occasionally, showing the use of the money that has been contributed. How to introduce such a report is told on page 79.

CHAPTEE III PEKSONAL SEKVICE

Church Membership Must be Trained for Service

The development of Christian character demands that the individual should engage in some form of personal Christian service. To express oneself entirely by proxy tends to dwarf spiritual growth and to atrophy spiritual energies. Many Christians, instead of engaging in personal Christian work and testimony, have come to regard these as the particular work of evangelists or pastors. The consequence is that we have to-day in America largely an untrained Church. If the Church is to fulfil its true mission, it cannot content itself with training a few individuals here and there for leadership and activity. It must address itself to the larger task of training its entire membership for effective service.

Missionary Education Directs into Service

One of the chief values, therefore, of missionary education in the Sunday-school is that it directs the energies of the young people into definite forms of Christian service, — to visit the sick, to carry flowers to the shut-ins, to bring happiness into the life of the desolate and afflicted, to secure members for the Sunday-school and church, and to send boxes of clothing, toys, and other articles to the mission field. These are a few of the many forms of Christian service which may be engaged in.

Utilization of Waste Material

One of the most practical forms of useful missionary activity is the sending to the mission fields such waste material as Primary picture cards, the quarterly picture rolls, illustrated story papers and magazines, scrap-books, picture post-cards, all of which should be in good condition and not broken or soiled. The World's Sunday School Association has established at its office, 1415 Mailers Building, Chicago, Illinois, the Department for the Utilization of Waste Material, and by writing to its Superintendent at the address just given, you will be put in touch at once with some missionary on the field at home or abroad to whom you can send your waste material. Be sure to mention your denomination in full.

Reports of Personal Service Stimulate Activity and Worship

These various activities in which pupils may engage will be suggested either by the teachers to their classes, or by the superintendent to the school as a whole, or by both. To express an appeal for personal service, to state a method of work, or to give a report of some- . thing done may produce responses from the pupils, when mention of these things is made, which will constitute a very high type of religious worship. This justifies the mention of these things in the worship periods of the Sunday-school session.

In addition to this feature of worship in the Sunday-school session, it must be remembered that the actual engaging in personal service is also an act of worship. There are a few specific suggestions in this connection under the caption " Recruiting for Service/ 7 in Part II, such as items for the eleventh, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-eighth, and forty-fifth Sundays, and the leader will doubtless see on other Sundays opportunities for similar emphasis.

CHAPTER IV

MISSIONARY MISCELLANY

In addition to the specific items mentioned in Chapter II under " Missions in the Worship of the Sunday-school," the opening and closing periods afford opportunity for presenting large variety of other missionary material, such as Field Items, Book and Magazine Announcements, Field Letters.

Field Items

One day Bishop Selwyn of New Zealand, while visiting Judge Patteson in England, " said, half in playfulness and half in earnest : ' Lady Patteson, will you give me Coley? ' She started, but did not say no; and when, independently of this, her son told her that it was his greatest desire to go with the bishop, she replied that if he kept that wish when he grew up he should have her blessing and consent." Years afterward Coleridge Patteson joined Bishop Selwyn in his labors in the South Sea Islands.

In the Sunday-school composed largely of young people of impressionable age one never knows what may come from the sowing of missionary seed. The mere dropping of a remark, or telling of a brief story from the mission field may result in missionary decisions. This justifies the taking of three to five minutes occasionally for the presentation of striking field items.

Book and Magazine Announcements

In a year's time considerable missionary knowledge will be gained by any Sunday-school that follows the " five-minutes-a- Sunday method " of instruction. It is very necessary, however, to supplement this method and any class study that may be done, by stimulating the reading of missionary literature outside the Sunday-school session. There are scores of readable missionary books appearing every year for all ages, and the Missionary Committee of the school should keep in touch with these books and recommend from time to time their reading. Some of them should be purchased and put in the Sunday-school library. If this is not feasible, then see if the public library will not secure them. The librarians of many such libraries are glad to provide any books that the Sunday-school workers of the community desire. This suggests the close cooperation that should exist among the Missionary Committees of all the Sunday-schools of a community or neighborhood.

How to Get Books Bead

In order to get books read, interest must be aroused in them.* This often can be done in a progressive way. For example, many people who would not at the outset read Underwood's The Call of Korea, would be attracted to it after reading Mrs. Baird's Daybreak in Korea. Gale's Korean Sketches, though a delightful book, is a title which might not appeal at first to some people who would read The Vanguard, by the

* See the author's Missionary Methods for Sunday School Workers, chapter XII.

same author, which is semi-fiction. The Missionary Committee may definitely plan, sometime, to arouse interest in missionary volumes by beginning with a book of fiction which deals with some phase of missionary work, and thus lead gradually on to the distinctly missionary volume.

This principle applies also to magazine articles. In fact, many people who will not read a book will read a magazine. By recommending books after the manner illustrated on the twelfth, twenty-second, thirty-sixth, and forty-fourth Sundays, it will be possible not only to get these books read, but the incident announcing them will furnish valuable missionary information even in case the book is not read. Care must be taken to recommend books that will appeal to the natural interests of particular grades. In general, stories of adventure, daring, travel, and biography will appeal to most young people. Keep abreast of the latest missionary literature, and recommend also some of the older classics. For lists of good missionary books, write to your own denominational Mission Board, or to the Missionary Education Movement, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City, mentioning your denomination when you write.

Field Letters

The particular value of a missionary letter in a Sunday-school lies in the fact that it comes as a personal message from workers in the mission field. It is the next best thing to the presence of the missionary himself. Different types of missionary letters are available. For example :

1. Letters from the missionary or missionaries at home and abroad to whose support the school contributes.

2. Letters received by individual members of the church or Sunday-school from friends on the field, some of whom may have been former members of the local church or school.

3. Letters in the missionary magazines and religious press,

4. Selected letters in the biographies of great missionaries, such as those of David Livingstone, John Kenneth Mackenzie, James Gilmour of Mongolia, George Grenfell of the Kongo, Bishop Hannington, and others.

5. Letters from natives on the mission field.

Use Extracts, Wot Entire Letters

Seldom, if ever, should an entire missionary letter be read to the Sunday-school, unless it is very brief. Time does not permit a long letter, and it is almost impossible to hold the attention throughout its reading. If it is a long letter, and even if it is intensely interesting all the way through, it is better to select choice extracts from it for public presentation, adding that these are but a few of the good things it contains. If deemed wise, it might be added that copies will be ready for distribution at the close of the school on application to the Missionary Correspondence Secretary. It is well thus to whet the appetite.

What to Do with "Dull" Letters

Letters which seem dull and lack the narrative and concrete elements, should be carefully scanned for the facts that they contain, and instead of reading paragraphs from the letter itself, the facts should be clothed in another form, and a point of contact between them and the local Sunday-school should be found. Thus even a dull letter may provide the basis of a most interesting presentation of missionary information. Instead of berating the missionary, if the letter be dull, let the school set itself to secure some one who can take hold of even a most ordinary missionary letter, and place its statement in a new and glowing setting, thereby really transforming that letter into a message that the school will delight to hear.

Present the Letter to the School with Animation

Whoever presents a missionary letter must do it with animation and enthusiasm. If it is read in a singsong, monotonous tone, without any animation, even the choicest letter may be ruined. Everything depends upon the spirit and manner of presentation.

Be Familiar with It

Be sure to be perfectly familiar with the letter before attempting to read it in public. Mark the parts you are to read, so that the eye will readily catch them. If the letter is written by hand and not by typewriter, be sure in advance that it is legible to you, for if it is read haltingly because of inability to decipher it, the whole effect will be lost.

Variety in Presentation

A variety of ways of presenting letters to a Sunday-school is illustrated in Part II, and these methods may be applied to other missionary letters received from time to time. Just how a particular letter will be presented will depend largely on its contents, and the particular end in view. The selection of certain extracts and the exclusion of others must be determined by local needs and conditions, as well as by the factor of interest.

In order that Sunday-school workers may study fully the typical methods of presentation, the actual letter as written by a missionary is given in Part II as well as its " adaptation " for local use.

Write to Your Missionary

The missionary can be helped to write better letters if he is told the kind of things the school wants to know. For instance, ask the missionary to send the story of what it cost some Hindu girl or boy in the mission school to break caste and become a Christian, to give the details, so that the picture may glow, or ask for a word picture of some of the actual needs he has seen on his last itinerating trip. Comment upon some statements he has made in his last letter to the school, indicating that you have actually read it.

A missionary in the Philippines makes this statement, which is apropos:

" If friends at home would write more, they would be doing real missionary service. Letters from societies and individuals, whether acquainted or not, not ' missionary letters,' but bright, newsy letters, telling what is going on in the church, about their work and about their frolics, would be like a touch of a friendly hand across the water, and would bring a ray of light into what might happen to be a dark day. Most people seem to think that the missionary should do all the writing ; but we don't think so.''

Some Sunday-schools complain about infrequent letters from the field, and never think of sending any reply whatsoever to the missionary. Some missionaries have yet to receive their first letter from the Sunday-school or other organization to whom they are sending repeated communications. If you expect interesting letters from the field, you can help to secure them by writing direct to the missionary and revealing that you have some personal, living interest in him.

Encourage the pupils to write personally to the missionary. It will cheer his heart to know that he is thought of at home and that his work is remembered. Of course, he cannot write individual replies to all such letters, and they should not be expected, but there is hardly a missionary anywhere who will not gladly send to the correspondents of any Sunday-school or church a group letter, and this will meet every ordinary demand. A personal interest can then be established between the Sunday-school and the missionary, and when he is home on furlough, a visit from him to the Sunday-school will be eagerly anticipated by both parties.

A Missionary Correspondence Secretary- Some member of the Missionary Committee of the Sunday-school should be in charge of this correspondence with the field, and may be called Missionary Correspondence Secretary. This person should encourage the members of the school to write to the missionary and see that the letters are forwarded when so requested.

The letters given in Part II are chosen simply as typical letters, the contents of which may with profit be brought to the attention of any Sunday-school,

CHAPTEE V

SPECIAL DAYS AND OCCASIONS

Special Days and Occasions as Missionary Points of Contact

In the Sunday-school year certain days have become recognized as occasions for special observance, such as Easter, Children's Day, Kally Day, and Christmas. Sunday-school publishers and Mission Boards, at such times, offer for use in the school appropriate programs and exercises. It is not necessary, therefore, in this volume to present any such complete services. There have been gathered together, however, in Part III a number of items and incidents from the mission field bearing on the New Year, Easter, Children's Day, a national day, such as Empire Day for Canada and Independence Day for the United States, Thanksgiving, World's Peace Sunday, and Christmas. Schools that may not observe all of these special days with a formal program may desire to use some of the items suggested in Part III.