The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, embracing his services in the armies of the United States, the republic of Texas, and the Confederate States

Front matter

fe^i

0':

"BRAKY OF CONgS

Chapter I. Paqe

Bii-th and Family of Albert Sidney Johnston. His Father. His Maternal Grandfather. Boyhood and Early Friends. Character as a Boy. Anecdote. His Schools. Transylvania. Desire to enter the Navy. Visit to Louisiana. His Brothers. Vigor of Early Settlers of Kentucky. Sketch of Josiah Stoddard Johnston. His Distinguished Career. His Generosity to his Brothers. Return of A. S. Johnston to Transylvania. Appointment to United States Mihtary Academy. Kindness to Animals. Formation of Character. Illustrative Anecdotes. Captain Eaton's Account of Entr.ance at West Point. His Conduct there. Testimony of his Fellow-Cadets. Singul.ir Occurrence at his Graduation. Assignment to Second Infantry. Intimacy with Leonidas Polk. His Friends at West Point.

CHAPTER II. Early Army-Life ......... 14

Furlough passed in Kentucky. Anecdote illustrating his Benevolence. Visit to Washington City. Society there, in 1S26. Mrs. J. S. Johnston. Brilliant Offer of General Scott to him declined. Its Influence on his Career. Ordered to Sackett's Harbor. Incident in Artil lerj'-Practice. Ordered to Jefferson Barracks. Description of the Post. Expedition against the Winnebagoes. Red Bird. Aversion to Letter-writing. The Angry Fluteplayer. General Atkinson and his Wife. Johnston's Standing as an Officer. A Suicide. His Charity in Judgment. Pveligious Belief St. Louis in Old Times. Henrietta Preston. Her Family Connections. Governor William Clark. Thomas H. Benton. Miss Preston's Education. Marriage. Mrs. Johnston's Character. Early Married Life.

CHAPTER III. Black-Hawk War ......... 25

Causes of Indian Wars. Indian Characteristics. Justice of the Army toward the Indians. Eeasons for introducing this Narrative. Lieutenant Joh^iston, Chief of Staff, and the Real Historian of the War. History of the Sacs and Fo.xes. Their Conduct in the War with Great Britain. "The British Band." Keokuk. Black Hawk. His Character and Plans. Anecdotes of him. Quarrels about the Site of Rock Island Village. Black Hawk's Con- Bpiracy. Lieutenant Johnston's Journal. Movements of Troops. General Atkinson's Negotiations for Peace. Pacific Course of Keokuk and Wapello. They surrender Criminals. Movement up Rock River against Black Hawk, who declares War. Stillman's Defeat. Arrangements for tho Campaign. Saviige Butcheries and Skirmishes. General Henrj''s Engagement at Wisconsin Heights. Cholera among General Scott's Reenforcements. March from Cosconong to Blue Mounds. On the Trail. Battle of the B.ad Axe. Capture of Black Hawk. Losses of the W.ar. Submission of the Indians. Report of the Secretary of War. Kind Treatment to Black Hawk and his Followers. Changes of Half a Century in the Theatre of the War.

CONTENTS.

Chapter IV. Page

Zachary Taylor. Lieutenant Johnston's Military Repute. Anecdote. Rebuke to a Libertine. Cholera. Sickness in his Family. Domestic Happiness. Discussion of Plan of Life. Consults his Brother, J. S. Johnston, about resigning. His Reply. Curious Reflections of a Successful Politician. His Premonitions of Civil War. Another Letter. Death of J. S. Johnston, by Steamboat Explosion. His only Son, William. 1882-33. Mrs. Johnston's Illness. Malpractice of the Times. Pulmonary Consumption developed. Lieutenant Johnston resigns. Visit to Mountains of Virginia and Atlantic Coast. Return to Louisville. Mrs. Johnston's Death. Mrs. Hancock's Account of Albert Sidney Johnston's Character. He retires to Farm, near St. Louis. Various Plans of Life. Brief Visit to Washington. Determines to embark in the Texan Revolution.

Chapter V

The Texan Revolution . . . . • • . • . 56

Discovery by Lasalle. Disputed Title to the Territory. Spanish Occupation. Early History. Philip Nolan. Boundary Disputes. Revolutionary Measures. Magee's Expedition. Mina's and Long's Attempts. Moses Austin. Stephen F. Austin. His Colony. The Fredonian War. Federal Constitution. Mexican Jealousy. Bustamante's Arbitrary and Centralized Government. Oppression of Texas. Colonel Bradburn's Tyranny. Resistance of Colonists in 1832. Anahuac Campaign. Bradburn's Defeat. Piedras compromises. Convention of San Felipe. Convention of 1833. Santa Anna. Austin's Imprisonment. Santa Anna's Revolution. Population of Texas. Santa Anna's Attempt to establish Military Despotism. Resistance. Moore's Fight on the Guadalupe. Capture of Goliad. Bovi'ie's Combat at Conception Mission. Cos surrenders San Antonio. The General Consultation of 1835. Provisional Government. Declaration of Independence. David G. Burnet. Santa Anna invades Texas. Dissensions of Colonists. Want of Preparation. Mexican Atrocities. WilUam B. Travis. The Alamo. The Thermopyte of Texas. Its Fall. Fannin's Massacre. Santa Anna's Advance. Houston's Retre.it. Conduct and Character of Houston. Movements of the Armies. Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna's Personal Danger. His Secret Treaty and Release. Sympathy for Texas in the United States. Houston elected President. Albert Sidney Johnston joins in the Texan Revolution. His Motives.

Chapter VI

As Texan Soldier ......... C9

Johnston's Arrival in Texas. Kills a Puma single-handed. Texan Army. Its Composition and Spirit. Valor and Insubordination. Rusk in Command. Lamar appointed General, but not allowed to take Command. Rusk recommends Felix Huston as his Successor. Johnston joins the Army as a Private Trooper. His Appearance, Habits, and Manners. Made Adjutant-General. Peculiar Circumstances of his Appointment. Rapid Promotion. Life of the Camp. Incidents. Called to the Scat of Government as Adjutant-General. Sent to New Orleans. Appointed to Command of the Army. Felix Huston. His Career. His Threats. General Johnston takes Command. Huston's Challenge. Reply. The Duel. Reconciliation. Huston leaves the Army. Johnston's Magnanimity. Grounds of his Action in the Duel. Hftston's Testimony. Sufferings from the Wounds. Hostile Movements of Mexico. Policy of Texas. Letter from Felix Huston. Condition of the Army. Rangers. The Whiskey Riot. Assassination of Teal. Johnston suffering from Wound. Asks for Furlough. A Letter from him. President Houston's Letters. Indian Policy. Policy toward Mexico. Gener.il Johnston's View. Hostility engendered toward him in the President. Compliments from his Army. Visits New Orleans. Effects of his Wound. Visits Kentucky. Noticed by Jackson. Henry D. Gilpin's Letter to him. Return to Texas. Letter to Mr. Hobbs. Differences with the Administration. Indian Negotiations. Essowakkeny, the Comanche. Incident with General Johnston. The " Talk." Their Treachery. Treaty. Indian Cannibals. " The Little Child's Footprint." Political Overtures. Mexican Invasion. Extraordinary Orders to General Johnston. His Desperate Resolution. Its Success. Furlough. Annexation Schemes. Reaction in Public Sentiment. Lamar elected President. General Johnston Secretary of War.

CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER YII.

PAOE

Secretary of War of Tkxas — Cherokkf, War . . . . .92

Embarrassed Condition of Texas in 1S39. Scant Material Resources. Hopefulness of the Administration. Mirabeau B. L.amiir. His Policy, Financial and Educational. Vast and Organized t>chemes of Fraud arrested by the Government. Foreign Relations. Energetic Policy toward Mexico. Letter from General Johnston on the Situation. Attempt to create a Diversion by Encouragement to the Federalists. The Opposition organized under General Houston. Cherokee War. General Houston's Resistance to it. Vindication of the Good Faith of the Texan Government. Settlement of the Cherokees in Te.xas. The Colonists no Party to it. Perfidious Policy of Mexico In the Matter. Colonization Act of IS'25. Indian Irruption of 1832-33. Remonstrances. Solemn Declaration of the Consultation. Houston's Treaty with Indians. Its Nullity. Houston's Failure to get it ratified. His Relations with the Indians. Bad Faith of the Indians. Their Conduct in the Revolution. Kept down by the Presence of United States Forces. Yoakum's Testimony. Secret Alliance with Mexico. Continued Hostilities. Plan for a General Revolt of the Indians. Their Butcheries. General Johnston organizes Troops. General Edward Burleson. Flores killed. Proofs of AlUance between Me.xico .ind the Cherokees. The Case summed up. How the Cherokee Question was met. Report of General Johnston, Secretary of War. Troops sent forward, and Unavailing Negotiations. The Battle of the Neches. Pursuit. E.xpulsion of Indians from Texas. Redemption of all Northern Texas from the Savages. Genenal Douglass thanks the Vice-President and Secretary for Exertions on the Field. Incident. The Fugitive emboldened. Joy and Gratitude of Texas. Site of the Capital. Austin selected. Laid out in August, 1839. Its Frontier Position. The Comanches. Their Fierceness and Perfidv. Alarm of the Settlers. A Rand of Comanches visits San Antonio. Treaty. San Antonio Massacre. Its Dramatic and Deadly Features. Comanche War. Defeat of the Indians.

Chapter VIII

Prepares to retire from Public Life. Reasons for doing so. Pecuniary Embarrassments. Causes. His Education, Temper, Liberality, Public Sacrifices. Ilis Impaired Health. Dislike of Politics. Unfriendly Correspondence with General Houston. Its Adjustment. Arcadian Dreams. A Letter. Resigns Secretaryship of War. Visits United States. Friends try to make him a Candidate for the Presidency. Houston elected President. Renewal of Mexican Invasions. Vasquez captures San Antonip. Volunteers assemble to retaliate. Disbanded by the President. Agents sent to the United States by Houston. His Proclamation stigmatizing General Johnston. General Johnston's Counter-Address, The President's Evasive Reply. Houston's "Do-Nothing" Policy. Another Mexican Invasion. Woll enters San Antonio and captures the Court and Bar. Bill passed by Congress for the Public Defense, killed by the President's " Pocket Veto." Massacre of Dawson's Force. General Johnston urged to become a Candidate for the Presidency. His Prophetic Reply. History of Annexation Schemes. Te.xas enters the American Union. Marriage to Miss Eliza Griffin. Description of China Grove Plantation. Purchase. Consequent Embarrassments. General Johnston's Friends. Chess. His Intellectual Habits.

Chapter IX

General Taylor occupies Corpus Christi. Horsemanship of the Texans. Taylor moves to the Rio Grande. Hostilities by the Mexicans. Battle of Palo Alto. Eesaca. Volunteering. General T.iylor's Letter in Regard to General Johnston. Asks him to join the Army. He goes on Horseback from Galveston and joins the Army. His Letters from Point Isabel, detailing Military Operations. Elected Colonel of First Texas Riflemen. Pride in his Regiment. Disbanded. His Bitter Disappointment. Anecdote, the Texan Father. General Johnston's Letter describing the Battle of Monterey. Letter from the Hon. Jefferson Davis explaining and describing it. Gener.al Johnston's Extraordinary Peril. Rallies the Ohio Regiment. General Hooker's Account of it. Incident with General Hamer. Complimented and recommended for Brigadier-Gener.il. Overlooked. Jefferson Da^is. His Account of an Incident in the Capitulation of Monterey, and Estimate of General Johnston's Character. Anecdote by General Johnston. He leaves the Army.

Xii CONTEXTS.

Chapter X. Page

Keception at Galveston. Reasons for retiring from the Army. Generosity to the Writer. His Plantation, China Grove. Texas Coast Scenery. Game. His family. Occupation. Manual Labor. Warren D. C. Hall. The Writer's Boyish Reminiscences of China Grove. General .Johnston's Relations with Children. Irish John. Shooting-. Close Observation of the Habits of Animals. The Crested Wood-Duck. The Wounded Eagle. GeneralJohnston's Ideas of the Conduct of Life ; of Education. His Love of Justice and Breadth of View. Books. Opinions on the War ; of Colonel Rog-ers ; of General Taylor. His View of how the Mexican War should be conducted. Letter to Preston, giving his Estimate of General Taylor. Reserve. Gradual Isolation in his Solitude. Almost forgotten. Exceptions. Illustrations of his Character and Plantation-Life from his Letters. Letters giving his Views of Education. Preference for an American Training. Notions on Rhetoric, Mathematics— Requirements for Legal Success. Lessons of Moderation. Begins to lose Hope and Health. His Fortitude and Magnanimity. General Taylor's Nomination and Election. Movements of General Johnston's Friends to advance him. His Unexpected Conduct. Letter on Office-Seeking. Finally appointed a Paymaster in the Army.

CHAPTER XI. Paymaster in United States Armt . . . . . .169

Appointment. Hope of Transfer to the Line. Headquarters at Austin. Frontier District. Yellow Fever. Duties. Transportation of Funds. Enlargement of District. His Mode of Travel. The Indians. Bad Transportation. His Carefulness. Character of Country. The Excessive Labor required. Letter to his Daughter, describing his Tours. The Writer's Tour with him. Interesting Topographical Features of the Country. Its Floral Beauty. Hailstorms. Northers. Prairie Dogs, Birds, Grasshoppers. General Johnston's Study of Nature. His Buffalo-Hunt. Patience and Unselfishness. His Providence, Modes of Thinking, Topographical Aptitudes. His Deep Interest in Texas. Know-Nothingism. Is relieved from Debt. Large Losses by RobberJ^ Detection of Thief. His Punishment. Scrupulousness in Accounts. Playful Letter to his Son, on coming of Age. Familiar Letters. Anecdotes by the Rev. Edward Fontaine, Illustrating his Patience and Forbearance. Death of a Child. His Religious Views.

Chapter XII

Pierce elected. Jeflerson Davis Secretary of War. Strength of the Army. Increase of Force asked. Action of General Johnston's Friends. Recommended by Texas Legislature. Senator Rusk. William Preston. Political Appointments the Tradition. Mr. Davis reverses the Rule. General Johnston made Colonel of the Second Cavalrj'. No Favoritisms. The Appointments tested. Ben McCulloch's Disappointment. General Scott's Opinion of General Johnston's Appointment. General Johnston's Acceptance. Public Honors by his Neighbors. Enlistment of his Regiment. March to Texas with the Second Cavalry. Suffering from Cold. Northers. Illness. Letters. Patriotic Apprehensions of Disunion. Opposition to Abolitionism. Administration of his MiUtary Department. Extraordinary Success in repressing Indian Outrage. Activity of his Command. The People satisfied. Mode of dealing with the Frontier People. His Motives. General Johnston's Influence with Young Men. Two Illustrations. A Duel prevented. A Filibuster overruled. His Present Estimate of General Johnston's Character.

CHAPTER XIII, T'lE Mormon Rebellion . . . . . . . .195

The Rise of Mormonism. Joseph Smith. His Career. Brigham Young. Nauvoo. Salt Lake City. Utah. Qu.an-els with Feder.al Officials. The Danites. " Reformation " of 1S56. A Hideous Fanaticism. Buchanan's Appointments. Revolt. Young's Proclamation. Mormon Oratory. A Mountain Stronghold. Orders to the Saints. Mountain Meadows Massacre. A Late Retribution.

CONTENTS. xiii

Chapter XIV. Page

Federal Policy toward tho Mormons. Expedition to sust.nin Civil Officers. General Harney appointed to eominaud it. GenuralJolitistou succeeds him. Army Orders. Start. Celerity. Journey. Mormon Hostilities. South Pass. Concentration. Movements of Troops. Winter. Efforts to re.ich Winter-Quarters. In the Snow-Drifts. His Defense by Mr. Davis. General Johnston's Letters detaiUng the Circumstances. Eescue of the Army. Arrival at Bridgor. The Tests of :?oldiership. In Winter-Quarters. Fort Bridger. Major Porter's Diary. Brigham's Salt Embassy. Ornithology. Conflicting Policies. Colonel Kane the Diplom.ati8t. Senatorial Criticism on General Johnston. Trouble with Governor Cumming. An Icy Spring. Peace Commissioners. Submission of the Mormons. General Johnston's Keply to Peace Commissioners. His Proclamation. Governor Cumming's Protest. Army Matters and Orders. Brevet Brigadier-General. Commendation and Criticism. General Johnston's Keview of Strictures on Himself.

Chapter XV

Location. Duties. Disbanded Volunteers. Winter-Quarters. Indian Affairs. ]\Iormon Slanders. Issue with Governor Cumming. Conflicts of Authority. Governor's Proclamation. Ambiguous Policy of the Government. General Johnston's Administration of Utah. Eelieved. Letter in regard to jjcrsownei of the Army. Family Affections. Parting with his Army. A Gift declined. Attempt to bring him forward for the Presidency. His Letters on the Subject. His Valuation of his Citizenship. A Fleet-footed Indian. The Japanese. A Quartermaster-General appointed. Eeunion with his Family. 18C0. The Crisis of American Destiny. Assignment to Command in Cahfornia.

CHAPTER XVI. The Southern Confederacy ........ 249

Origin of the Troubles. Standpoint of the Southern People. The Slavery Question. Views of the Constitution. Mr. Lincoln's Election. Confederate Government organized. Its Policy. Opinion In the South. Virginia. Lincoln calls for Troops. Kevulsion and Secession of Border States. War. Bethel. Manassas. Its Results. Comparative Strength of the Sections. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, West Virginia.

Chapter XVII

General Johnston's Ideas of Government. The Eight of Eesistance. The Alternative presented. Resigns and is relieved. Imaginary Plot. Slander refuted. General Buell's Letter. Governor Downey's Statement. General Mackall's Letter. Incidents of Resignation. Attempted Eeparation by the Administration. Hon. Montgomery Blair's Letter. Los Angeles. Advice to Citizens. Writer's EecoUections. General Johnston's Correspondence.

CHAPTER XVIII. The Desert Journey ........ 275

Eesignation accepted. Impending War. A Dread Alternative. Cherished Gift. Surveillance and Escape. On the Eoad. The Desert. The Comet. Tucson. The Pimos Indians. Anecdote. Federal Troops. Running the Gantlet. An Indian Massacre. Tho Rio Grande. Anecdote. Escape of Moore and Lord. Lj-nde's Surrender. Through Texas. Anecdotes. The Journey summed up. A Nation's Suspense and Joy. Arrival at Richmond.

Itinerary . . . ... • • • ■ 291 xiv CONTENTS.

Chapter XIX. Page

Demand for General Johnston in the West. His Orders. Rank. Command. Missouri. Its Politics. Blair and Lyon. Jackson and Price. Camp Jackson. War. Battle of Wilson's Creek. Capture of Lexington. Fremont advances. Price retires. Ilardee. Kentucky. Her People and Politics. John C. Breckinridge. Other Leaders. Simon B. Buckner. Political Contest. Duplicity. Neutrality. Secret Union Clubs. Unionists prevail. Camp Boone. Military Preparations. General Robert Anderson. General George H. Thomas. Domination of the Federals. Peril of the Southern Party. Humiliation of Kentucky. Seizure of Columbus and Paducah.

CHAPTER XX. Military Situation in Kentucky ....... 306

General Johnston's Arrival in Nashville. Personal Reminiscences. The Defense of Tennessee. General Johnston's Resources and Theory. Letter to President Davis. The Confederate Line. ZoUicoffer and Buckner. Buckner seizes Bowling Green. Federal Alarm. Confederate Advance. General Johnston's Proclamation. Considerations determining the Line. The The.itre of War. Strength of Armies. Johnston conceals his Weakness, His Memoranda. Federal Plans. Johnston's Staff.

Chapter XXI

Leonidas Polk. His Ancestry, Birth, and Education. Marriage, Ordination, and Travels. Farmer, Manufacturer, and Preacher. Missionary Bishop. Bishop of Louisiana. Pecuniary Losses. University of the South. Sugar and Cotton Planting. Visit to Richmond. Appointed Brigadier-General. The Bishop-Soldier. Appearance. Anecdotes. Command in West Tennessee. Services. Force. Occupation of Columbus. River-Defenses. Polk's Subsequent Career. Governor Reynolds's Recollections of General Johnston at Columbus. His Plans. Anecdotes. Habits.

CHAPTER XXII. Efforts to get Arms and Troops ....... 328

Small Resources and Powers. Begging for Arms. Scant Results and Deficient Armament. Recruiting the Army. Concentration. Requisitions for Troops. Obstacles. The Tennessee Troops. Condition of the Men. Embarrassments. Twelve-Months' Volunteers. Distant Control. Difficulties of the Government. Call for Militia. General Johnston's Urgency. Letters to the Southern Executives. Appeals to the Secretary of War. Mr. Benjamin's Letters.

Chapter XXIII

Confederate Army in Kentucky. — Hardee's Force, brought from Arkansas. Situation in October. Apathy in Kentucky. Organization of the Army. Sketch of General William J. Hardee. Hindman, Cleburne, Marmaduke, and Brown. ZoUicotfer's Operations. General Johnston's Views of that Field. Repulse at Wild Cat. General Federal Advance. Minor Operations. Eastern Kentucky. Anecdotes. General Johnston's Difficulties. The Western District. Its Defense. Delusive Demonstrations. Cleburne's Reconnaissance. Sherman paralyzed. Stampede from Wild Cat. East Tennessee. Insurrection. Bridge-Burning. Anecdote. General Carroll in Eest Tennessee.

Federal Strength.

CHAPTER XXIV. The Battle of Belmont ........ 366

Grant's Claims. Polk's Dispatch. Grant's Report. Grant's Object. Polk's Preparation. Pillow's Account of the Opening of the Battle. Grant's March. The Federal Force.

CONTENTS. XV

PAGE

First Engagement Confederate Camps captured. Federal Retreat and Rout. Polk's ReOnforcement. Grant's Escape. Confederate Strength. The Losses. Results. Congratulations.

CHAPTER XXV. TiiE Fall Campaign ......... 378

Federal Generals. Buell. Kentucky Refugees. John C. Breckinridge. The Kentucky Provisional Government. Minor Operations. The Cavalry. Morgan and Duke. Fight at Woodsonville. N. B. Forrest. Texas Rangers. Fight at Sacramento. Letters to the Secretary of "War. Anecdotes.

CHAPTER XXVI. Battle op Fishing Creek ........ 390

Situation in January. "Western Kentucky. Eastern Kentucky. Humphrey Marshall. His Strength. James A. Garfield. His Attack at Prestonburg. Subsequent Operations. Sketch of Felix K. Zollicoffer. His Character. His Movements in the Autumn. Mill Springs. General Johnston's Warnings disregarded. Sketch of George B. Crittenden. A. Schoepf. Skirmishing. Thomas's Advance. His Force. Mill Spring. Fishing Creek. Confederate Strength. Crittenden's Night-March. Attick. "Walthall and Battle. Curious Incident. Strenuous Combat. ZoUicoffer's Death. The Retreat. The Federals follow. Crittenden gets across the River. Deplorable Plight of the Confederates. Their Retreat. The Losses. ZoUicoffer's Body. Slanders on Crittenden. Disparity in Arms. General Johnston's Considerate Treatment of Crittenden. Thomas's Movements.

CHAPTER XXVn.

River-Defenses. Location of Forts. Strategic Importance. Topography. Polk's Report. General Johnston's Orders and Preparations. 'Warning to Polk. Major Gilmer, Chief- Engineer. His Operations. Lloyd Tilghman in Command. Fortifications projected on the Cumberland. DiflSculty of getting Labor. Gunboats. Abortive Attemps at Defense. Supreme Efforts of the North. Their Gunboats. General Johnston's "Warnings and Precautions. Origin of Federal Plan of Invasion. Scott's Share. Sherman's Picturesque Narrative. Halleck and Buell's "V^iews. Federal Demonstrations. Grant, Smith, and Foote. Federal Advance. River-Defenses. Letter of Hon. James E. Saunders. General Johnston's Appeal for Reenforcements. Directions for Defense. Floyd detached. General Johnston's Strength. Condition of Fort Henry. Gilmer's Report. Firing on the Fort. Tilghman's Strength. Tilghman's Telegrams. Reenforcements sent. Tilghman's Movements. The Attack and Bombardment. Defense. Surrender. Loss. Phelps up the Tennessee.

CHAPTER XXVIII. Fort Donelson ......... 433

Preparations for Defense. Concentration. Federal Strength. Demoralization. Military Criticism. Encouragement. Skirmish. Strength of Position. Plan to abandon it. General Johnston's Orders. Floyd's Vacillation. Explanation. Floyd's Plan. General Johnston's Plan. Defenses and Topography. Confederate Troops. Federal Troops. Design of Advance. Delay. Advance. Battle of tue Tkenches. Apathy of Defenders. Gunboat Disabled. Death of Dixon. Battle of the GrNBOATS. Repulse. Important Order. Authority and Responsibility. A Quiet Day. Abortive Sortie. Divided Counsels. Federal Reenforcements. Exaggerated Reports. Discouragement. Sortie agreed on. Battle OP Dover. The Attack. Federal Strength. "Well-matched Antagonists. Fight on the Left. Brown's Assault. Hanson's Assault. "Wynn's Road cleared. Cessation of Conflict. The Critical Moment. Recall of Troops. Grant's Advance. Grant and Smith. ^. Assault by Federal Left. Capture of Outwork. Close of Battle. Losses. Confederate Victory telegraphed. Sortie planned. Forrest's Reconnaissance. Council of "War. Discussion of Surrender. Escape of Floyd and Pillow. The Breaking-up. Prisoners. Surrender. Consequences. Terms of Surrender. Confederate Strength and Losses. Federal Strength and Losses. Value of the Fort. Separation of Army. News of Surrender. Congressional Inquiry. General Johnston's Inquiry. Governor Johnson's Oi>inion.

Xvi CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIX. p^oj.

General Johnston's Strategy discussed. Mr. Swinton's Extraordinary Statement. Memorandum of Conference held by Generals Johnston, Beauregard, and Hardee. Plan of Campaign. Military Prophecy. Colonel Schaller's Account. Kesolve to retreat. Munford's Account. John C. Brown. Preparations for Retreat. Protests of the Kentuckians. Colonel Woolley's Account of General Johnston's Work at Bowling Green. Evacuation of Bowling Green. The March. Kentucky Brigade. Precautions. Donelson surrendered. At Nashville. Munford's Account. Panic and Mob. Floyd. Eetreat. Forrest. Governor Harris. Letter to the Secretary of War.

CHAPTER XXX. From Murfreesboro to Corinth ....... 500

Change in Plans. Corinth determined on as a Centre. Letter from Beauregard. Eeenforcements and Arms. Power of Local Demands. General Johnston's Eeview of the Situation. Plan of Concentration. Testimony of Preston, Whitthorne, Harris, and Tate. Choice of Route. A Difficult Eetreat. Eeorganization at Murfreesboro. The Eetreat. Morgan's First Eaids. The March. Public Terror and Fury. Exasperation against General Johnston. Demands for his Eemoval. The Press. Prominent Officials. President Davis's Firmness.- Attacks in Congress. General Johnston's Serenity. Steadfast Friends. Moral Power and Confidence of Final Success. Floyd and Pillow again. Correspondence between President Davis and General Johnston. Success the Test of Merit. Colonel Jack's Account of President Davis and General Loe. Concentration completed.

CHAPTER XXXI. PiTTSBtTRG LaNPING ......... 523

The War in Missouri. Price and McCuUoch. Dissensions. Van Dorn put in Command. Curtis's Army. Battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Eidge. Beauregard in West Tennessee. Evacuation of Columbus. Island No. 10. Pope's Expedition. Grant's Expedition up the Tennessee. Plan and Movements. Pittsburg Landing. The Army. Shiloh. Its Strength. Maps. Aggressive Purjjose. Overweening Confidence. Topography of the Country and of the Battle-field. A Natural Stronghold. What Sherman has said of it. False Security. Campaign concerted between Buell and Halleck. Buell's Movements. The Federal Strength. Distances.

CHAPTER XXXII. Concentration at Corinth ........ 538

Strategic Importance. The Concentration. The Initiative. Johnston's Objective Point. Beauregard's Plan and Letter. Beauregard's Eeport of Shiloh. Van Dorn. General Johnston's Personal Stafif. Braxton Bragg. Johnston's Offer to Beauregard. Governor Johnsou's Protest. The Resolve to attack. General E. E. Lee's Letter. Plan of Battle. Comments. Johnston's Telegram.

Orders.

CHAPTER XXXIII. Battle of Shiloh — Before the Battle ...... 489

General Johnston's Prediction. Anticipation of Battle. Strength of Federal Position. Beauregard's Eeport. Bragg's Sketch of Preliminaries. The Resolve to attack. Its Origin. General Lee's Letter. Preparations. Attempt to employ Negroes. General Johnston's Telegram. Orders of March. Enthusiasm of Troops. The Army marches. Field-Map. Distribution of Arms. Bad Roads. Skirmish on April 4th. Explanation of Orders. Providential Storm. Under Arms. Reckless Fusillade. Careless Pickets. First Line of Battle. Personal Movements of General Johnston. Morning of the 5th. "This is not War!" Delay. Its Causes. Rawness of the Army. A M.ajestic Presence. Encouraging the Troops. Address to Army. The Council of War. Beauregard for Eetreat. Johnston's

CONTENTS. XVii

PAGE

Decision, and Reasons. Confederate Array. Sherman's Theory. Reconnaissance. False Security. "Was it a Surprise 1 Federal Array. The Opponents.

CHAPTER XXXIY.

Battle of Shiloh. — Sunday :

A Glorious Dawn. Exultation of the Commander. The Issue formulated. Map. Winged

Words. Chieftain and Clansmen. Valor and Enthusiasm. The First Gun. The Start. Beauregard's Summary. Difficulties of Description. Skirmishing. The First Collision. The Onset. Hildebrand routed. Prentiss driven back. The Surprise. Reenforcements. Sherman's Stronghold. Cleburne's Assault. A Repulse. General Johnston on the Right. Rout of Federal Front. Sherman broken. Sherman routed. Confederate Right. Federal Left turned. Plan of Battle discussed.

II. Mid-day 599

New Line of Battle. Second Engagement. Polk on the Centre. Confederate Alignment. Terrible Fighting. Grant's Personal Movements. Grant and Buell. Federal Left falls back. The Combat. " The Hornet's Nest." Wallace and Prentiss. Gibson's Assaults. Anderson's, Polk's, and Cheatham's Assaults. Hardee and Sherman. The Kentucklans. Cleburne's Brigade. Confusion there. Confederate Centre and Right. Hurlbut's Position. The Federal Key. Statham's Attack. Stubborn Resistance. A Memorable Charge. Governor Harris's Account. Breckinridge's Rally. General Johnston leads the Charge. Victory and Death. Harris's Narrative. Incidents of Death. Beauregard in Command.

III. Afternoon .......•• 61G>

Dislocation of Commands. Regularity in Development of Plan. Duke's Comments. Map

(Third Position). Development of Plan. Regularity and Impetuosity. Impulse of Leadership. Slaughter. Momentum of Success. The Crisis. Lull along the Line. Third Engagement. Rugglos masses Artillery. Polk and Bragg against Wallace and Prentiss. Crushing Assault— Wallace killed, Prentiss captured. Bragg's and Hardee's Summaries. The Field swept. The Rout. The Last Assault. Buell at Pittsburg Landing. A Routed Army.

IV. A Victory lost ........ 627

Beauregard's Theory of Shiloh. His Report. Fatal Order to retire. Jordan's Statements.

Errors corrected. The Evidence— Governor Harris. Hardee and Cleburne. Polk's Report. Bragg's Report. Bragg's Sketch. Jordan's Statement. Withers's and Ruggles's Reports. Gibson's and Gilmer's Letters. Duke's "Life of Morgan." Jordan's " Life of Forrest." Chahners's Account. Consequences of the Mistake. A Fruitless Field.

Chapter XXXV

I. The Night of the 6th ........ 639

The Withdrawal. Estimated Losses. Polk's Position. Bombardment and Tempest. Beauregard's Headquarters. Reenforcements. The Respite improved. Federal Orders for Attack. Buell's Statements. The Remnant of Grant's Army.

II. The Battle of Monday . . . . . . .643

Renewal of Battle. Federal AUgnment. Confederate Right. The Attack on it. The Battle.

Individual Heroism. Contradictory Orders. Buell's Attack. Battle at the Centre. Attack by Grant's Army. Polk's Defense at Shiloh Church. Bragg resists Lew Wallace. The Kentucky Brigade. Beauregard retreats. The Rear-Guard. Abortive Pursuit. Forrest repulses Sherman. The Artillery. Rev. Robert Collyer's Account. Losses. The Fiercest Fight of the War. The Consequences. Grant, Sherman, and Buell. Amenities in War. End of the Campaign.

General Beauregard's Official Report. Killed, Wounded, and Missing. Field Return of the Confederate Forces that marched from Corinth to the Tennessee River. Field Return of the Army of tha Mississippi after the Battle of Shiloh. Field Return of the Army of the Mississippi before and after the Battle of Shiloh. Organization and Casualties of the Army

Xviii CONTENTS.

PAGE

of the Mississippi, April 6 and T, 1862. Organization, Stren^h, and Casualties, of Grant's Army at the Battle of Shiloh. United States Troops engaged at Shiloh.

Chapter XXXVI

From Shiloh to New Orleans. Sepulture and Public Sorrow. General Beauregard's Order. President Davis's Message. Confederate Congress. Legislature of Texas. Honors at New Orleans and Galveston. Official Brutality. Honors at Houston, Austin, and New Orleans,

Chapter XXXVII

Not reckless. Estimates of Character by Colonel Munford, by General Preston, by Major Haydon, Colonel Jack. Reminiscences of Eev. K. D. Chapman, of Rev. E. Fontaine, of Dr. D. "W. Yandell. Description in Harjwr's Weekly. Estimate by Thomas F. McKinney, by the New York Times, by General William J. Worth. Reminiscences of Rev. Dr. Galleher, of Colonel J. W. Avery. Estimate by General W. C. Whitthorne. Anecdote by Lieutenant J. M. Fairbanks. Scott and Davis almost agree. Estimate by Judge Ballinger, by Colonel W. J. Green, by Governor I. G. Harris, by President Jefferson Davis, by Major Alfriend, by Professor A. T. Bledsoe, by General Richard Taylor. Epitaph by John B. 8. Dimitry. A Filial Estimate. The End.

LIFE

GENEEAL ALBEET SIDNEY JOHNSTON.

Chapter I. Family And Boyhood

Albert Sidney Johnston was born on the 2d of February, 1803, in the village of AVashington, Mason County, Kentucky. He was the youngest son of Dr. John Johnston, a physician, and one of the early settlers of that town. Dr. Johnston's father, Archibald Johnston, was a native of Salisbury, Connecticut, and descended from a Scotch family of some property and local influence, settled in Salisbury. John Johnston, having received a liberal education at New Haven, and at the medical school at Litchfield, began the practice of his profession in his native town. In 1783, at the age of twenty-one, he married Mary Stoddard, by whom he had three sons, Josiah Stoddard, Darius, and Orramel. In 1788 he removed to Kentucky, and settled at Washington, where he remained until his death in 1831.

Mason County, which then included all the northern and eastern portion of Kentucky, in 1790 contained only 2,729 inliabitants, while the whole population of the Territory of Kentucky was less than 74,000. The country still suffered from Indian incursions across the Ohio, and was indeed the very frontier of civilization. But, although an outpost, this beautiful and fertile neighborhood already enjoyed the benefits of social order, and was fast filling up with substantial and educated families, principally from Virginia and Maryland. Dr. Johnston's skill and worth soon secured him not only a large practice, but the warm friendship of the best people, with whom he continued in the kindest relations during his whole life.

Having lost his first wife in 1793, in the following year he married Abigail Harris, the daughter of Edward Harris, an old settler, who, with his wife, had emigrated from Newburyport, Massachusetts, and whom a venerable citizen describes as " the old John Knox Presbyterian of the place ; " adding, " anecdotes are still told of the spirit and courage with which he defended his Church." One of General Johnston's earliest recollections was of his grandfather giving him money to buy a catechism. Edward Harris had been a Revolutionary soldier, and was appointed military storekeeper and postmaster at Washington, Kentucky, by President Washington. A letter to the Postmaster-General is still extant in which he resigns the latter office, because some new postal arrangement required him to open the mail on Sunday, which he could , not conscientiously do. The letter is a candid expression of very decided religious convictions, and is evidently the production of an educated and thoughtful man. Edward Harris died in 1825, aged eightyfour years. He, at one time, owned a large body of land in Ohio, but lost it by the intrusion of squatters. Dr. Johnston's second wife lived about twelve years after her marriage, and died, leaving him six children — John Harris, Lucius, Anna Maria, Clarissa, Albert Sidney, and Eliza. Anna Maria married Mr. James Byers, Clarissa remained unmarried, and Eliza married John A. McClung, distinguished first as a lawyer and afterward as a Presbyterian minister. Dr. Johnston subsequently married Mrs. Byers, a widow with a large family of children, but there was no issue from this marriage. He died in 1831. Wonder was often expressed that he did not remove to a city, where his acknowledged skill would have secured adequate reward ; but it may be presumed that he fairly estimated his advantages, and was satisfied to be able to maintain and properly educate so large a family. This he did, giving all his children the best education that the times afi"orded. Though diligent and conscientious in his profession, he was not anxious to accumulate money, and late in life became poor from the payment of security debts. To discharge these he voluntarily gave up all his property ; his home was sold at public sale, but it was bought and restored to him by his eldest son, who had then become eminent and prosperous. Mr. J. S. Chambers, from whom these facts were obtained, adds: