Front matter
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
NORTON'S EDITION"
Progressive English Smhar,
Contents
INTEODUCTION.
Lessoic . Faob I. — The Use of Words 7
n. — The Use of Words (continued) 9
PART I. — SENTENCES. v. — Declarative Sentences. — Interrogative Sentences . . .13 VI. — Imperative Sentences. — Exclamatory Sentences . . 15
VII. — Exercise on Sentences 17
VIIL — The Subject 18
IX. — The Logical Subject. — The Grammatical Subject . . 20
X. — The Predicate 22
XI. — Exercise on Subject and Predicate 23
Xn. — Simple Sentences. — Complex Sentences. — Compound Sentences 24
Xm. — Diflerent Kinds of Compound and Complex Sentences . 26 XIV. — Copula. — Attribute. — Logical Predicate. — Grammatical
Predicate 28
XV, — Models of Analysis 30
XVI. — Exercise in Analysis 32
XVn. — Eeview Questions 33
PART n. — WORDS.
Chapteb
I. — Classification of Words • .34
IL — The Noun 40
III. — The Pronoun 59
IV. — The Adjective 70
v.— The Verb 85
Conjugation of the Verb . . . • . . . . Ill List of IiTegular Verbs 120
Vi CONTENTS.
Chaptkb Pack
VII. — The Preposition 137
VIII.— The Conjunction . • • • 140
IX. — The Interjection 143
PART III. — COMBINATION OF WORDS IN SENTENCES. X. — The Elements of Sentences 146
Classification of Clauses ••••••• 150
Classification of Phrases 153
Contracted Elements ••••••• 154
Modification of Words .•••••• 155
Form? for Parsing and Analysis • • • • • 157
XI. — The Rules of Syntax .166
General Exercises •••••••• 218
XII.— Punctuation . • • . 224
PART IV. — LETTERS. XIII. — Classes, Sounds, and Combinations of Letters . , • 233
XIV. — Spelling 239
List of Prefixes 240
List of Suffixes 242
PART v. — COMPOSITION. XV. — Exercises in Description • • 246
Exercises in Essay-writing ..••••. 256
PART VL — PROSODY.
XVI. — Kinds of Verse ,261
Iambic Verse • . 263
Trochaic Verse 265
Anapestic Verse 266
Amphibrachic Verse ••••••. 267
Dactylic Verse 268
,XVIL — Figures 268
Synopsis of Gra:mmatical Relations ...... 274
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Introduction
LESSON I.
Adam and Eve, our first parents, -were placed by their Creator in the beautiful garden of Eden, but soon lost it by their disobedience.
Learn the words given above.
Of whom is something said?
Of Adam and Eve,
Who were Adam and Eve ?
Our first parents.
Whose first parents ?
Our first parents; tlie first parents of you and me and all mankind.
What is said of Adam and Eve ?
They were placed somewhere.
Where were they placed?
In the garden.
In what garden?
In the garden of Eden,
What kind of a garden was it?
A beautiful garden.
8 THE USE OF WORDS,
What further is said about Adam and Eve?
They lost it.
What did they lose?
It^ the garden of Eden.
When did they lose it ?
They soon lost it.
How did they lose it ?
By disobedience.
By whose disobedience ?
By their disobedience, — that is, Adam and Eve's disobedience.
Repeat the words that stand at the commencement of the lesson. Why are the words Adam and Eve used in this sentence ?
To tell us who were placed in this garden.
Why is the word and used ?
To connect Adam and Eve.
Why are the words our first parents used ?
To tell who Adam and Eve were.
Why are the words werejflaced used?
To tell what was done with Adam and Eve,
Why are the words in the garden used ?
To tell where Adam and Eve were placed.
Why are the words of Eden used ?
To tell what garden they were placed in.
Why is the word beautiful used ?
To tell what kind of a garden it was.
Why are the words by their Creator used?
To tell by whom they were placed in this garden.
Why are the words hst it used ?
To tell something more about Adam and Eve.
Why is the word soon used ?
To tell when they lost it.
Why are the words by their disobedience used ?
To tell how they lost it.
THE USE OP WORDS. If
LESSON II.
THE USE OF WOEDS (cONTIKUED).
Washington, the father of his country, was bom in Virginia, in 1732.
Learn the words given above. Of whom is something said? What was Washington ? The father of what ? The father of whose country ? Whose country is meant by Ms country ?
What is said of Washington ?
Where was he bom ? When was he bom ?
Eepeat the words that stand at the cooMnencement of the lesson.
Why is the word WasTiington used?
To tell us who was born in Yirginia in 1732.
Why are the v/ords the father of his country used?
To tell us what Washington was.
Why are the words his country used ?
To tell us what he was the father of.
Why is the word his used before country ?
To tell us whose country he was the father of.
Why are the words was born used ?
To tell us a fact about Washington.
Why are the words in Virginia used ?
To tell US (what?) Why are the words in 1732 used ?
To teU US (what ?) Has every word a use and meaning of its own?
It has.
Why do we use words ?
To express thoughts.
How may we express any thought that occurs to us? By combining words.
Questions similar to the above may be put on the following sentences: Learning is a chaste ornament in prosperity, a safe refuge in adversity.
10 THE USE OF WORDS.
Rome, once the metropolis of the world, but now only a shadow of its former self, was founded by Romulus and Remus, twin broth ers, 752 years before the Christian era.
There is a world above.
Where parting is unknown ; A long eternity of love, formed for the good alone.
LESSON" III.
THE USE OP WORDS (CONTINUED).
Let us now endeavor to employ words to express our thoughts. If I say Flowers grow, or Flowers are growing, I have a complete thought, although I have used only two or three words. We may extend this thought in xarious ways. I will ask. several questions and answer them. Ask yourself the same questions, and write down at least three different answers to each.
What flowers grow?
White flowers are growing.
What kind of flowers grow ?
Large flowers are growing.
How many flowers grow ?
Two flowers are growing.
Where do the flowers grow ?
Flowers on my rose-bush are growing.
When do the flowers grow?
Flowers are growing every moment.
How do the flowers grow ?
Flowers are growing rapidly.
Why do the flowers grow?
Flowers are growing on account of gentle showers.
We may now combine these in one expression; as.
Two large white flowers on my rose-bush are groW' ing rapidly every moment on account of gentle showers.
DIVISION OP THE SUBJECT. 11
In the following examples, select the simple thought, and tell what questions are answered by the other words.
Many strong sailors in my brother's boat are now rowing vigors ousiy down the stream to reach their ship.
A flock of beautiful blackbirds, being scared by a small boy early this morning, flew, with many outcries into the forest.
A rude boy, being found by an old man in his apple-tree, was gently desired by him to come down.
Extend the following simple thoughts by asking the questions what? what kind? how many? how? when? where? why? whose? Horses ran. Ships are sailing.
Dogs bark. Scholars study.
Boys play. Soldiers are marching.
LESSOIT IV.
DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT.
Can brutes talk to each other?
Can men talk to each other?
What great advantage, then, do men possess over brutes ?
They can make known their thoughts to each other.
What do they use for the purpose of making their thoughts known?
Language.
Of what does language consist?
Of words, each of which represents some idea. Thus the word horse represents the animal so called.
What do we call such a collection of words as expresses a complete thought?
A Sentence.
Give some short sentences as examples.
Time flies. — Are you industrious? — Always do right. — How pleasant it is to learn !
Make up four short sentences of your own as examples.
12 DIVISION OF THE SUBJECT.
How are sentences constructed?
According to certain rules and principles, which constitute the science of Gkammae.
How may a person learn to write and speak correctly ?
By mastering the rules and principles of Grammar.
In studying Grammar, with what do we have to deal ?
In studying Grammar, we have ta deal, —
1. With Sentences, which express complete thoughts.
2. With Words, which represent the separate ideas that make up the complete thoughts.
3. With Letters, or characters that represent the sounds of words.
What is the meaning of the word Analysis f
Some bodies are made up of several different things ; water, for instance, is composed of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen. Analysis implies the separation of such a compound substance into the parts that compose it. A chemist would analyze water by resolving it into oxygen and hydrogen.
When, then, we separate a sentence into the parts that compose it, what is the process called 'i Analysis.
What are parts into which we analyze a sentence called ? Elements.
When we put together words to form sentences and express our thoughts, what is the process called ?
Composition.
Of what is Composition the opposite?
Composition is the opposite of Analysis.
On what are the principles of Composition based? On the principles of Grammar.
In studying Grammar, with what are we to commence?
With Sentences.
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