Rambles in Europe

Preface

On May 19, 1910, a compaMy of four friends — Rev. C. E. Creitz, D. D., Rev. J. F. Moyer, Rev. Henry K. Miller and Daniel Miller, all of Reading, Pa. , sailed from If ew York in the North German Lloyd steamship "Grosser Kurfuerst" for Europe. They spent three months profitably and delightfully in a tour through England, Scotland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. Covering more than 6,000 miles on the Atlantic Ocean and over 4,000 miles on land, they visited some forty cities and towns, including the great capitals of the countries named. Moreover, the mountains Rigi, Jungfrau and Vesuvius were ascended.

The tour was intended as a vacation trip, and it proved to be a season of rest and recreation. To visit and see the places about which we had read and heard, afforded the party great satisfaction. *<Seeing is believing." We had believed before, but our knowledge of things was made more concrete. Travelling enlarges one's views and enriches the mind. It does one good to see how and where others live. We have seen how emperors, kings and princes live in their magnificent palaces, and also how the very poor exist in their hovels. Standing at the tombs of men and women who were great in their day, and cut large figures in history, we were forcibly reminded of how all earthly glory vanishes. The rich and great meet together with the poor and lowly in death.

A German saying tells us : *'Wenn Jemand eine Reise thut, kann er was erzaehlen. " (One who has

IV PREFACE.

travelled has something to tell.) The writer had spent much time in studying men and places before entering upon the trip, and during the tour made extended notes. During the trip and afterward he wrote a series of letters for the Reformed Church Record, A number of valued friends suggested that these notes be written out fully and published in book form. This would involve a vast deal of labor, but after due consideration the writer concluded to undertake the work, and herewith the reader has the result.

These sketches are prepared for the general reader, and for this reason an effort has been made to impart as much information as possible. There are comparatively few persons who can travel abroad. The great mass of people will never cross the ocean, and for these a book of this kind may be instructive and entertaining. Realizing how far this volume is from what it should be, the writer yet hopes that many may find as much pleasure in reading its pages as he found in preparing them.

During the tour and in the preparation of this volume the writer found valuable and helpful aid from Baedeker's Guide Books. Of the several books of this kind he regards Baedeker's as the best.

Daniel Miller.

Reading, Pa., May, 1911.

Introduction

To introduce a book to a reader involves a responsibility similar to that of introducing one person to another. Like marriage, it should not be undertaken * ^unadvisedly or lightly," for it may affect the reader for weal or for woe.

A good book is like a good friend, only more so. Its friendship is indestructible. It never resents either abuse, or neglect, or indifference. After long periods of separation and inattention, it is always prepared to resume the former relations of good will and fellowship. It holds no grudge agamst the offending party. On the other hand, a bad book has scarcely any limits for mischief. It may stain the soul, soil the heart, dull the conscience, misinform the intellect, and destroy the victim of its ignorance or baseness.

One gladly assumes the responsibility for introducing "Rambles in Europe" to any one who may pick up this volume. It is a veritable storehouse of information on the lands and places which it describes. The author not only made a careful study of the literature of his subject, but his practical eye and trained intelligence put him into possession of many interesting details which would escape the ordinary observer. Only good can come to the reader of this book.

The volume before us should be especially interesting to members of the Reformed Church. Its writer has been a careful student of the history of his Church, a^d in his trip abroad he took special pains to gather information that would be valuable and instructive to the members of his own denomination. Not only did

VI INTRODUCTION.

he give much attention to the churches and cathedrals of Europe, but his interest in Reformed lands and places is evident in the entire volume.

The author has also, through many years' training, acquired a simple, straightforward style that has appealed to the rank and file of the membership of the Church, for whom he has written almost incessantly for nearly half a century, and his many friends who have read everything that has come from his pen, either in Pennsylvania German, or *='High German," or in English, will welcome this volume of travels. They will be glad to see Europe through his eyes.

But this book is not only for members of the Reformed Church. Its information is not denominational or sectarian. It is replete with facts and observations not only of great interest, but also of great value to any one who wishes to be intelligent on the subjects covered by this volume.

I take great pleasure in introducing it to its future circle of readers. C. E. Creitz.

Table Of Contents

EUROPE AND AMERICA ^^*9

CHAPTER II.— England : Plymouth, Reading,* Oxford* Stratford, Birmingham, Chester, I^iverpool, Carlisle... 23

CHAPTER III.— City of I^ondon : The Immense aty. Great Bridges. Houses of Parliament. Westminster Abbey. St. Paul's Church. British Museum. Ivondon Tower. Bank of England. Trafalgar Square 45

CHAPTER IV.— Ivondon Continued : The Bible House. Churches. Windsor Castle. Art Galleries. Markets. The Poor, etc 65

CHAPTER v.— Scotland: Glasgow. Scottish iakes. Edl inburg. The Castle. Old Churches. Holyrood Palace. John Knox 81

CHAPTER VI.— Scotland Continued : Edinburg.* * " Th4 Covenanters. The Poor. Calton Hill. Great Forth Bridge. World Missionary Conference. Melrose Abbey. Abbottsford 93

CHAPTER VII.— Belgium: Ostend. Bruges'. "* Ghent]

Brussels. Waterloo. Antwerp. I^iege 105

CHAPTER VIII.— The Rhine Country : Cologne. ' The Great Cathedral. St. Ursula Church. River Rhine. Rhine Country. Ehrenbreitstein. Drachenfels. The Mouse Tower. Coblentz. Old Castles 119

CHAPTER IX.— Rhine Country Continued : Mayeiice. Worms. Ivuther Monument. Old Cathedral. Strassburg. The Cathedral. Famous Clock. Speyer 135

CHAPTER X.— City of Heidelberg : The Great Castle. Holy Ghost Church. Museum. University. Heiligenberg I49

CHAPTER XI.— Switzerland : The I^ittle Mountain Republic. The Alps. Convent of St. Bernard. Story of William Tell. The Rigi. The Jungfrau. Matterhorn. Pilatus 153

CHAPTER XII.— Switzerland Continued^" Basel." The Churches. Monuments. Dance of Death. Zurich. Zwingli's Work. I/ucerne. The I^ion. Glacier Mills 179

CHAPTER XIII.— Switzerland Continued : Farm Buildings. Bern, the Capital. Town Clock. Postal Union Monument. Geneva. John Calvin's Work. St. Peter's Cathedral. Calvin's Academy. University. Ser-

vetus. Simplon Pass I95

CHAPTER XIV.— Italy : Milan. Its Great "cathedrai.'

Other Churches. Genoa. Pisa. Naples 213

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pa«s

CHAPTKR XV.— Italy Continued : Pompeii. Mt. Vesuvius. Florence. Its Art Galleries. Venice, the City of Canals 229

CHAPTER XVI.— City of Rome : The Eternal City. St. Peter's Church. The Vatican. Magnificent Churches. Roman Forum. Colosseum. Forum of Trajan. The Appian Way. Catacombs 255

CHAPTER XVII.— Austria : Villach. Semmering Pass. Vienna. Royal Burial Place. Schoenbrunn Palace. Trolley Ride Through City 291

CHAPTER XVIII.— Germany : Munich. Passion Play.

Ober Ammergau 301

CHAPTER XIX.— Germany Continued : Nuremberg. Its Castle and Tower of Torture. Dresden and its Art Gallery. Wittenberg, the City of L/Uther and Melancthon. Jueterbog and Tetzel 309

CHAPTER XX.— City of Berlin: The German Capital. Emperor William II. "Unter den I^inden." Monuments and Public Buildings. Royal Palace. The Dom. Potsdam and Sans Souci. Charlottenburg 330

CHAPTER XXI. -Holland: The Ivow Country. The Land of Canals and Windmills. Amsterdam. Royal Palace. Historic Churches. Bible Hotel 355

CHAPTER XXII.— Holland Continued: Quaint Villages. Marken Island. Peculiar Costumes. Volandem. Edam. Siege of Harlem. The Hague. Rotterdam. Dort 367

CHAPTER XXIII.— France : Paris, the Gay City. The Tuilleries. Notre Dame. Church of the Madeleine. The Great Art Galleries. Napoleon's Tomb. Palace of Versailles. Monuments, etc 379

CHAPTER XXIV.— Homeward : A Long Journey Ended. Life on the Ocean. Sea Sickness. Early and Modern Ships. Life's Voyage .v... 396

II,I<USTRATIONS.

Frontispiece — Portrait of Author.

Cathedral at Strassburg 144

Scene in Switzerland 195

Cathedral at Milan 216

Leaning Tower at Pisa 222

Rialto Bridge, Venice 246

Bridge of Sighs, Venice 251

St. Peter's Church, Rome 258

Arch of Titus, Rome 275

Colosseum at Rome 277

Royal Palace, Berlin 337

EUROPE AND AMERICA-

BY REV. J. F. MOYER.

Tve wandered far from land to land,

And crossed the billowy seas ;

IVe seen the flags of empires vast,

Flung out upon the breeze ;

I've stood where great cathedrals lift

Their domes into the sky,

And where the ashes of the great

In marbled grandeur lie.

IVe seen the lands where Shakespeare wrote

In measures rich and strong ;

Where Milton dreamed of Paradise,

And Burns burst into song ;

And where for freedom and for right

Great Cromwell fought and bled ;

Where noble Bruce his Highland hosts

To deeds of glory led.

IVe been upon the mountain heights, Robed in eternal snows.

And where in awful majesty Alps high o'er Alps arose ; Tve stood where 'mid the vine-clad hills The storied Rhine sweeps by ; Where lifts the frowning Drachenfels And far-famed Lorelei.

I've been where, from the hoary past.

10 EUROPE AND AMERICA.

And where fair Art with lavish hand

Her treasures rich hath poured ;

T\e stood where centuries looked down

From crumbling wall and tower ;

Where seers and sages wrought and taught

In many a classic bower.

Vve been where Tell for liberty

The haughty tyrant slew ;

Where Calvin wrought for righteousness,

Where Luther's trumpet blew ;

IVe been where martyrs dared and died

For the dear Master's name,

And sped unto their heavenly home

In chariots of flame.

IVe been where once imperial Rome

And sent her conquering legions forth —

The mistress of the world ;

I've seen the plains of Waterloo,

Once struck by war's red lance,

And where before twin hosts went down

The chivalry of France.

But there's a land, a fairer land,

The land we've left behind.

That holds a high and foremost place

Within the heart and mind ;

Land of the brave, the true and strong,

Land of our love and pride ;

And where to set men ever free

Our fathers bled and died.

EUROPE AND AMERICA. 11

Land where fond Nature lavishly

Her choicest gifts bestows,

And where the cup, on every hand,

With plenty overflows ;

Land where the child of lowliest rank

Within thy wide domain

To loftiest heights of usefulness

And glory may attain.

Land of the mountain and the plain, Land of the oak and pine, Thou art the richest, happiest land On which God's sun doth shine ; Land that doth every heart inspire That yearns for liberty ; Where'er in foreign lands I roam My thoughts turn back to thee.

Land of our father's prayer and hope, Land by the Pilgrims trod ; Land where each child of man is free As the sunshine of our God, For thee I weave my choicest wreath Love's fancy can command.

And crown thee, fairest of the fair. My own, my native land.

Home, July 18, 1910.

gambles in Europe.

CHAPTER L— A SEA VOYAGE.

A Great Modern Steamship.— Life On the Ocean.

N Thursday, May 19, 1910, the great steamship '^ Grosser Kurfiirst'' sailed from New York with a large number of passengers. Among them were the four gentlemen named in the Preface. They were on the way to Edinburg, Scotland, to attend the World Missionary Conference, which commenced on June 14 and closed on June 23. After the Conference they spent about three months in travelling on the continent. This was the first ocean voyage for all the gentlemen named, except Rev. Mr. Miller, who had crossed the Pacific Ocean three times and the Atlantic Ocean once. In 1901 he with his wife went for the second time westward to Japan, and in February, 1910, returned by way of Europe, so that they have journeyed entirely around the globe.

The writer's long cherished desire for a tour of Europe was at last being realized. During fifty years' labor in the printing office he had never enjoyed a real vacation.

In our magnificent modern steamships sea voyages are a pleasure and devoid of great danger, as compared with what they were 150 years ago, when our forefathers came to America to establish new homes for themselves. Then the average voyage in sailing vessels occupied about three months, and the people had to subsist largely on salted meats and occupy uncomfortable quarters. Many died on the way and were buried at sea. Hard and sad was their lot in numerous instances. Rev. John Guldin, the first Reformed minister in Pennsylvania, came here with his family in 1710. They were thirteen weeks on the ocean, and the people had to live chiefly on salted meat boiled in salt water. One of their children died on the voyage and was buried in a watery grave. Such burials still occur, but not so frequently. Now people can cross the ocean in from six to nine days, and first-class passengers live as well as they do at home. Second-class and steerage passengers do not fare so well. What would our forefathers say, could they see our modern steamships ? Hundreds of friends had collected on the pier at New York to bid the passengers farewell. Amid thrilling scenes tlie ship gently glided out of her dock. The passengers on the ship and the large crowd on the shore cheered each other warmly, there was a general waving of handkerchiefs, and the steamer band played a popular piece. Soon the ship was under full headway, and gradually our dear native land receded from our vision. But our group of tourists was happy and full of pleasant anticipations.

While the ship was passing down the bay of New York to the ocean, there stood beside the captain on the bridge a man without uniform. This was the pilot, who guided the vessel out into the deep. He is thoroughly acquainted with the channel, and his seryices are needed to avoid rocks and sandbanks. At

A SEA VOYAGE. 15

Sandy Hook our steamer slowed down, and many passengers looked over its side to witness the departure of the pilot. He was let down into a rowboat and then transferred to a nearby small steamboat, which then returned to the city. At the same time a mail pouch was transferred. It was the last opportunity of the passengers to mail letters to their friends before entering upon the long journey across the ocean.

As the pilot stood at his post on the ship we were reminded of that great Pilot of whom we sing in a beautiful hymn :

"Jesus, Savior, pilot me Over life's tempestuous sea ; Unknown waves before me roll, Hiding rock and treacherous shoal ; Chart and compass come from Thee : Jesus, Savior, pilot me,"

The " Grosser Kurfiirst'^ is one of the largest of modern steamships. It is 582 feet long (about the length of a square in the city of Reading), 62 feet wide and 41 feet deep. It is splendidly furnished, and every possible comfort is afforded passengers. In a word, the ship is a floating palace, at least for first-class passengers. The public rooms, corridors and cabins are richly carpeted. The steamer is lighted throughout with electricity.

Through the courtesy of the chief engineer our party was permitted to inspect the machinery in the lower part of the vessel. There are a number of huge engines with a capacity of 9,700 horsepower. These operate the two screws which propel the great ship. The shafts are of solid steel, about 18 inches in thickness. Steam is generated in six great boilers, und^ which are 36 fires. A large number of stokers are constantly shoveling in coal. The ashes are blown into the sea. About 140 tons of coal per day is consumed, or nearly 1,300 tons during the trip from New York to Bremen. The vessel, when fully laden, draws 30 feet of water. When leaving New York the ship carried 500 tons of drinking water, 360 tons of boiler water and 1500 tons of water as ballast, besides 6,000 bales of cotton and much other freight.

The " Grosser Kurfurst'' was built at Dantzig, Germany, in 1899, at a cost of $1,500,000. Some of the more recently built ships cost as much as $4,000,000. On the uppermost deck of our steamer are 16 life-boats of good size. These are for use in case of a shipwreck. Each boat is provided with a cask of drinking water, a quantity of hard bread, a compass, a light, etc. The provisions are renewed before each departure of the ship. Besides, each cabin is provided with life preservers. Every possible precaution is taken for the safety of the passengers.

One of the interesting features of the ship is its wireless telegraph outfit. By this means the officials of the company in the several cities always know where the ship is, and the passengers, although in mid-ocean, may still comoiunicate with their friends, if necessary. It is a wonderful thing that telegraphic messages may be sent and received anywhere on the ocean. This is one of the greatest achievements of science in modern times.

The ship is named after Frederick William, the great and noted Elector of Brandenburg, who was a wise and just ruler. After the revocation of the Edict

A SEA VOYAGE. 17

of Nantes in France, which was the signal for the fierce persecution of the Huguenots, William opened his country as a place of refuge for these people, and manythousands of them flocked to his realm. France perhaps did not know that it was driving away its best people. These French Protestants became excellent citizens of Brandenburg and helped to make that country great, and their descendants became a prominent factor in crushing France in 1870. It is said that some forty of the principal officers and thousands of privates of the German army, which invaded and triumphed over France in that memorable war, were of Huguenot descent. Thus the persecuted Huguenots returned to France with a vengeance in the persons of their descendants.

On the title page of the pamplet containing the list of passengers there was a portrait of Frederick William, the Elector. On the Avail of the ship^s beautiful dining room is a portrait of his noble wife, Louisa Henrietta, a well-known Reformed lady, who composed a number of famous hymns, several of which appear in many of the le^sding collections of Protestantism. One of them is the hymn commencing with " Jesus, meine Zuversicht.'^

No one can form any adequate conception of the vastness of the ocean until he has once crossed it. During eight days our ship moved onward, day and night without any intermission, at the rate of about fifteen miles an hour, unceasingly plowing its way through the waves for a distance of three thousand miles. Asa rule the sea was calm, but at times the vessel rolled considerably, so that some of the passengers walking on the decks appeared a good deal like intoxicated persons.

As in our cities, extremes meet on such a ship. There are three classes of passengers — first, second, and third or steerage. There is a marked contrast between the quarters of the first and last classes, the first being surrounded not only with every needed comfort, bufc with real luxury, whilst the third enjoy neither. The former have fine rooms and eat their splendid meals while the band plays, but the steerage passengers have uncomfortable quarters and eat plain food. Thus even on the same ship the rich and the poor are differentiated. But it cannot be avoided. Such conditions have always prevailed, and will likely continue as long as the world. Whilst inspecting the steerage passengers one day I could not help saying to myself: " The Lord have mercy on the people who must cross the ocean in the steerage.'^ Several hundred thousand third-class passengers come to the United States each year.

People on a ship are more sociable than when on land. They are somewhat limited in their movements and meet frequently, and are drawn to each other. In many instances friendships are formed on a voyage that last during life. The passengers form a little community, and this makes the voyage pleasant. Between meals people walk and talk a great deal. Many a good story is told. Our party included three ministers. Sensible preachers, as well as other people, enjoy real, good humor. Sometimes we look at the waves of the sea, and think of the fact that they have been chasing each other during ages, even as they do now, and will continue to do so as long as the world lasts. Then we

A SEA VOYAGE. 19

watch passing steamers. Afar off they appear small, but their size increases as they approach us nearer. The approach is, however, in no instance close. They keep at a safe distance from each other. The ocean is large, and there is plenty of room for all.

Among the interesting sights on the ocean that are eagerly watched by the passengers are the rising and setting of the sun. In the morning the sun seems to rise like a ball of fire out of the water, and in the same manner sinks into it in the evening. Unfortunately we did not have much sunshine during our voyage. On the evening of May 20 we were on the lookout for the great Halley^s comet in the western sky. We saw a star near the horizon, but were not certain that it ' as the comet.

Another one of the sights at sea is that of birds. We saw many such in mid-ocean. How do they subsist and where do they rest? They live on the refuse of ships. A flock of birds called sea-gulls followed our ship a long distance. They frequently went down upon the water to pick up something, and then rose again above the vessel. It was an interesting sight to see these white birds on the sea.

One afternoon a fog prevailed, and we could see only a short distance ahead of the ship. The loud fog horn blew every minute to warn other ships. In an hour or more the fog disappeared, and all danger was over. Should two ships like ours collide, the result would be frightful.

About three-fourths of the passengers were Germans, and nearly all spoke in their mother tongue during the voyage.

When one is out upon the wide, trackless ocean, where for more than a week he sees nothing but heaven above and water around him, he feels his dependence upon God more than ever. Here one is helpless. He feels his insignificance. Under such circumstances it is a great consolation to know that the Lord rules. He is Master of wind and waves, and cares for His own. Here one derives unusual comfort from the answer to the first question of the Heidelberg Catechism. Truly we are the Lord's, and this is our comfort. He knows His children, no matter where they are or under what circumstances they are found. Thus by day and by night we can put our trust in Him and be assured that whatever may befall us, it shall be well with us.

' As we stand at the edge of the ship and see the waves dashing against it, we are reminded of the experience of the disciples on the Sea of Galilee, when a great storm arose and they were in fear of perishing. But they had Jesus on board, and to Him they appealed for help. He arose and simply said, ^" Peace, be still," and there was a great calm. Jesus is still with His people to calm the storm, not only on the sea, but everywhere. Where He is, there is safety and peace. But we, too, are like the disciples. Of us He may also say, " O ye of little faith." And we need constantly to pray, '' Lord, increase our faith."

Some people are afraid of ocean voyages because of the dangers connected with them. But the fact is that there is comparatively little danger in these days, especially in the case of the large vessels. Few are the accidents which happen to them. They are not tossed to and fro like the smaller craft. The huge ships in ordinary weather plow their way through the deep

A SEA VOYAGE. 21

without much motion. Even severe storms do not affect them seriously. At times the waves rise from thirty to fifty feet, and even dash the water across the front part of the ship, but without doing any real damage And should a ship strike a rock and a hole bo torn in its bottom, it would not sink, since it has several water-tight compartments. Some people fear the ocean because it is said to be without bottom. This is not really true. The ocean has a bottom ; the only trouble is that it is too far below the surface of the sea to be of service in case of danger.

On account of faverable weather and congenial companions the voyage was never tiresome. And yet one never forgets home and friends. One evening as I was sitting on deck at a late hour the words of Dr. John H. Newman in his famous hymn became very real to my mind :

"Lead, kindly Light, amid the encircling ^loom,

Lead Thou me on ; The night is dark and I am far from home.

Lead Thou me on : Keep Thou my feet ; I do not ask to see The distant scene ; one step enough for me."

On Sunday morning. May 22, a service was held in the dining room, which was well attended and much enjoyed. The service was conducted by Dr. C. E. Creitz and the sermon was preached by Rev. J. F. Moyer. Three well-known hymns were sung from books furnished by the ship company. It was inspiring to worship the Lord in mid-ocean.

Some years ago some one asked me whether persons were compelled to remain on board a ship when once it had started. There is of course only one alternative — either remain on board or step into the water.

When Columbus was on his voyage of discovery to America, his sailors became discontented, and rautined. They demanded a landing. Columbus said : "All right. Just step overboard. It is only about a mile to land below." That was rather cold comfort for his weary sailors.

After eight days our first sea voyage came to a close. The first evidence we had that we were approaching land was the famous Eddystone Lighthouse near the shore of England. It is located about 15 miles from Plymouth. The lighthouse warns vessels against the rocks upon one of which it stands. Many ships had been wrecked here. In 1696-1700 a wooden lighthouse was erected here by Winstanley, but on November 20, 1703, a violent storm washed it away with the architect. A second one, also of wood, was burned in 1755. The present substantial stone lighthouse was erected 1879-82. Its great apparatus produces a light equal to 160,000 candles, and the light can be seen at a distance of 17 J miles.

On a Friday afternoon we sighted land, and our eager eyes for the first time rested on the shore of Old England. The sight of land caused considerable excitement among the passengers. Although the voyage had been pleasant, the change was a welcome one. At about six o'clock the great steamer stopped outside the harbor of Plymouth, England, and a number of passengers, including our quartette, were transferred to a small steamer called a tender and conveyed to the city. The large ocean steamers do not sail into the harbors of some cities of Europe, presumably because of shallow water and probably also to gain time. It was after eight o'clock when we landed at Plymouth.

CHAPTER n^-ENGLAND*

Plymouth.— Reading.— Oxford.— Stratford-on-Avon.— Birmingham.— Chester.— Liverpool.— Carlisle.

NGLAND is one ot the leading nations of Europe, and yet a small country. The whole of the British Islands constitutes only one-sixteen-hundredth of the world^s dry land. At the same time

I^j^j^^ I -|, England governs one-seventh of the land ^'^fmj^^rk area of the world. England proper is only a little larger than the State of New York, whilst England and Wales together are less than one-fourth the size of the State of Texas. Twenty-nine States of the American Union are each larger than the whole of the United Kingdom — that is, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

The southern portion of England is level, whilst the northwestern part is hilly and mountainous. England is far more fertile than Scotland or Ireland. It is largely a grazing country. Large numbers of cattle and sheep are raised. The English consume great quantities of beef and mutton. There are also large quantities of vegetables raised. An immense amount of these is needed to supply the large cities. In most sections few fences are seen, but in the northern part there are many stone fences. The stones are secured from the fields. At many places these fences are run up the mountain sides almost to the summit. In some sections few trees are seen.

It is remarkable how many names of counties in Pennsylvania have been borrowed from England, such as Bedford, Berks, Chester, Cumberland, Huntingdon, Northampton, Northumberland, Somerset, Westmoreland and York. The names of towns and townships is much larger. This comes from the fact that William Penn, owner of the land here, was an Englishman, and he and his sons had much to do with selecting names.