An appeal in favor of that class of Americans called African

Front matter

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Preface

Reader, I beseech you not to throw down this vokime as soon as you have glanced at the title. Read it, if your prejudices will allow, for the veiy truth's sake : — If I have tlie most trifling claims upon your good will, for an hour's amusement to yourself, or benefit to your children, read it for my sake : — Read it, if it be merely to find fresh occasion to sneer at the vulgarity of the cause : — Read it, from sheer curiosity to see what a woman (who had much better attend to her household concerns) will say upon such a subject: — Read it, on any terms, and my purpose will be^gamed.

The subject I have chosen admits of no encomiums on my country ; but as I generally make it an object to supply what is most needed, this circumstance is unimportant ; the market is so glutted with flattery, that a little ti'uth may be acceptable, were it only for its rarity.

I am fully aware of the unpopularity of the task I have undertaken ; but though I expect ridicule and censure, I cannot /ear them.

A few years hence, the opinion of the world will be a matter in which I have not even the most transient interest ; but this book will be abroad on its mission of humanity, long after the hand that wrote it is mingling with the dust.

Should it be the means of advancing, even one single horn-, the inevitable progi-ess of truth and justice, I would not exchange the consciousness for all Rothchild's wealth, or Sir Walter's fame.

AN APPEAL, &c

Chapter I

BRIEF HISTORY OF NEGRO SLAVERY. — ITS INEVITABLE EFFECT UPON ALL CONCERNED IN IT.

The lot is wretched, the condition sad.

Whether a pining discontent survive,

And thirst for cliange ; or liabit hath subdued

The soul depressed ; dejected — even to love

Of her dull tasks and close captivity. Wokdsworth.

My ear is pained, My soul is sick with every day's report Of wrong and outrage, with which this earth is filled. There is no flesh in man's obdurate heart. It does not feel for man. Cowper.

While the Portuguese were exploring Africa, in 1442, Prince Henry ordered Anthony Gonsalez to carry back certain Moorish prisoners, whom he had seized two years before near Cape Bajador : this order was obeyed, and Gonsalez received from the Moors, in exchange for the captives, ten negroes, and a quantity of gold dust. Unluckily, this wicked speculation proved profitable, and other Portuguese were induced to embark in it.

In 1492, the West India islands were discovered by Columbus. The Spaniards, dazzled with the acquisition of a new world and eager to come into possession of their wealth, compelled the natives of Hispaniola to dig in the mines. The native Indians died rapidly, in consequence of hard work and cruel treatment ; and thus a new market was opened for the negro slaves captured by the Portuguese. They were accordingly introduced as 1 a BRIEF IIISTOIiy

early as 1503. Those who bought and those who sold were alike prepared to trample on the rights of their fellow beings, by that most demoralizing of all influences, the accursed love of gold.

Cardinal Ximenes, while he administered the government, before the accession of Charles the Fifth, was petitioned to allow a regular commerce in African negroes. But he rejected the proposal with promptitude and firmness, alike honorable to his head and heart. This earliest friend of the Africans, living in a comparatively unenlightened age, has peculiar claims upon our gratitude and reverence. In 1517, Charles the Fifth granted a patent for an annual supply of four thousand negroes to the Spanish islands. He probably soon became aware of the horrible, and everincreasing evils, attendant upon this traffic ; for twentyfive years after he emancipated every negro in his dominions. But when he resigned his crown and retired to a monastery, the colonists resumed their shameless tyranny.

Captain Hawkins, afterward Sir John Hawkins, was the first Englishman, who disgraced himself and his country by this abominable trade. Assisted by some rich people in London, he fitted out three ships, and sailed to the African coast, where he burned and plundered the towns, and carried off three hundred of the defenceless inhabitants to Hispaniola.

Elizabeth afterwards authorized a similar adventure with one of her own vessels. "She expressed her concern lest any of the Africans should be carried off without their free consent ; declaring that such a thing would be detestable, and call down the vengeance of Heaven upon the undertakers." For this reason, it has been supposed that the Queen was deceived — that she imagined the negroes were transported to the Spanish colonies as voluntary laborers. But history gives us slight reasons to judge Elizabeth so favorably. It was her system always to preserve an appearance of justice and virtue. She was a shrewd, far-sighted politician ; and had in perfection the clear head and cold heart calculated to form that character. Whatever she might believe of the trade at its beginning, she was too deeply read in human

OF NEGRO SLAVERY. 3

nature, not to foresee the inevitable consequence of placing power in the hands of avarice.

A Roman priest persuaded Louis the Tliirteenth to sanction slavery for the sake of converting the negroes to Christianity ; and thus this bloody iniquity, disguised with gown, hood, and rosary, entered the fair dominions of France. To be violently wrested from his home, and condemned to toil without hope, by Christians, to whom he had done no wrong, was, inethinks, a very odd beginning to the poor negro's course of religious instruction !

When this evil had once begun, it, of course, gathered strength rapidly ; for all the bad passions of human nature were eagerly enlisted in its cause. The British formed settlements in North America, and in the West Indies ; and these were stocked with slaves. From 1680 to 1786 two million, one hundred and thirty thousand negroes were imported into the British colonies !

In almost all great evils there is some redeeming feature — some good results, even where it is not intended : pride and vanity, utterly selfish and wrong in themselves, often throw money into the hands of the poor, and thus tend to excite industry and ingenuity, while they produce comfort. But slavery is «// evil — within and without — root and branch, — bud, blossom and fruit!

In order to show how dark it is in every aspect — how invariably injurious both to nations and individuals, — I will select a few facts from the mass of evidence now before me.

In the first place, its effects upon Africa have been most disastrous. All along the coast, intercourse with Europeans has deprived the inhabitants of their primitive simplicity, without substituting in its place the order, refinement, and correctness of principle, attendant upon true civilization. The soil of Africa is rich in native productions, and honorable commerce might have been a blessing to her, to Europe, and to America ; but instead of that, a trade has been substituted, which operates like a withering curse, upon all concerned in it.

There are green and sheltered valleys in Africa, — broad and beautiful rivers, — and vegetation in its love-

4 THi; EFFECT OF SLAVERY

liest and most magnificent forms. — But no comfortable houses, no thriving farms, no cultivated gardens ; — for it is not safe to possess permanent property, where each little state is surrounded by warlike neighbors, continually sending out their armed bands in search of slaves. The white man offers his most tempting articles of merchandize to the negro, as a price for the flesh and blood of his enemy ; and if we, with all our boasted knowledge and religion, are seduced by money to do such grievous wrong to those who have never offended us, what can we expect of men just emerging from the limited wants of savage life, too uncivilized to have formed any habits of steady industry, yet earnestly coveting the productions they know not how to earn ? The inevitable consequence is, that war is made throughout that unhappy continent, not only upon the slightest pretences, but often without any pretext at all. Villages are set on fire, and those who fly from the flames rush upon the spears of the enemy. Private kidnapping is likewise carried on to a great extent ; for he who can catch a neighbor's child is sure to find a ready purchaser ; and it sometimes happens that the captor and his living merchandize are both seized by the white slave-trader. Houses are broken open in the night, and defenceless women and children carried away into captivity. If boys, in the unsuspecting innocence of youth, come near the white man's ships, to sell vegetables or fruit, they are ruthlessly seized and carried to slavery in a distant land. Even the laws are perverted to this shameful purpose. If a chief wants European commodities, he accuses a parent of witchcraft ; the victim is tried by the ordeal of poisoned water;* and if he sicken at the draught, the king claims a right to punish him by selling his whole family. In African legislation, almost all crimes are punished with slavery; and, thanks to the white man's rapacity, there is always a very powerful motive for findinsr the culprit guilty. He must be a very good king indeed, that judges his subjects impartially, when he is sure of making money by doing otherwise !

* Judicial trials by the ordeal of personal combat, in which tho vanquished wore always pronounced guilty, occurred as late as X\\c sixteeritU century both in France aqd England,

The king of Dahomy, and other despotic princes, do not scruple to seize their own people and sell them, without provocation, whenever they happen to want anything, which slave-ships can furnish. If a chief has conscience enough to object to such proceedings, he is excited by presents of gun-powder and brandy. One of these men, who could not resist the persuasions of the slave traders while he was intoxicated, was conscience-stricken when he recovered his senses, and bitterly reproached his Christian seducers. One negro king, debarred by his religion from the use of spiritous liquors, and therefore less dangerously tempted than others, abolished the slave trade throughout his dominions, and exerted himself to encourage honest industry ; but his people must have been as sheep among wolves.

Relentless bigotry brings its aid to darken the horrors of the scene. The Mohammedans deem it right to subject the heathen tribes to perpetual bondage. The Moors and Arabs think Alia and the Prophet have given them an undisputed right to the poor CaftVe, his wife, his children, and his goods. But mark how the slave-trade deepens even the fearful gloom of bigotry ! These Mohammedans are by no means zealous to enlighten their Pagan neighbors — they do not wish them to come to a knowledge of what they consider the true religion — lest they should forfeit the only ground, on which they can even pretend to the right of driving them by thousands to the markets of Kano and Tripoli.

This is precisely like our own conduct. We say the negroes are so ignorant that they must be slaves ; and we insist upon keeping them ignorant, lest we spoil them for slaves. The same spirit that dictates this logic to the Arab, teaches it to the European and the American : — Call it what you please — it is certainly neither of heaven nor of earth.

When the slave ships are lying on the coast of Africa, canoes well armed are sent into the inland country, and after a few weeks they return with hundreds of negroes, tied fast with ropes. Sometimes the white men lurk among the bushes, and seize the wretched beings who incautiously venture from their homes ; sometimes they 1* paint their skins as black as their hearts, and by this deception suddenly surprise the unsuspecting natives ; at Other times the victims are decoyed on board the vessel, under some kind pretence or other, and then lashed to the mast, or chained in the hold. Is it not very natural for the Africans to say " devilish white" ?

All along the shores of this devoted country, terror and distrust prevail. The natives never venture out without arms, when a vessel is in sight, and skulk through their own fields, as if watched by a panther. All their worst passions are called into full exercise, and all their kindlier feelings smothered. Treachery, fraud and violence desolate the country, rend asunder the dearest relations, and pollute the very fountains of justice. The history of the negro, whether national or domestic, is written in blood. Had half the skill and strength employed in the slave-trade been engaged in honorable commerce, the native princes would long ago have directed their energies toward clearing the country, destroying wild beasts, and introducing the arts and refinements of civilized life. Under such influences, Africa might become an earthly paradise ; — the white man's avarice has made it a den of wolves.

Having thus glanced at the miserable effects of this system on the condition of Africa, we will now follow the })Oor slave through his wretched wanderings, in order to give some idea of his physical suffering, his mental, and moral degradation.

Husbands are torn from their wives, children from their parents, while the air is filled with the shrieks and lamentations of the bereaved. Sometimes they are brought from a remote country ; obliged to wander over mountains and through deserts ; chained together in herds ; driven by the whip ; scorched by a tropical sun ; compelled to carry heavy bales of merchandize ; suffering with hunger and thirst ; worn down with fatigue ; and often leaving their bones to whiten in the desert. A large troop of slaves, taken by the Sultan of Fezzan, died in the desert for want of food. In some places, travellers meet with fifty or sixty skeletons in a day, of which the largest proportion were no doubt slaves.

on their way to European markets. Sometimes the poor creatures refuse to go a step further, and even the lacerating whip cannot goad them on ; in such cases, they become the prey of wild beasts, more merciful than white men.

Those who arrive at the sea-coast, are in a state of desperation and despair. Their purchasers are so well aware of this, and so fearful of the consequences, that they set sail in the nio^ht, lest the negroes should know when they depart from their native shores.

And here the scene becomes almost too harrowing to dwell upon. But we must not allow our nerves to be more tender than our consciences. The poor wretches are stowed by hundreds, like bales of goods, between the low decks, where filth and putrid air produce disease, madness, and suicide. Unless they die in great numbers, the slave captain does not even concern himself enough to fret ; his live stock cost nothing, and he is sure of such a high price for what remains at the end of the voyage, that he can afford to lose a good many.

The following account is given by Dr Walsh, who accompanied Viscount Strangford, as chaplain, on his embassy to Brazil. The vessel in which he sailed chased a slave ship; for to the honor of England be it said, she has asked and obtained permission from other governments to treat as pirates such of their subjects as are discovered carrying on this guilty trade north of the equator. Doctor Walsh was an eye witness of the scene he describes ; and the evidence given, at various times, before the British House of Commons, proves that the frightful picture is by no means exaggerated.

" The vessel had taken in, on the coast of Africa, three hundred and thirtysix males, and two hundred and twentysix females, making in all five hundred and sixtytwo ; she had been out seventeen days, during which she had thrown overboard fiftyfive. They were all inclosed under grated hatchways, between decks. The space was so low, and they were stowed so close together, that there was no possibility of lying down, or changing their position, night or day. The greater part of them were shut out from light and air ; and this when the ther-

8 THE EFFECT OP SLAVERY

mometer, exposed to the open sky, was standing, in the shade on our deck, at eightynine degrees.

*' The space between decks was divided into two compartments, three feet three inches high. Two hundred and twentysix women and girls were thrust into one space two hundred and eightyeight feet square ; and three hundred and thirtysix men and boys were crammed into another space eight hundred feet square ; giving the whole an average of twenty three inches ; and to each of the women not more than thirteen inches ; though several of them were in a state of health, which peculiarly demanded pity. — As they were shipped on account of different individuals, they were branded like sheep, with the owner's marks of different forms ; which, as the mate informed me with perfect indifference, had been burnt in with red-hot iron. Over the hatch-way stood a ferocious looking fellow, the slave-driver of the ship, with a scourge of many-twisted thongs in his hand ; whenever he heard the slightest noise from below, he shook it over them, and seemed eager to exercise it.

"As soon as the poor creatures saw us looking down at them, their melancholy visages brightened up. They perceived something of sympathy and kindness in our looks, to which they had not been accustomed ; and feeling instinctively that we were friends, they immediately began to shout and clap their hands. The women were particularly excited. They all held up their arms, and when we bent down and shook hands with them, they could not contain their delight ; they endeavored to scramble upon their knees, stretching up to kiss our hands, and we understood they knew we had come to liberate them. Some, however, hung down their heads in apparently hopeless dejection ; some were greatly emaciated ; and some, particularly children, seemed dying. The heat of these horrid places w^as so great, and the odor so offensive, that it was quite impossible to enter them, even had there been room.

The officers insisted that the poor, suffering creatures should be admitted on deck to get air and water. This was opposed by the mate of the slaver, who (from a feeling that they deserved it, ) declared they should be all murdered. The officers, however, persisted, and the poor beings were all turned out together. It is impossible to conceive the effect of this eruption — five hundred and seventeen fellow-creatures, of all ages and sexes, some children, some adults, some old men and women, all entirely destitute of clothing, scrambling out together to taste the luxury of a little fresh air and water. They came swarming up, like bees from a hive, till the whole deck was crowded to suffocation from stem to stern ; so that it was impossible to imagine where they could all have come from, or how they could have been stowed away. On looking into the places where they had been crammed, there were found some children next the sides of the ship, in the places most remote from light and air ; they were lying nearly in a torpid state, after the rest had turned out. The little creatures seemed indifferent as to life or death ; and vv'hen they were carried on deck, many of them could not stand. After enjoying for a short time the unusual luxury of air, some water was brought ; it was then that the extent of their sufferings was exposed in a fearful manner. They all rushed like maniacs towards it. No entreaties, or threats, or blows, could restrain them; they shrieked, and struggled, and fought with one another, for a drop of this precious liquid, as if they grew rabid at the sight of it. There is nothing from which slaves in the mid-passage suffer so much as want of water. It is sometimes usual to take out casks filled with sea-water as ballast, and when the slaves are received on board, to start the casks, and re-fill them with fresh. On one occasion, a ship from Bahia neglected to change the contents of their casks, and on the mid-passage found, to their horror, that they were filled with nothing but salt water. All the slaves on board perished ! We could judge of the extent of their sufferings from the afl^icting sight we now saw. When the poor creatures were ordered down again, several of them came, and pressed their heads against our knees, with looks of the greatest anguish, with the prospect of returning to the horrid place of suffering below."

Alas ! the slave-captain proved by his papers that he confined his traffic strictly to the south of the Line, where it was yet lawful ; perhaps his papers were forged ; but the English officers were afraid to violate an article of the treaty, which their government had made with Brazil. Thus does cunning wickedness defeat benevolence and justice in this world ! Dr Walsh continues : " With infinite regret, therefore, we were obliged to restore his papers to the captain, and permit him to proceed, after nine hours' detention and close investigation. It was dark when we separated, and the last parting sounds we heard from the unhallowed ship, were the cries and shrieks of the slaves, suffering under some bodily infliction."

I suppose the English officers acted politically right ; but not for the world's wealth, would I have acted politically right, under such circumstances !*

Arrived at the place of destination, the condition of the slave is scarcely less deplorable. They are advertised with cattle ; chained in droves, and driven to market with a whip ; and sold at auction, with the beasts of the field. They are treated like brutes, and all the influences around them conspire to make them brutes.

" Some are employed as domestic slaves, when and how the owner pleases ; by day or by night, on Sunday or other days, in any measure or degree, with any remuneration or with none, with what kind or quantity of food the owner of the human beast may choose. Male or female, young or old, weak or strong, may be punished with or without reason, as caprice or passion may prompt. When the drudge does not suit, he may be sold for some inferior purpose, like a horse that has seen his best days, till like a worn-out beast he dies, unpitied and forgotten ! Kept in ignorance of the holy precepts and divine consolations of Christianity, he remains a Pagan in a Christian land, without even an object of idolatrous worship — ' having no hope, and without God in the world.' "

* Dr Walsh's book on Brazil was published in 1831. He says : " Notwithstanding the benevolent and persevering exertions of Engliiful, this horrid traffic in human flesh is nearly as extensively carried on as ever, and under circumstances perhaps of a more revolting character. The very shifts at evasion, the necessity for concealment, and the desperate hazard, cause inconvenience and gufferings to the poor creatures in a very aggravated degree,"

* From the moment the slave is kidnapped, to the last hour he draws his miserable breath, the white man's influence directly cherishes ignorance, fraud, treachery, theft, licentiousness, revenge, hatred and murder. It cannot be denied that human nature thus operated upon, must necessarily yield, more or less, to all these evils. — And thus do we dare to treat beings, who, like ourselves, are heirs of immortality !

And now let us briefly inquire into the influence of slavery on the white mail's character ; for in this evil there is a mighty re-action. " Such is the constitution of things, that we cannot inflict an injury without suffering from it ourselves : he, who blesses another, benefits himself; but he, who sins against his fellow creature, does his own soul a grievous wrong." The effect produced upon slave captains is absolutely frightful. Those who wish to realize it in all its awful extent, may find abundant information in Clarkson's History of Slavery : the authenticity of the facts there given cannot be doubted ; for setting aside the perfect honesty of Clarkson's character, these facts were principally accepted as evidence before the British Parliament, where there was a very strong party of slave owners desirous to prove them false.

Indeed when we reflect upon the subject, it cannot excite surprise that slave-captains become as hard hearted and fierce as tigers. The very first step in their business is a deliberate invasion of the rights of others ; its pursuit combines every form of violence, bloodshed, tyranny and anguish ; they are accustomed to consider their victims as cattle, or blocks of wood ;* and they are invested with perfectly despotic powers.

There is a great waste of life among white seamen employed in this traffic, in consequence of the severe

*I have read letters from slave-captains to their employers, in which they declare that they shipped such a number of billets of wood, or pieces of eboiiy, on the coast of Africa.

Near the office of the Richmond Enquirer in Virginia, an auction flag was hoisted one day this last winter, with the following curious advertisement : " On Monday the 11th inst., will be sold in front of the High Constable's office, one bright mulatto woman, about twentysix years of age ; also, some empty barrels, and sundry old candle boxes."

12 THE EFFECT OP SLAVERY

punishment they receive, and diseases originating in the unwholesome atmosphere on board. Clarkson, after a long and patient investigation, came to the conclusion that two slave voyages to Africa, would destroy more seamen than eightythree to Newfoundland ; and there is this difference to be observed, that the loss in one trade is generally occasioned by weather or accident, in the other by cruelty or disease. The instances are exceedingly numerous of sailors on board slave-ships, that have died under the lash or in consequence of it. Some of the particulars are so painful that it has made me sicken to read them ; and I therefore forbear to repeat them. Of the Alexander's crew, in 1785, no less than eleven deserted at Eonny, on the African coast, because life had become insupportable. They chose all that could be endured from a most inhospitable climate, and the violence of the natives, rather than remain in their own ship. Nine others died on the voyage, and the rest were exceedingly abused. This state of things was so universal that seamen were notoriously averse to enter the hateful business. In order to obtain them it became necessary to resort to force or deception. (Behold how many branches there are to the tree of crime !) Decoyed to houses where night after night was spent in dancing, rioting and drunkenness, the thoughtless fellows gave themselves up to the merriment of the scene, and in a moment of intoxication the fatal bargain was sealed. Encouraged to spend more than they owned, a jail or the slave-ship became the only alternatives. The superiority of wages was likewise a strong inducement ; but this was a cheat. The wages of the sailors were half paid in the currency of the country where the vessel carried her slaves ; and thus they were actually lower than in other trades, while they were nominally higher.

In such an employment the morals of the seamen of course became corrupt, like their masters; and every species of fraud was thought allowable to deceive the ignorant Africans, by means of false weights, false measures, adulterated commodities, and the like.

Of the cruelties on board slave-ships, I will mention but a few instances ; though a large volume might be filled

ON ALL CONCERNED IN tT. 13

with such detestable anecdotes perfectly well authenticated.

*' A child on board a slave-ship, of about ten months old, took sulk and would not eat ; the captain flogged it with a cat-o'-nine tails ; swearing that he would make it eat, or kill it. From this, and other ill-treatment, the limbs swelled. He then ordered some water to be made hot to abate the swelling. But even his tender mercies were cruel. The cook, on putting his hand into the water, said it was too hot. Upon this the captain swore at him, and ordered the feet to be put in. This was done. The nails and skin came off. Oiled cloths were then put around them. The child was at length tied to a heavy log. Two or three days afterwards, the captain caught it up again, and repeated that he would make it eat, or kill it. He immediately flogged it again, and in a quarter of an hour it died. And after the babe was dead, whom should the barbarian select to throw it overboard, but the wretched mother ! In vain she tried to avoid the office. He beat her, till he made her take up the child and carry it to the side of the vessel. She then dropped it into the sea, turning her head the other way, that she might not see it."*

" In 1780, a slave-trader, detained by contrary winds on the American coast, and in distress, selected one hundred and thirtytwo of his sick slaves, and threw them into the sea, tied together in pairs, that they might not escape by swimming. He hoped the Insurance Company would indemnify him for his loss ; and in the lawsuit, to which this gave birth, he observed that ' negroes cannot be considered in any other light than as beasts of burden ; and to lighten a vessel it is permitted to throw overboard its least valuable eflfects.'