Abridgment of mental philosophy

Preface

The Philosophy of the Mind has grown up, like other sciences, from small beginnings. Many propositions, coming too, in many instances, from able writers, have been thrown aside ; truth has been sifted out from the mass of error, until at last a great number of important principles is ascertained. But while it is exceedingly necessary that our youth should be made acquainted with these principles, it is impossible that they should go through with all the complicated discussions which have been held in respect to them. Many of the books in which these discussions are contained have become exceedingly rare ; and, if they were not so, no small number of students, who are now in the course of as thorough an education as our country affords, would not be able to purchase them. And besides, by placing before the student a mass of crude and conflicting statements, his mind becomes perplexed. To be able to resolve such a mass into its elements, and to separate truth from error, implies an acquaintance with the laws of the intellect, and a degree of mental discipline, which he is not yet supposed to have acquired ; and hence, instead of obtaining much important knowledge, he becomes distrustful of everything

Now these evils, saying nothing of the loss of time attendant on such a course, are to be remedied in the same way as in other sciences. In other departments of learning, ingenious men discuss points of difficulty ; conflicting arguments are accumulated, until the preponderance on one side is such that the question in debate is considered

IV PREFACE.

settled Others employ themselves in collecting facts, in classifying them, and in deducing general principles ; and when all this is done, the important truths of the science, collected from such a variety of sources, and suitably arranged and expressed, are laid before the student, in order that he may become acquainted with them. And this is what is attempted, to some extent, to be done in the present work, which is an abridgment of a larger work on the same subject. In the larger w T ork, the principles of Eclecticism and Induction, which have just been referred to, are applied on a more extensive scale than in the present. I have been obliged necessarily to exclude from the abridgment many interesting and striking illustrations and facts, and some general philosophical views, which would have had a place if our limits had permitted. I indulge the hope, nevertheless, as the abridgment has been made with no small degree of care, that it will answer the purpose for which it is particularly designed ; viz., the assistance of those youth who need some knowledge of Mental Philosophy, but are not in a situation to prosecute the subject to any great extent.

THOMAS C UPHAM

Bowdoin College May, 1840.

Contents

DIVISION I.

THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING. .NT4LLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MliTD.

Part I

INTELLECTUAL STATES OF EXTERNAL ORIGIN. CHAPTER I.

ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL.

1. The mind susceptible of a threefold division . . .17

2. The Intellect susceptible of a subordinate division . . . ib.

3. Of the connexion of the mind with the material world . . 1-8

4. Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin . 19

5. Shown further from what we notice in children . . . .20

6. Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes 21

7. The same subject further illustrated 22

8. Illustration from the case of James Mitchell .... 23

Chapter II. Sensation And Perception

9. Sensation a simple mental state originating in the senses . . 24

10. All sensation is properly and truly in the mind . ... 25

11. Sensations are not images or resemblances of objects . . . ib.

12. The connexion between the mental and physical change not ca-

pable of explanation 26

13. Of the meaning and nature of perception 27

14. Perception makes us acquainted with a material world . . 27

15. Of the primary and secondary qualities of matter . . .28

16. Of the secondary qualities of matter 29

Chapter III. The Senses Of Smell And Taste

17. Nature and importance of the senses as a source of knowjedge 30 19. Connexion of the brain with sensation and perception . 31

19. Order in which the senses are to be considered . . . .32

20. Of the sense and sensations of smell ib.

21. Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations . . . 33

22. Of the sense and the sensations of taste 34

Chapter IV. The Sense Of Hearing

23. Organ of the sense of hearing .... . 35

24. Varieties of the sensation of sound 36

to. Manner in which we learn the place of sounds . y

A2

VI CONTENTS.

Chapter V. The Sense Op Touch

Section ft^s

26. Of the sense of touch in general and its sensations . . 38

27. Idea of externality suggested in connexion with- the toush . . ib. wS. Origin of the notion of extension, and of form or figare . . 40

29. On the sensations of heat and cold 41

30. Of the sensations of hardness and softness .... 42

31. Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch . 44

32. Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified . 4i>

Chapter VI. The Sense Of Sight

33. Of the organ of sight, and the uses or benefits of that sense 46

34. Statement of the mode or process in visual perception . 47

35. Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight . . 48

36. The idea of extension not originally from sight . .49

37. Of the knowledge of thefigure of bodies by the sight . 50

38. Illustration of the subject from the blind . . .51

39. Measurements of magnitude by the eye . .52

40. Of objects seen in a mist .53

41. Of the sun and moon when seen in the horizon . . . . ib.

42. Of the estimation of distances by sight 54

43. Signs by means of which we estimate distance by sight . . 55

44. Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects . 56

45. Of objects seen on the ocean, &c. . ... 57

Chapter VII. Habits Of Sensation And Perception

46. General view of the law of habit and of its applications . . 5S

47. The law of habit applicable to the mind as well as the body . ib.

48. Of habit in relation to the smell 59

49. Of habit in relation to the taste 60

50. Of habit in relation to the hearing 62

51. Application of habit to the touch 64

52. Other striking instances of habits of touch 65

53. Habits considered in relation to the sight 66

54. Sensations may possess a relative, as well as positive increase of

power 68

55. Of habits as modified by particular callings and arts . . .69

56. The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the

outlines and forms of objects 70

57. Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine . . .71

58. Additional illustrations of Mr. Stewart's doctrine . . .73

Chapter VIII. Conceptions

59 Meaning and characteristics of conceptions .

60. Of conceptions of objects of sight ....

61. Of the influence of habit on our conceptions

62. Influence of habit on conceptions of sight

63. Of the subserviency of our conceptions to description

64. Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief

65. Conceptions which are joined with perceptions .

66. Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations

CONTENTS.

VI)

Chapter IX. Simplicity And Complexness Of Mental States

Soctioa Pag*

67. Origin of the distinction of simple and complex .... 83

68. Nature and characteristics of simple mental states . . . ib.

69. Simple mental states not susceptible of definition . . .84

70. Simple mental states representative of a reality . . . .85

71. Origin of complex notions, and their relation to simple . . 86

72. Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings 87

73. The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood 88

74. Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind ... 89

75. Complex notions of external origin 90

76. Of objects contemplated as wholes 9]

Chapter X. Abstraction

77. Abstraction implied in the analysis of complex ideas . - 92

78. Instances of particular abstract ideas "**

79. Mental process in separating and abstracting them . . 94

80. General abstract notions the same with genera and species . 95

81. Process in classification, or the forming of genera and species . 96

82. Early classifications sometimes incorrect . . . . .97

83. Illustrations of our earliest classifications ib.

84. Of the nature of general abstract ideas 98

85. The power of general abstraction in connexion with numbers, &c. 99

86. Of general abstract truths or principles ib.

87. Of the speculations of philosophers and others .... 100

Chapter XI. Of Attention

88. Of the general nature of attention 101

89. Of different degrees of attention 102

90. Dependence of memory on attention 103

91. Of exercising attention in reading i04

92. Alleged inability to command the attention 105

Chapter XII. Dreaming

J3. Definition of dreams and the prevalence of them

94. Connexion of dreams with our waking thoughts

95. Dreams are often caused by our sensations .

96. Explanation of the incoherency of dreams. (1st cause)

97. Second cause of the incoherency of dreams

98. Apparent reality of dreams. (1st cause)

99. Apparent reality of dreams. (2d cause)

100. Of our estimate of time in dreaming

101 . Explanation of the preceding statements

. 107

. ib.

. 108 ib.

Ill

. 112

. 113

. 114

Part II

INTELLECTUAL STATES OF INTERNAL ORIGIN. CHAPTER I.

INTERNAL ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE.

102. The soul has fountains of knowledge within

.03 Declaration of Locke, that the soul has knowledge in itself

119 120

?111 CONTENTS.

Section Pag«

104. The beginning of knowledge is in the senses . . 120

105. There may also be internal accessions to knowledge . 121

106. Instances of notions which have an internal origin . 122

107. Other instances of ideas which have an internal origin ib

CHAPTER II.

ORIGINAL SUGGESTION.

108. Import of suggestion, and its application in Reid and Stewart 123

109. Ideas of existence, mind, self-existence, and personal identity 124 110 Of the nature of unity, and the origin of that notion . . . 126

111. Nature of succession, and origin of the idea of succession . . 127

112. Origin of the notion of duration . 128

113. Illustrations of the nature of duration ib.

114. Of time and its measurements, and of eternity .... 129

115. The idea of space not of external origin 130

116. The idea of space has its origin in suggestion .... 131

117. Of the origin of the idea of power 132

118. Occasions of the origin of the idea of power ... . ib.

119. Of the ideas of right and wrong . 133

120. Origin of the ideas of moral merit and demerit .... 134

121. Of other elements of knowledge developed in suggestion . . 135

122. Suggestion a source of principles as well as of ideas . . . ib

CHAPTER III.

CONSCIOUSNESS.

123. Consciousness the 2d source of internal knowledge ; its nature . 136

124. Further remarks on the proper objects of consciousness . . 137

125. Consciousnes a ground or law of belief 138

126. Instances of knowledge developed in consciousness . . . ib.

CHAPTER IV.

RELATIVE SUGGESTION OR JUDGMENT.

127. Of the susceptibility of perceiving or feeling relations . . 140 128 Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise . . .141

129. Of the use of correlative termc 142

130. Of relations of identity and diversity ib.

131. (n.) Relations of degree, and names expressive of them . .143

132. (in.) Of relations of proportion 144

133. (iv.) Of relations of place or position 145

134. (v.) Of relations of time 146

135. (vi.) Of ideas of possession 147

136. (vii.) Of relations of cause and effect 148

137. Of complex terms involving the relation of «ause and effect . 149

138. Connexion of relative suggestion with reasoning . . . l*r

CHAPTER V.

association, (i.) primary laws.

139 Reasons for considering this subject here . . .151

140. Meaning of association and illustrations ib.

141. Of the general laws of association 152

142. Resemblance the first general law of association . . 153

143. Of resemblance in the effects produced . . . . .154

144. Contrast the second general or primary law = . . . 155

145. Contiguity the third general or primary law . . . 157 446. Cause and effect the fourth primary law . . . 158

CONTENTS IX

CHAPTER VI.

AiSOCIATION. (II.) SECONDARY LAWS.

147. Secondary laws, and their connexion with the primary . 159

148. Of the influence of lapse of time 160

149. Secondary law of repetition or habit 161

150. Of the secondary law of co-existent emotion . . . 169

151. Original difference in the mental constitution . . . 163

152. The foregoing as applicable to the sensibilities . . . 164

CHAPTER VII.

MEMORY.

153. Remarks on the general nature of memory .... 106

154. Of memory as a ground or law of belief 167

155. Of differences in the strength of memory .... .168

156. Of circumstantial memory, or that species of memory which is

based on the relations of" contiguity in time and place . . 169

157. Illustrations of specific or circumstantial memory . . . 170

158. Of philosophic memory, or that species of memory which is based

on other relations than those of contiguity .... 171

159. Illustrations of philosophic memory 172

160. Of that species of memory called intentional recollection . . 173

161. Nature of intentional recollection 174

162. Instance illustrative of the preceding statements . . . . ib.

163. Marks of a good memory 175

164. Directions or rules for the improvement of the memory . . 177

165. Further directions for the improvement of the memory . . 179

166. Of observance of the truth in connexion with memory . . 180

CHAPTER V1I1.

DURATION OF MEMORY.

167. Restoration of thoughts and feelings supposed to be forgotten . 181

168. Mental action quickened by influence on the physical system . 183

169. Other instances of quickened mental action, and of a restoration

of thoughts 184

170 Effect on the memory of a severe attack of fever . . . . ib.

171. Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge . 185

172. Application of the principles of this chapter to education . . 187

173. Connexion of this doctrine with the final judgment and a future

life 189

CHAPTER IX.

REASONING.

,74. Reasoning a source of ideas and knowledge . . . 190

i75. Definition of reasoning, and of propositions 191

176. Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning . . 192

177. Illustration of the preceding statement .... 193

1 78. Grounds of the selection of propositions .... 194

179. Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed prepo-

sitions 195

180 Further considerations on this subject 196

181. Of differences in the power ©f reasoning ..... 197

182. Of habits of reasoning 198

183 Of reasoning in connexion with language or expression . 199

184 Illustration of the foregoing section .... . 200

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER X.

DEMONSTRATIVE REASONING <ecta» Pa#a

185 Of the subjects of demonstrative reasoning . , . 201

186. Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative ref-scning 202

187. The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd . 203 188 Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief . 204

189. Of the use ol liagrams in demonstrations .... 205

CHAPTER XI.

MORAL REASONING.

190. Of the subjects and importance of moral reasoning . . . 206

191. Of the nature of moral certainty 207

192. Of reasoning from analogy 208

193. Of reasoning by induction 209

194. Of combined or accumulated arguments 210

CHAPTER XII.

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS IN REASONING.

195. Rules relating to the practice of reasoning 211

i96. Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the truth . . ib

197. Care to be used in correctly stating the subject of discussion . 212

198. Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject . . 213

199. Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms .... il

200. Fallacia equivocationis, or the use of equivocal terms and phrases 215

201. Of the sophism of estimating actions and character from the cir-

cumstances of success merely 21G

202. Of adherence to our opinions 217

203. Effects on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth . 218

CHAPTER XIU.

IMAGINATION.

204. Imagination an intellectual rather than a sensitive process

205. The imagination closely related to the reasoning power

206. Definition of the power of imagination

207. Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination

208. Further remarks on the same subject ....

209. Illustration from the writings of Dr. Reid .

210. Grounds of the preference of one conception to another

211. Illustration of the subject from Milton .

212. The creations of imagination not entirely voluntary .

213. Illustration of the statements of the preceding section . 2)4. On the utility of the faculty of the imagination

219 220 221 222 223

21 5. Importance of the imagination in connexion with reasoning . 229

Chapter XIV

DISORDERED INTELLECTUAL ACTION. (I.) EXCITED CONCEPTIONS OR APPARITIONS.

216. Disordered intellectual action as connected with the body . . 231

217. Of excited conceptions and of apparitions in general . . .232

218. Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sight . . . ib.

219. Of the less permament excited conceptions of sound . . . 234

220. First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions. —

Morbid sensibility of the retina of the eye . . . . 23C

CONTENTS. XI

Pago

221. Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or apparitions.

Neglect of periodical blood-letting 237

222. Methods of relief adopted in this case 239

223. Third cause of excited conceptions. Attacks of fever . . 240

224. Fourth cause of apparitions and other excited conceptions. In-

flammation of the brain 241

225. Facte having relation to the fourth cause of excited concepticaas . 242

226. Fifth cause of apparitions. Hysteria 243

Chapter XV. Disordered Intellectual Action

(II.) INSANITY.

227. Meaning of the term insanity 244

228. Of disordered or alienated sensations .... . 245

229. Of disordered or alienated external perception .... 246

230. Disordered state or insanity of original suggestion . . . 247

231. Unsoundness or insanity of consciousness 248

232. Insanity cf the judgment or relative suggestion .... 249

233. Disordered or alienated association. Lightheadedness . . 250

234. Illustrations of this mental disorder 25^

235. Of partial insanity or alienation of the memory . . . ii

236. Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane .... 25^

237. Instance of the above form of insanity of reasoning . . 25v

238. Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination . . 255

239. Insanity or alienation of the power of belief . . . 256

DIVISION II.

THE SENSIBILITIES.

SENTIENT OR SENSITIVE STATES OF THE MIND.— SENTIMENTS

Introduction

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SENSIBILITIES.

240. Reference to the general division of the whole mind . . . 261

241. The action of the sensibilities implies that of the intellect . . ib.

242. Division of the sensibilities into natural or pathematic, and moral 262

243. The moral and natural sensibilities have different objects . . 263

244. The moral sensibilities higher in rank than the natural . . 264

245. The moral sensibilities wanting in brutes ib.

246. Classification of the natural sensibilities . ... 265 247 Classification of the moral sensibilities . . . 266

" PART I.

NATURAL OR PATHEMATIC SENSIBILITIESv NATURAL OR PATHEMATIC SENTIMENTS.

CLASS I.

EMOTIONS OR EMOTIVE STATES OF THE MIND.

Chapter I. Nature Of The Emotions

248. We have a knowledge of emotions by consciousness . . . 269

249. The place of emotions, considered in reference to other mental

acts 270

250 The character of emotions changes so as to comform to that of

perceptions 271

251, Emotims characterized by rapidity and variety . . . 273

Xll

CONTEINTS.

Chapter II. Emotions Of Beauty

Characteristics of emotions of beauty .

Of what is meant by beautiful objects .

Of the distinction between beautiful and other ofcnects

Grounds or occasions of emotions of beauty various

All objects not equally fitted to cause these emotions .

A susceptibility of emotions of beauty an ultimate principle of our

Riga

274 275 276

278 279 280 mental constitution Remarks on the beauty of forms. — The circle Original or intrinsic beauty. — The circle Of the beauty of straight and angular forms .

Of square, pyramidal, and triangular forms 28T

Of the original or intrinsic beauty of colours . . . 283

Further illustrations of the original beauty of colours . . 284

Of sounds considered as a source of beauty 286

Illustrations of the original beauty of sounds . . . .287 Further instances of the original beauty of sounds . . . 290 The permanency of musical power dependent on its being intrinsic ib.

Of motion as an element of beauty 291

Explanation of the beauty of motion from Kaimes . . . 292

Chapter III. Associated Beauty

270. Associated beauty implies an antecedent or intrinsic beauty . 293

271. Objects may become beautiful by association merely . . . 294

272. Further illustrations of associated feelings . . . . . 295

273. Instances of national associations 297

274. The sources of associated beauty coincident with those cf human

happiness 298

275. Summary of views in regard to the beautiful .... 299

EMOTIONS OF SUBLIMITY.

276. Connexion between beauty and sublimity 300

277. The occasions of the emotions of sublimity various . . . 301

278. Great extent or expansion an occasion of sublimity . . . 302

279. Great height an element or occasion of sublimity . . . ib.

280. Of depth in connexion with the sublime .... 303

281. Of colours in connexion with the sublime ... . 304

282. Of sounds as furnishing an occasion of sublime emotions . . ib.

283. Of motion in connexion with the sublime .... 3U5

284. Indications of power accompanied by emotions of the sublime 300

285. Of the original or primary sublimity of objects ... 307

286. Considerations in proof of the original sublimity of objects . b. 287 Influence of association on emotions of sublimity . . .308

Chapter V. Emotions Of The Ludicroc8

288. General nature of emo* ; ons of the ludicrous . . 309

289. Occasions of emotions of the ludicrous . . . . . 310

290. Of what is understood by wit . . . . . .311

291. Of wit as it consists in burlesque, or in debasing objects . . ib.

292. Of wit when employed in aggrandizing objects .... 312

293. Of the character and occasions of humour .... 313

294. Of the practical utility of feelings of the ludicrous . . 314

CONTENTS. Xlll

Chapter VI. Instances Of Othb I Simple Emotions

295. Emotions of cheerfulness, joy, and gladness . . 314

296. Emotion? of melancholy, sorrow, and grief . . . 315

297. Emotions of surprise, astonishment, and wonder . . . 316

298. Emotions of dissatisfaction, displeasure, and disgust . . ib. 299 Emotions of diffidence, modesty, and shame . . 317

300. Emotions of regard, reverence, and adoration . . ib

CLASS II.

THE DESIRES.

Chapter I. Nature Op Desires

301. Of the prevalence of desire in this department of the mind . 321

302. The nature of desires known from consciousness . . . ib. 303., Of the place of desires in relation to other mental states . . 322 304 The desires characterized by comparative fixedness and permanency . 323

305. Desires always imply an object desired 324

306. The fulfilment of desires attended with enjoyment . . . ib.

307. Of variations or degrees in the strength of the desires . . . 325

308. Tendency to excite movement an attribute of desire . . . ib

309. Classification of this part of the sensibilities .... 326

310. The principles, based upon desire, susceptible of a twofold op-

eration 327

Chapter II. Instincts

311. Of instincts in man as compared with those of inferior animals 328

312. Illustrations of the instincts of brute animals . . . . io.

313. Instances of instincts in the human mind 330

314. Further instances of instincts in men . . . . . . . 331

315. Of the final cause or use of instincts 332

Chapter III. Appetites

316. Of the general nature and characteristics of the appetites . . 333

317. The appetites necessary to our preservation, and not originally of

a selfish character ib-

318. Of the prevalence and origin of appetites for intoxicating drugs . 334

319. Of the twofold operation and the morality of the appetites . . 335

CHAPTER IV".

PROPENSITIES.

320. General remarks on the nature of the propensities . . . 336

321. Principle of self-preservation, or the desire of continued existence 337

322. Of the twofold action of the principle of self-preservation . . 338

323 Of curiosity, or the desire of knowledge ib.

324 Further illustrations of the principle of curiosity .... 339

325 Of the twofold operation and the morality of the principle of curi-

osity 340

326. Imitativeness, or the propensity to imitation . . . .341

327 Practical reailts of he prip.ciple of imitation . . . 342

B

XIV

CONTENTS.

Section

328. Of the natural desire of ssteem ....

329. Of the desire of esteem as a rule of conduct .

330. Of the desire of possession

331. Of the moral character of the possessory principle

332. Of perversions of the possessory desire

333. Of the desire of power

334. Of the moral character of the desire of power

335. Propensity of self-love, or the desire of happiness

336. Of selfishness as distinguished from self-love

337. Reference to the opinions of -philosophical writers

338. The principle of sociality original in the human mind 339 Evidence of the existence of this principle of sociality 34C, Other illustrations of the existence of this principle 341 Relation of the social principle to civil society

Chapter V. The Malevolent Affections

*

342. Of the comparative rank of the affections

343. Of the complex nature of the affections

344. Of resentment or anger ......

345. Illustrations of instinctive resentment .

346. Uses and moral character of instinctive resentment

347. Of voluntary in distinction from instinctive resentment

348. Tendency of anger to excess, and the natural checks to it

349. Other reasons for checking and subduing the angry passions

350. Modifications of resentment. Peevishness

351. Modifications of resentment.

352. Modifications of resentment.

353. Modifications of resentment. 354 Nature of the passion of fear

Envy

Jealousy

Revenge

358 359 360 361 ib

Chapter VI. 359. 360. 361

THE BENEVOLENT AFFECTIONS.

355. Of the nature of love or benevolence in general . . . 371

356. Love, in its various forms, characterized by a twofold action . 372

357. Of the parental affection ib.

358. Illustrations of the strength of the parental affection . . .374

Of the filial affection 375

The filial affection original or implanted 376

Illustrations of the filial affection 371

362. Of the nature of the fraternal affection 379

363. On the utility of the domestic affections 380

364. Of the moral character of the domestic affections, and of the be-

nevolent affections generally 381

365. Of the moral character of the voluntary exercises of the benevo-

lent affections 382

366. Of the connexion between benevolence and rectitude . 383 367 Of humanity, or the love of the human race . 384

368. Further proofs in support of the doctrine of an innate humanity,

or love for the human race 38G

369. Proofs of a humane or philanthropic principle from the existence

of benevolent institutions 387

370 Other remarks in proof of the same doctrine . . . 388

371. Of patriotism or love of country . . . . . .389

372. Of the affection of friendship ...... 390

373. Of the affection of pity or sympathy 391

374. Of the moral character of pity 392

375 Of the affection of gratitude 394

CONTENTS. XV

Chapter VII. The Benevolent Affections

LOVE TO THE SUPREME BEING.

Section Page

376 jvfan created originally ivith the principle of love to God . .395

377. That man was originaly created with a principle of love to God,

further shown from the Scriptures 396

378. Further proof that man was thus created 398

379. Relation of the principle of supreme love to God to the other

principles of the pathematic sensibilities ib

380. The absence of this principle attended with an excessive and sin-

ful action of other principles 400

381. Further illustrations of the results of the absence of this principle 401

Chapter VIII. Habits Of The Sensibilities

382. Meaning of the term habit .... . . 404

383. Of habits in connexion with the appetites ..... ib.

384. Of habits in connexion with the propensities . . t 405

385. Of habits in connexion with the affections ... . 406 38S. Of the origin of secondary active principles . . . 408

PART II.

THE MORAL SENSIBILITIES OR CONSCIENCE. rfORAL OR CONSCIENTIOUS STATES OP THE MIND. — MORAL SENTIMKNTS

Chapter I. Emotions Of Moral Approval And Disapproval

387. Reference to the general division 413

388. Classification of the moral sensibilities 414

389. Nature of the moral emotions of approval and disapproval . . ib.

390. Of the place or position, mentally considered, of the emotions of

approval or disapproval . *16

391 Changes in the moral emotions take place in accordance with

changes in the antecedent perceptions .... ib.

392 Of objects of moral approval and disapproval . . . 418

Chapter II. Relation Of Reasoning To The Moral Nature

393. Of the doctrine which confounds reasoning and conscience . 419

394. Of the close connexion between conscience and reasoning . . 420

395. Illustration of the preceding section 421

396. Of the training or education of the conscience .... 422

397. Of guilt, when a person acts conscientiously ; 423