A collegiate course in the French language

Front matter

Class.

Book.

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

Preface

Sevekal years ago, I undertook the task of composing a course of lessons in the French language. In the present volume, I offer the result of my labor to the public. My object has been to prepare a book that should teach the living language, and, at the same time, the principles which govern its construction. I have endeavored to be as practical as is consistent with my design, that students should, while acquiring the language, also study its grammar. Words and sentences may be learned by heart, without the aid of grammar ; but he certainly would labor under great disadvantage, who should endeavor to learn a foreign tongue, and remain ignorant of its principles, and the technical terms by which grammar designates and explains them: he would lose the benefit of a systematic and philosophical arrangement, digested and prepared for the purpose. But were it otherwise, a course which excludes a systematic training in the principles of an art it professes to teach, must fail in the important result, which is the

VI PREFACE.

aim alike of all branches of education, the disciplining of the mind, the developing of its inherent powers.

The problem, then, which the art of teaching a language proposes is, to combine the theoretical and practical, in such a manner, that principle and practice, harmoniously and skilfully interwoven, may prompt each other, and develop the language gradually before the mind of the scholar. In my attempt to solve this problem, I have been careful to subordinate the theoretical to the practical, so that no fact is set forth, involving a principle which has not first been fully explained; and, on the other hand, no principle is introduced with which the scholar may not at once become practically conversant. For this purpose, each lesson is composed of four parts : First, the Subject, introducing the principles, with the facts which illustrate them; Second, a Vocabulary of words, selected so as to suit the subject of the lesson and the progress of the scholar, and arranged in such a manner, that the difficulty of the genders may be overcome with comparatively little labor ; Third, a French Exercise, often assuming the form of a conversation, in which the subject-matter of the lesson is rehearsed in various ways ; Fourth, an English Exercise, to be translated into French. (See Suggestions, p. xi.)

I state with confidence, that this Course presents a more extensive view of the French language thpn anv

PREFACE. vil

other published in this country. The grammar part will be found more complete than it usually is, in works of this kind ; many subjects, otherwise dry and intricate, have been treated in a manner which will render them, it is believed, both intelligible and interesting to the student. The Examples ancl^ Exercises have all been framed with a view to practical usefulness: conversational language and dialogues are introduced as early as the progress of the scholar admits. The distribution of the several theoretical parts, and the order in which they are arranged and treated, are the result of much study : more than six years ago, I began to investigate the road which I was to follow ; I have sounded my path step by step ; and from the first, I have not ceased reflecting on my plan, maturing and reducing it to the form best adapted to its purpose.

I have not wholly relied on my own judgment and experience, but have frequently availed myself of the opinions of judicious friends ; I would acknowledge, in particular, the important service rendered me by Mr. Eobert E. Eaymond, Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, in revising the English portion of the work.

The present is called "A Collegiate Course in the French Language," because designed more particular- 'y for scholars who are sufficiently advanced in their

Vlll PREFACE.

English studies, to understand the technical language which an explanation of the principles of grammar requires ; but it may be used to advantage by all classes of students. It is my intention, if the present volume meets with approbation, to prepare a shorter work for juvenile pupils.

Teachers and scholars, who intend to use this book, are recommended to read the Suggestions which follow. They are made after mature reflection ; and the course they indicate, will, I am confident, insure the success which I wish to all who earnestly seek a knowledge of the courteous tongue of France, the foremost exponent of modern civilization.

Jean Gustave Keetels.

Brooklyn, Oct. 30th, 1856.

Contents

I. — Preface v

II. — Suggestions to Teachers and Pupils xi

HI. — Introduction xiii

Introduction

§ I. — Letters, — Accents, &c.

(a.) The French Alphabet has twenty-five letters.

Six are vowels : a, e, », o, u, y.

(b.) There are three accents : the aaefe ( ' ), the grave ( N ), the circumflex ( A ).

(c.) The acute accent is placed over e (e). Thus accented, it has the sound of the English a ; as de, the.

Kem. 1. — An initial e, forming a syllable by itself, has always the acute accent ;* as, ecu, Sieve, epee ; but not when it is pronounced with the following consonant ; as, ennemi, exemple.

Eem. 2. — E, preceding ge, has the acute accent ; as, cortege, protege.

(d.) The grave accent is used :

1st. To distinguish from one another certain words spelled alike ; as, a, to, at, from a, has ; la, there, from la, the, her ; otr, where, from ou, or ; des, as soon, from des, of the.

2d. Over e, preceding any consonant (except g, see Eem. 2), followed by e unaccented; as, eleve, premiere ; also before two consonants, when both belong to the unaccented syllable ; as, regie, espiegle.

3d. Over the e of the termination es, when the s is an essential part of the word ; as, apres, excds, to distinguish it from the accidental termination es ; as, les livres, tu chantes.

(e.) The circumflex accent indicates the suppression of a letter, generally s ; as, patre, etre* tete, paitre, or e ; as, eperdument.

* Etke is an exception to (a), Rem. 1.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

(/.) The cedilla ( s ) is put under c (c) before a, o, u, to indicate that it has the sound of s ; as, facade, macon, recu.

(g.) The diceresis or trema ( • • ) is placed over a vowel which begins a new syllable after another vowel ; as, naif, Mo'ise.

(h.) The apostrophe ( ' ) indicates the suppression of a vowel before another vowel or silent h ; as, Vami, for le ami ; Vhomme, for le homme.

(i.) The hyphen ( - ) is used to connect the different parts of a compound word ; as, arc-en-ciel.

§ II. — Vowels, — Pure or Simple Sounds, — Nasal Sounds.

(a.) The vowel sounds are pure or nasal : pure, when the vowel has its proper sound, as when it is pronounced by itself; nasal, when it is pronounced in conjunction with m or n.

(b.) A pure vowel sound is called a simple sound, which is long, when, in pronouncing it, the voice dwells on it, and short, when it is passed over rapidly.

a is long in dme, and short in ami.

e is long in des, t&te, and short in de.

i is long in epitre, and short in petite.

o is long in motion, and short in mode.

u is long in flute, and short in culbute.

(c.) There are three kinds of e's :

1st. The acute ; as in verite, donner, donnez.

2d. The grave, or long ; as in module, meme.

3d. The unaccented ; as in je, le, me, livre, homme. This last is also called mute, or silent e.

(d.) Y, after a consonant, is found only in words derived from the Greek, and has the sound of i ; as, physique, style ; after a vowel, it is equivalent to double i ; as, moyen, pays, pronounced moi-ien, pai-is.

(e.) Simple sounds are also produced by the combination of two or more letters. Some combinations have the sound of a simple vowel, others represent sounds different from the simple vowels. The following are the various simple sounds and their representatives :

INTRODUCTION. XV

e, ai, er, ez — verite, gai, donnerai, donner, donnez.

e, e, es, ai, ais, ei, et — des, fete, meSy aimer, mais, Seine,

secret. e — -je, te, me, demande, paiement, livre. eu, eu — -feu,jeu,jeune (young), jeune (fast). I, y — midi, gite, sy metric -

o, au, eau — dot, mode — dos, mot, chaud, tableau. u, eu — bu, tu, vu, eu, feus, eurent. ou — mou, cou, couteau.

§ III. — Nasal Sounds.

(a.) There are four nasal sounds : an, in, on, un.

Their representatives are :

am, an, ean, em, en — vampire, dans, Jean, empereur, enfant.

aim, ain, ein, im, in— f aim, pain, sein, impie, vin.

um, un — parfum, aucun.

(b.) These combinations are nasal only, when they are final or followed by any consonant but m or n. "When they are followed by a vowel, the m or n is carried to the next syllable, and the preceding vowel has its proper sound ; as, inhumanite, inutile, unique, pronounced i-nhu-ma-nite, i-nutile, u-nique.

(c.) In words having m or n doubled, the first m or n is silent ; commode, suffisamment, femme, paysanne, are pronounced comode, suffisa-ment, fa-me, paysa-ne.

(d.) In words having mm, preceded by i, the two m's are sounded ; as, immanquable, immense, immoler, &c. ; also in Ammon, Emmanuel, ammoniac, commotion, commuer, and derivatives.

(e.) Emmener, emmaillotter, are pronounced en-mener, en~ maillotter.

(/.) Envirer, enorgueillir, ennui, and derivatives, are pronounced an-nivrer, an-norguillir, an-nui.

XVI INTRODUCTION.

(A.) In annales, annexes, inne, innover, the two n's are sounded.

(i.) In some words, derived from foreign languages, em and en are pronounced erne, £ne ; as, Jerusalem, hymen, amen, Eden, &c.

§ IV. — Diphthongs.

(a.) A diphthong is a syllable composed of two simple vowel sounds, which are both sounded.

(b.) The accented e and a vowel sound do not constitute a diphthong, but form two syllables ; as, fie-au, obe-ir : see also § I., on the use of the diwresis.

(c.) The vowel sounds, i, o, ou, u, followed by other vowel sounds, form diphthongs ; as, with

i — di-amant, bi-ais, mi-en, piti-e, bi-ire, fi-ole, reli-ure, li-eu, li-on, chi-ourme,

o — mo-elle, fo-i, so-in.

ou — ou-est, fou-et, lou-ai, ou-i, Rou-en, ou-ate.

u — equ-ateur, ecu-elle, lu~i,ju-in,

§ V. — Remarks on the Vowels.

A is silent in aout, aoriste, Sadne, taon.

Ai has the sound of mute e mfaisant, and of a in douairidre.

Ais has the sound of e in je sais, tu sais, il sait (I know, &c).

The mute e in monosyllables is sounded ; at the end of polysyllables and after a vowel, it is silent; as in lame, paiemenL Between two consonants, it serves to form the syllable ; as, demander, samedi, pronounced d'mander, sam'di.

I is silent in oignon, moignon, poignard, poignee.

is silent in faon, Laon, paon.

Oi is pronounced like £ in roide.

U, followed by a vowel, is generally silent after g and q ; as, prodigue, guide, qui, que, quand ; but 'it is sounded in the compounda of aigu ; as, aigue, aiguille, aiguiser, and in arguer, cigue, sanguinaire ; also in the Latin words equestre, equitation, liquifier, &C.

TJ is sounded like ou in aquatiquc, equuleur, quadrature, &c.

INTRODUCTION. XV11

§ VI. — Consonants at the Beginning- and in the Middle of a Word.

Most consonants, when they begin a syllable, are sounded as in English.

Exceptions.

(a.) C and g before e, i, y, have the hissing sound, the former of c in citron, the latter of s in pleasure ; as, celeste, citron, cygne — general, gilet, gymnase.

(b.) C and g before a, o, u, have the palatal sound of Tc, and of g in gate ; as, canal, colon, curieux — galant, gobelet, gutteral.

Rem. 1. — When c and g are to retain then soft sounds before a, o, u, the c takes the cedilla, and between g and a, o, u, a mute e is inserted ; as, facade, macon, recu — manger, George, gageure.

Rem. 2. — and g before u, followed by e or i, are slightly liquid ; as, ecneil, cuiller — gue, Guillaume.

Rem. 3. — C has the sound of g in second, secretaire, and derivatives, sounded segond, &c.

Ch is pronounced as sh in most French words ; as, charme, chose, &c. ; it is pronounced as k in some Greek and Hebrew words ; as, Christ, Archange, chaos, anachronisme, chorus, echo, orchestre, Cham, Antiochus, archontes, eucharistie, chrysalide, chr^tien, Chaldee, Michel-Ange, Chalcedoine, scholie, Chersonise, &c.

Gn has a liquid sound, as in the word mignonette ; as, agneau, besogiie, montagne, incognito, &c. ; exceptions are : stagnant, regnicole, agnat, magnat, diagnostic, inexpugnable, ignicoU, agnus, enigme, &c, which are pronounced stag-nant, &c.

H is mute or aspirate. It is aspirated in the following words and their derivatives :

XVI11 INTRODUCTION.

L, preceded by i (il), not initial, is liquid, like ill in brilliant ; as, ceil, peril, soleil, bataille, paille, fille, &c. Exceptions : fil, mil, mille, ville, pupille, codicile, &c.

Q is always followed by u ; qu is sounded like Jc ; as, quality For exceptions, see § V., letter u.

B. The two r's are sounded in erreur, horreur, terreur, &c, and in the future and conditional of the verbs acquerir, courir, mourir ; as, facquerrai, je courrai, je mourrai, &c.

S has two sounds. Its proper sound is the hissing sound of s in serf; its accidental sound, that of z, as 5 in muse.

S, between two vowels, has the sound of z ; as, rose, maison, voisin.

/S, beginning a word, always retains its proper sound, though in compounds, a word ending with a vowel may be prefixed to it ; as in vraisemblahle (yrai-semblable).

Ss, between two vowels, has always the hissing sound of s ; as, poisson, croissant.

Sch is sounded like sh ; as, schisme.

T is sounded like c, in the combinations tial, tiel, tion, final or in the middle of a word; as, partial, essentiel, nation; except when it is preceded by s or x ; as in question, mixtion.

T has always the sound of c in words ending, in English, in cy ; as, aristocratie, diplomatie ; in names of countries ; as, Dalmatie, Egyptien, and in some other words in which it has also the soft sound in English ; as, patient, initier, &c.

Th is sounded like t ; as, the, theologie, lithographie.

X initial is sounded like gz ; as, Xavier, Xenophon ; also in ex initial, when followed by a vowel ; as, examen, exemple.

X is sounded like Jcs, in Alexandre, maxime, Aix-la-chapelle.

X is sounded like double s, in soixante, six, dix, Bruxelles, Auxonne, Aix-en- Provence.

X is sounded like z, in deuxieme, sixieme, dixieme, dix-huit, &c.

INTRODUCTION. XIX

§ VII. — Final Consonants.

A final consonant is generally silent.

Exceptions.

Final b is sounded in radoub, rhomb.

Final c is sounded, except in cotignac, estomac, lacs, broc, eric, marc, pore, tabac, and after the nasal sounds, as blanc, banc, franc, <fec.

Final / is sounded ; as, ceuf, boeuf, chef, nef &c. ; except in cerf, cerf volant, clef, oeuffrais, ceuf dur, boeuf gr as, nerfde boeuf, chef-d'oeuvre, and in the plural words, ceufs, boeufs, nerfs.

Final I is sounded, except in baril, chenil, coutil, fusil, gril, nombril, outil, persil, soul, sourcil, and in gentil not followed by a vowel or silent h ; also in fils (son) and pouls (pulse).

M is silent in damner, condamner, automne.

P is silent in compter, dompter, exempt, prompt, sept, septieme, bapteme, and derivatives, except in baptismal.

Final q is sounded, as cinq.

Final r, preceded by e, is silent, except in fer, cher, amer, belveder, cancer, cuiller, ether, enfer, hiver, Jupiter, Lucifer, magister.

Final s is sounded in some words ; as in aloes, as, atlas, cens, cholera-morbus, chorus, dervis,fils (son), foetus, gratis, iris,jadis, laps, ma'is, mars, ours, prospectus, rebus, Bheims, Rubens, sinus, en sus, vasistas ; it is also sounded in moeurs, manners, vis, screw, os, bone, to distinguish them from meurs, die, vis, saw, and eau, water. S is sounded in sens, but not in sens commun ; in J6sus, but not in Jesus- Christ ; in lis, but not in fleur de lis ; in plus que and plusqueparfait, but otherwise it is silent in plus.

Final t is sounded in deficit, granit, gratuit, subit, transit, zenith, net, tacet, toast, sept, huit, vingt ; and in dot, dowry, brut, rough, fat, fop, rapt, rape, to distinguish them from dos, back, bru, mother-in-law, fa (in music), rat, rat.

Final ct are both sounded in correct, tact, abject, exact, direct, infect, strict ; but c alone is sounded in respect, aspect, circonspect, suspect.

T is sounded in Christ, but is silent in Jesus- Christ.

Final x is sounded like double s ; as, six, dix, &c,

XX INTRODUCTION.

§ VIII. — Peculiarities of Utterance. — Final Consonants before Vowels.

There is no stress or accent by which one syllable, in pronouncing, is distinguished from another ; hence there is no sinking of the voice, which sustains itself to the end of the word or sentence, when, emitting at once the whole unspent volume of breath, the last syllable, if masculine,* and the penult, if the last is feminine,* is uttered more strongly than any preceding. The want of energy, resulting from the absence of stress, is compensated by greater smoothness ; for the voice is thereby enabled to glide without effort from one word to another ; and when the connection between the words is immediate, the organs of speech begin to articulate the new word from the position in which the last uttered sound left them. Two peculiarities result from this mode of uttering. The first is, that a final consonant is often silent before another consonant, as its pronunciation would, by the contraction of the organs, impede the voice in the process of articulating the next consonant. Thus, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, when followed by a consonant, are pronounced : cin, si, se, hui, neu, di. The second is, that a final consonant, when it precedes a word beginning with a vowel or silent h, is generally carried to the next syllable, and pronounced with it ; as, Vous allez apprendre une nouvelle agrgable, is pronounced : Vou-zalUzapren-drhme nouvel-Vagr gable.

In public speaking and reading, this connection between a final consonant and the following vowel always takes place, except, however, in a few cases when it would produce a discordant sound.

In conversation, and in ordinary reading, the final consonant is sounded with the next vowel only when the connection between the words is immediate, as between the article, adjective and noun, the pronoun and verb, &c. In other cases, when a pause of the voice would be allowed between the words, the

* A syllable, in French, is masculine when it is pronounced, and feminine when it is silent. Feminine syllables end in «, es, ent. This last ending is feminine only in the third person plural of verbs.

INTRODUCTION. XXI

connection does not take place. Vous aimez a lire, is pronounced : Vou-zaime a lire.

A harsh or unpleasant sound is always to be avoided ; thus, avant hier is pronounced avan-ier, rather than avan-tier. Mais Us ont, — me il-zon ; though we pronounce mais il a, — me-zi-la.

The final n of the nasal sounds, is sounded with the next vowel only, when the words are closely connected ; as, mon^ami, certain^auteur, on^ignore. But we say, without connection, mon cousin est venu ; du vin ton a boire.

Final t, preceded by another consonant, is not often carried to the next vowel : un effort etonnant, is pronounced u-efor eton* nant. The t of the conjunction et, is never pronounced.

It is further to be observed that, Final c, before a vowel, is sounded like h ; as, du blanc au noir>

" d, " " t ; as, quand il.

" /, " " v ; as, neuf heures.

" g, u " k ; as, rang eleve.

u 8 or s, " " z ; as, Us ont deux enfants*

FRENCH COURSE.

1. PREMIERE LEgOK

1 , The French language has only two genders : the masculine, for the names of males, and the feminine, for the names of females.

Words, having no relation to one sex or the other, have the masculine or feminine gender assigned them by custom. Thus, livre, book, and fruit, fruit, are masculine ; and lecon, lesson, and pom?ne, apple, feminine.

2. The article and adjective agree in gender and number with the noun.

The article the is le for the masculine, and la for the feminine ; as,

Masculine. Feminine.

The book Le livre. The lesson. La lecon.

The fruit Le fruit. The apple. La pomme.

The glass. Le verre. The cup. La tasse.

3* Adjectives, not ending in e mute (Introd. § 2, c), add e for

the feminine ; as,

Smally little. Petit

The small glass. he petit verre.

The small cup. La petite tasse.

First. Premier.

The first book. Le premier livre.

The first lesson, ha, premiere lecon (Intr., § 1, d),

2 PREMIERE LE£0N.

4« I. Have (1st pers. sing.). Je. Ai.

Eemark 1. — Monosyllables ending in e mute, drop this vowel before another vowel or silent h (Intr., § VI. h), and take an apostrophe in its place : as,

I have. J'ai.

You. Have (2d pers.).

You have.

Vous. Avez.

Vous avez.

Rem. 2. — When the pronoun subject stands after the verb, it is joined to it by a hyphen ; as,

Have I ?

Have you?

Have you the glass ?

Yes, sir. No, sir.

Yes, sir ; I have the glass.

No, sir ; I have the cup.

Ai-je?

Avez- vous ?

Avez-vous le verre ?

Oui, monsieur. Non f monsieur,

Oui, monsieur; j'ai le verre.

Non, monsieur ; j'ai la tasse.

(The left-hand side in the Vocabularies is reserved for masculine, and the right for feminine nouns. See Suggestions, p. xi.)

The book.

Le livre.

The lesson.

La lecon.

The bread ;

the loaf.

Le pain.

The meat.

La viande.

The fruit.

Le fruit.

The apple.

La pomme.

The glass.

Le verre.

The cup.

La tasse.

Small, little.

Petit.

Large, tall, great.

Grand.

First,

Premier.

Last.

Dernier.

I. Je

You.

Vous.

Have (1st pers.

sing.).

Ai.

Have (2d pers. plur.).

Avez.

Yes.

Oui.

No.

Non.

Sir.

Monsieur.

Madam, Mrs.

Madame.

1. Avez-vous le pain ? 2. Oui, monsieur; j'ai le pain. 3. Avez-vous la viande ? 4. J'ai la viande. 5. Avez-vous le livre ? 6. J'ai le livre. 7. Avez-vous le premier livre ? 8. J'ai le premier livre.

SEC0NDE LE^OK. 3

9. Avez-vous la premiere lecon? 10. J'ai la premiere lecon. 11. Avez-vous le dernier fruit? 12. J'ai le dernier fruit. 13. Avez-vous la derniere pomme? 14. J'ai la derniere pomme. 15. Avez-vous le verre? 16. J'ai le verre. 17. Avez-vous la tasse? 18. J'ailatasse. 19. Avez-vous le petit verre ? 20. J'ai le petit verre. 21. Avez-vous la petite tasse? 22. J'ai la petite tasse. 23. Avez-vous le grand verre ? 24. J'ai le grand verre. 25. Avez-vous la grande tasse ? 26. ISTon, madame ; j'ai la petite tasse. 27. Ai-je la premiere lecon? 28. Oui, monsieur; vous avez la premiere lecon.

1. I have the glass. 2. Have you the cup? 3. Yes, sir; I have the cup. 4. Have you the meat? 5. No, sir; I have the bread. 6. Have you the lesson? 7. I have the first lesson. 8. Have you the last fruit ? 9. I have the last apple. 10. Have I the small glass? 11. No, sir; you have the large glass. 12. Have you the small cup ? 13. No, madam ; I have the large cup.

2, DEUXIEME LEQON.

5 o The determinative adjectives, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite and numeral, agree, in gender and number, with the noun which they precede.

My (possessive adjective). Mon, fern. ma.

My book. My lesson. Mon livre. Ma lecon.

Your (possessive adj.). Yotre (for both genders).

Your book. Your lesson. Votre livre. Votre lecon.

"What, which (indefinite adj.). Quel, fern, quelle.

What or which glass ? Which cup ? Quel verre ? Quelle tasse ?

My money. Mon argent (masc).

Your coat. Yotre habit (masc).

Which plate ? Quelle assiette ? (fern.).

4 DEUXIEME LEgON.

6, (a.) The article, in the singular, drops the vowel (a 01 e) before another vowel or silent h ; as,

The money. L'argent.

The coat. L'habit.

The plate. L'assiette.

(b.) Instead of ma, mon is used before a vowel or silent h ; as,

My plate. Mon assiette.

7» Not Ne. . . .pas.

Rem. — In a negative sentence, the particle ne always precedes the verb, and pas, or some other negative word, is placed after the verb.

I have not.

You have not.

Have I not ?

Have you not ?

Have you not my pretty plate ?

Je n'ai pas. (See 4, Rem. 1.)

Yous n'avez pas.

N'ai-je pas?

N'avez- vous pas ?

N'avez-vous pas ma jolie assiette ?

The lead-pencil. Le crayon. The pen ; the feather. La plume. The paper. Le papier. The letter. La lettre. The coat. L'habit. The dress ; the gown. La robe. The money; the silver. L'argent. The coin; the change. La monnaie The dish. Le plat. The plate. L'assiette.

My.

What, which.

Pretty.

Mon, ma.

Quel, quelle.

Joli.

Your. Votre.

Not. Nc.pas.

Ugly. Vilain.

1. Avez-vous votre crayon? 2. Oui, monsieur; j'ai mon crayon. 3. Avez-vous votre plume ? 4. J'ai ma plume. 5. Quel livre avez-vous ? 6. J'ai votre livre. 7. Quel papier avez-vous ? 8. J'ai mon vilain papier. 9. Quelle lettre ai-je? 10. Vous avez ma lettre. 11. Avez-vous l'argent? 12. J'ai l'argent.

TROISIEME LECON. 5

13. Ai-je ma monnaie? 14. Vous avez votre monnaie. 15. Avez-vous l'habit ? 16. Je n'ai pas l'habit. — 17. Quel habit ai-je? 18. Yous avez lejoli habit. 19. Avez-vous 1' a ssiette? 20. Je n'ai pas l'assiette. 21. Ai-je niou assiette? 22. Yous n'avez pas votre assiette. 23. Quelle assiette ai-je? 24. Yous avez rna jolie assiette. 25. Quelle robe ai-je? 26. Yous avez ma vilaine robe. 27. Avez-vous mon joli plat? 28. Non, madame ; je n'ai pas votre joli plat.

1. I have your lead-pencil. 2. Have you my pen ? 3. I have not your pen. 4. Which paper have you ? 5.1 have my pretty paper. 6. Have I my letter? 7. You have not your letter, 8. Have I the money? 9. You have the money. 10. Have I the coat? 11. You have the ugly coat. 12. What dress have you? 13. I have the pretty dress. 14. Have you not your change? 15. Yes, sir; I have my change. 16. Have you not my plate ? 17. No, madam ; I have my pretty dish.

3. TROISIEME LEgOK

What? (pronoun).

Que?

"What have you?

Qu'avez-vous ? (4, Kem. 1.

What have I?

Qu'ai-je?

What have I not?

Que n'ai-j e pas?

Who ? Whom ?

Qui?

Has.

A.

Who has my pen?

Qui a ma plume ?

The man has your pen.

L'homme a votre plume.

He. She.