The mirror of intermperance, and history of the temperance reform

Front matter

A

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

THE

Preface

The author of this work has observed with deep regret an apparent decline of interest in the temperance enterprise for some time past. As there is a close connection between enlightened zeal in moral and religious causes, and the diffusion of principles, information, and facts, in connection with such causes, he was induced to undertake the preparation of this volume, with a view of awakening greater interest in this movement. No one can doubt the utility of diffusing correct intelligence in reference to the temperance question. All who have had experience in promoting this cause, will admit the force of the following testimony of that indefatigable and philanthropic laborer in the temperance enterprise, E. C. Delavan, Esq., in relation to the matter of circulating temperance reading. He says — "I have always considered that a dollar judiciously expended, in circulating good temperance documents among the people, produced one hundredfold the cost, in direct or indirect pecuniary advantage to the public. A temperance document, for a series of years, was placed in each family of a town ; and I was assured it occasioned the saving of ten thousand dollars a year, in the cost of ardent spirits alone, not to mention the many and great incidental advantages."

From a conviction that a small history of the temperance movement was needed, and would subserve the interests of the cause — a work which should embody the more important facts in this cause in a connected shape, and which should bring before the mind the evils of intemperance, the causes of the same, the

iii

IV PREFACE.

remedy, and the present demands of the cause — the author was induced to prepare this little volume. The Poem, which follows the History, on " The Life and Death of King Alcohol," which my friend the benevolent author consented to have published in this volume, is calculated to interest every reader. A few choice anecdotes have been furnished separately. Anecdote has been one of the efficient instruments in promoting the temperance reform : what could not be effected by powerful argument, has sometimes been achieved by illustration and striking facts. Some in this selection have been widely circulated ; but they may be read or repeated the hundredth time with pleasure and advantage.

In the preparation of "The Mirror of Intemperance," the author, in order to increase the value of the work, has made use of the facts, arguments, and views of those writers who had preceded him, which were within his reach, and which seemed adapted to contribute interest to the work in hand. Should this l:ttle volume subserve the cause of temperance, encourage and strengthen its friends, and be made in the Lord's hands the instrument of reclaiming inebriates, its name will then be written in heaven, and its unworthy author will not have laboured in vain.

M. E. C.

Rose Hill Manse, (Darby,) April, 1849.

Chapter I. History Of Intemperance

PAGE

Intemperance, the great sin of the civilized world 11 Design of the Temperance Movement . .12 State of things when the Temperance Reform commenced . . . . . .13

All loved Alcohol . . . . .14

R. M. Hartley's Paper . . . .14

Chapter II. Characteristics Of Alcohol

How the word Alcohol derived . . .16

When Alcohol first extracted . . .17

Alcohol alike in all liquors . . . .17

Alcohol not found in nature . . . .18

The result of decay and destruction . . .20

Alcohol drugged with various poisons . .21

" injures every part of the human system . 22

" injures the brain . . . .23

" passes unchanged into different organs . 24

Its effects on the human stomach . . .25

St. Martin and Dr. Beaumonts's experiments . 25

The transmission of organism . . .26

Striking fact . . . . . .28

Dr. Caldwell's testimony . . . .29

Chapter III. Alcohol A Poison

Testimony of chemists, and medical authorities . 30

Testimony of Sir Astley Cooper . . .30

VI

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Testimony of Dr. Darwin, F. R. S., Dr. Gordon, and great numbers in Europe and America . . 31

OTHER INTOXICATING BEVERAGES.

Strong drink among the Israelites . . .32

Arrack of India . . . . .32

Betel of Asia and Polynesia . . . .33

Bangue of Eastern countries . . . .33

Coca of South America . . . .34

Pulque of Mexico . . . . .34

Chapter IV. Alcohol An Enemy To All The Best

INTERESTS OF MAN.

Alcohol an enemy to pecuniary interests

. 36

" an enemy to social interests .

. 37

" an enemy to man's physical power*

1 . 38

" invades moral interests

. 40

The murder of Mr. Southwell

. 40

Alcohol destroys the human intellect

. 41

Examples of ruined intellect .

. 42

Shakspeare, Byron, and others

. 42

Produces insanity

. 43

Alcohol an enemy to religion .

. 44

" (1) Prevents religious impressions

. 44

" (2) Hinders progress of religion

" (3) Produces declension in religion

. 47

History of fifteen young men .

. 47

Nadab and Abihu

. 49

Chapter V. Causes Of Intemperanci

Our views of liberty .

The laws of our country

. 50

National habits .

. 51

The desire of excitement

. 51

Effort to drown present sorrow

. 51

CONTENTS. Vll

PAGE

Theatres . . . . . .52

Gambling . . . . . .52

Sabbath amusements . . . . .52

Disappointment in business . . . .53

Stimulating alcoholic mixtures . . .53

Sensuality . . . . . .53

Treating customers . . . • .54

Chapter VI. Remedy For Intemperance

Religious principle . . . . .56

General improvement . . . . .58

New interest must be awakened . . .58

Correct legislation . . . . .59

The temperate must resist temptation at public

Chapter VII. Objections To Temperance

Abstinence not Temperance . . .66 Teetotalism an extreme . . . .66 A dram after meals . . . . .67 I am temperate now . . . . .67 Dangerous to abstain suddenly . . .68 Important testimony . . . . .69 Joseph John Gurney, Esq. . . . .70 Dr. Miller, of Princeton . . . .70 Looks mean-spirited to sign a pledge to be temperate . . . . . . .71

Chapter VIII. History Of The Temperance Reform

The first temperance society in this country . . 73

The first writers on the subject . . .75

Dr. Chapin advocates teetotalism . . .76

The American Temperance Society . . .77

Dr. Hewitt's successful agency . . .78

Putnam and the wolf . . . . ,79

Vlll

CONTENTS.

PAGE 80

81 81

Gen. Cass's Address .

Dr. Edwards' visit to Washington .

Dr. Hewitt goes to England .

Spirits not allowed in the Army and Navy

Chapter IX. Indications Of Progress

Peculiar resolutions ....

National Convention in Philadelphia L. Jackson's efforts in New York Progress of the reform Mr. C. and the friend of temperance. Sermons by Rev. Albert Barnes Deacon Giles' Distillery

E. C. Delavan, Esq., and the Albany Brewers The Second National Convention The Marine Temperance Society of N. Y. . Proposed hospital for inebriates

Chapter X. The Washingtonian Movement

Its origin .....

Hon. T. F. Marshall's Appeal Great reduction of the traffic .

Delaware county, Pa. .

CHAPTER XL THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE TEMPERANCE

CAUSE IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD. Ireland . . . . . .111

England

Parliamentary Report

Scotland

France

Sweden and Norway

Germany

East Indies .

Africa .

CONTENTS.

IX

PAGE

New South Wales .

. 120

Polynesia ....

. 120

Sandwich Islands

. 121

Canada and Nova Scotia

. 122

North American Indians

. 123

South America

. 124

CHAPTER XIL

CAUSES OF THE RAPID PROGRESS OF THE TEMPERANCE REFORM.

The Cholera 125

The Press 127

The advocacy of Ministers . . . .127

The Medical Profession . . . .128

Religion the great element of power . .123

CHAPTER XIII.

SONS OF TEMPERANCE— ORIGIN AND HIS- TORY OF THE ORDER.

First Grand Division . . . .133

Organization of the National Division . .134

Principles and Peculiarities of the Order . .140

CHAPTER XIV.

SONS OF TEMPERANCE. — OBJECTIONS REFUTED.

It has thrown difficulties in the way of the old

societies . . . . . .145

Oaths are taken . . . . .147

The Order selfish . . . . .147

Badges and collars are worn . . .149

The Order made a substitute for Religion . .150

The secrecy of the Order . . . .152

OTHER AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS.

Daughters of Temperance . . . .156

Cadets of Temperance .... 156 Juvenile Sisters of Temperance . . .160

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XV.

THE PRESENT DEMANDS OF THE TEMPER- ANCE REFORM.

The present aspects of society

PAGE

. 162

The traffic in intoxicating drinks to be restricted, 164

The drunkard is to be reclaimed .

. 169

Treat kindly the drunkard's family

. 171

Children must be interested .

. 171

A corrupt literature .

. 171

Be consistent .

. 172

Lecturers must be employed

. 172

The Temperance League .

. 174

Have noble aims

. 175

CHAPTER XVI.

CONCLUDING APPEAL.

Appeal to Young Men

. 177

Appeal to Ministers .

. 177

Appeal to the Medical Profession

. 178

Appeal to the Female Sex .

. 179

Appeal to Christians .

. 180

Appeal to Patriots

. 181

LIFE AND DEATH OF KING ALCOH

TEMPERANCE ANECDOTES .

. 203

THE

MIRROR OF INTEMPERANCE.

Chapter I. History Of Intemperance

Intemperance is, at this time, the master sin of the civilized world. Imagination cannot paint the terrible evils which flow from drunkenness. There is too little feeling and action on this subject. With all the efforts that have been made by the friends of temperance, the traffic in alcoholic beverages is still rife in the land, diffusing its deadly influences. Wherever intemperance has prevailed, it has played the part of the ungrateful serpent, and infused its deadliest poison into the vitals of its kindest benefactor. Some of the mightiest nations on earth have fallen beneath its giant tread. Our own republic has been in great peril from the same cause ; and I believe, if our fair land is to go on in her career of glory ; if the fair fields of this united confederacy are to remain untrod by the minions of despotism ; if the flag of our nation's pride is to continue its stripes and stars floating high, to cheer the hopes and animate the oppressed of every clime ; if the religion

12 DESIGN OF THE TEMPERANCE CAUSE.

of Christ is to flourish here and pervade and cement all hearts. Temperance must be one of the important virtues practised by our citizens, in all parts of the land. A great work has been commenced, and remains to be completed, by the temperance enterprise.

The grand design of the temperance movement is to effect, as speedily as possible, a complete revolution in the habits and practices of society, in relation to the use of intoxicating drinks. It proposes to dry up the fountains of intemperance, by banishing the sale of the article which produces the evil. Its aim, is to undermine the traffic on one hand, by vigorous moral influences, and to bring it down en the other, by prohibitory statutes, till it is brought, as near as possible, to the point of entire legal proscription. Its design is to eradicate strange and deep-rooted prejudices and customs, which have come down to us from former times ; that have been associated with all that is courteous in high life, and with all that is merry and jovial in low life, and that have entrenched themselves in the strongholds of appetite and avarice.

What was the state of things in relation to this subject, at the commencement of the temperance reform ? Nearly all kinds of intoxicating beverages were then in general use among our countrymen. There were then but few persons, whether male or female, children or adults, who did not partake of stimulating alcoholic drinks in some form.

The doctor must have alcohol in compounding his medicine; the lawyer, in preparing his brief; and the clergyman in preparing his sermon. At every

PREVALENCE OF INTEMPERANCE. 13

place of public concourse, at the house of feasting and at the house of mourning, this enlivening element was deemed indispensable. If young people met to dance ; if ecclesiastical bodies met ; if assessors, or jurors, or arbitrators, or judges, or magistrates convened, they must be furnished with the sparkling decanters, or bottles of Brandy or Rum, or they could not proceed. At huskings or bees of every description, nothing could be done without the aid of stimulants. On days appointed for military drills — for holding courts of justice — for the election of civil officers — for literary commencements — for the celebration of Christmas and New Year, and election, there has been more than ordinary tippling and drunkenness. Not unfrequently has the wine and brandy passed freely around in the splendid parlor in which the corpse was reposing, until many were actually disguised and unable to walk to the grave without staggering.

Says Dr. Nott : — " Even in the exemplary and church-going city of Albany, the time was — I remember it well — when pastors and people vied with each other in the production of the. best cherry, and raspberry, and strawberry brandy; as well as sundry other quite orthodox alcoholic mixtures, to be served occasionally, not only to company, but to be administered also to the smaller children as a vermifuge, and to the larger ones as a stomachic."

Most private families kept constantly on hand a variety of intoxicating liquors, and offered them as a matter of civility to all who paid them a friendly call ; and it was regarded as inhospitable not to

14 ALL LOVED ALCOHOL.

treat friends who called. Spirit rations were allowed all who served in the army of the United States. Laborers in the harvest field must be furnished with a pint or a quart of rum daily, or nothing could be done.

It was regarded as the pleasant cordial ; the cheerful restorative ; the friend of the infant ; the comforter of the enfeebled mother ; the universal token of hospitality. It accompanied the laborer in his toil ; went with the mariner on his distant voyage ; cheered and animated the carpenter, the mason, the blacksmith, the glass-blower, and other mechanics at their various trades. It w T as regarded as an excellent domestic medicine, good for a cold, a cough, a pain in the stomach or side, and weakness in the limbs, and loss of appetite and general debility.

Thus the poisonous liquid had come into general use, and was as generally abused.

According to a statistical table, compiled from official returns and authentic documents by R. M. Hartley, Esq., Secretary of the New York State Temperance Society, it appears that the citizens of these United States have consumed on an average, every year, from the late war up to 1830, more than eighty and a half millions of gallons of spiritous liquors ; and the annual cost of this was not less than thirty-five and a half millions of dollars!

Thus intemperance became alarmingly prevalent, and as generation after generation passed away, rivers of blood and countless lives were sacrificed at the inglorious shrine of Intemperance, filling the

ALCOHOL INJURED EVERY CLASS. 15

land with the weeping of widows, and the wailing of orphans. The plague visited every haunt ; poisoned the domestic circle, passed through consecrated groves, and entered the most sacred enclosures ; chilled the warmest and most patriotic hearts ; and entered the very doors of our Capitol, and left the stain of its polluting touch upon our national glory. It staggered to the bedside of the sick and dying, and corrupted even those who wore the livery of heaven.

Monarchs have been humbled and princes abased — the wise and the foolish, the learned and the unlearned, been the cringing slaves of the tyrant Alcohol. Sages, poets, orators, and statesmen, the juryman in the box, the judge on the bench, the culprit at the bar, and the pleader in the forum, have all been in turn the victims of this terrible scourge. With the prevalence of this evil, a dark and threatening cloud began to gather over the national firmament. Our ships of commerce carried with them the evidences and stains of American debauchery to all the kingdoms of the earth. Foreign nations, and even the heathen, lifted up the notes of our defamation, and all the w r orld branded us as "a nation of drunkards." And had it not been for the timely interposition of the friends of Temperance, and those whose names stand high upon the list of patriots and philanthropists, our country must soon have been either a tributary to a foreign power, or the theatre of anarchy and fratricidal wars.

16 NATURE OF ALCOHOL.

Chapter II. Characteristics Of Alcohol

What is the nature and characteristics of •Alcohol, that produced these evils, and was thus extensively used in different forms and in different beverages?

The word, Alcohol, is derived from two Arabic words, al, (the,) and kahol, (denoting a fine mineral powder.) When distillation was discovered, the chemist, seeing the vapor arising from the liquor under the process reappear, when condensed, in the form of a new liquid, called it Jil Kahol — the fine, the sublimated. It is a thin, colourless fluid, lighter than water, somewhat volatile, of a pungent smell and taste — readily inflaming by the application of a lighted taper, burning with a dim blue or purple flame. It is produced only by the decomposition of animal and vegetable substances in a state of decomposition.

Alcohol, in the Arabic language, was a fine impalpable powder, with which the women used to paint their faces in order to increase their beauty. Perhaps after using it, they really thought they were more beautiful than they were before : men when drunk with alcohol, have often thought they were more beautiful, or rich, or strong, or in some respects better than they were before. But they were deceived. Alcohol in its nature is deceptive — it is

NATURE OF ALCOHOL. 17

a u mocker." He who is deceived thereby " is not wise."

Alcohol was first extracted from fermented liquors, about nine hundred years ago, by an Arabian chemist. Arnoldus de Villa, a physician who lived in the south of Europe in the thirteenth century, was the first, so far as known, who recommended the use of the article even as a medicine. Under his influence, however, and that of his disciple, Raymond Lully, who was born in Majorca in 1236, its medicinal use was extended, till it spread over a great part of Europe.

Alcohol contained in all liquids, whether wine, beer, brandy, rum, gin, or whiskey, is exactly alike', the difference in the taste and color of one distilled liquor from another, being the result of the different substances with which it is combined. The proportion of alcohol in spiritous liquor, called proof spirit, is about fifty per cent.

Brandy is the spirit distilled from wine, and the fermented husks and refuse of grapes, and contains about 53 per cent, of alcohol. —

Gin contains about 52 per cent, of alcohol. Scotch Whiskey " 54 " *

Port Wine from 19 to 26 " "

Madeira " " 19 to 24 " "

Currant " « 21 " "

Sherry, Lisbon, and

Malaga from 18 to 20 " "

Claret " « 13 to 17 " "

18 ALCOHOL NOT FOUND IN NATURE.

Alcohol is not found as a constituent principle in nature. Go search creation through: "Examine all the structures and fluids of that being whom alone God has taught to laugh or weep, and of all the tribes of animated existence that ' roam the wood, or wing the sky, or roll along the flood,' — you find it not. Look through all the vegetable kingdom ; analyze the alimentary grains, the nutritious seeds, the esculent roots and the luscious fruits ; it is not there. Then go down to the mineral regions ; search through all the strata of earth, and explore the depths of old ocean ; it is not there. Nature throughout all her domain of things, animate and inanimate, has not produced it. Whence comes it then ? Human art, led on by the solicitation of depraved instincts, has produced it — not by any process of growth and development, but by a process of destruction and retrogradation. Many persons, even at this day, think alcohol is a constituent of vegetable matter. I read not long since, in a work evincing much greater metaphysical than chemical knowledge, that alcohol existed naturally in sugar, from which it was merely separated by fermentation and distillation ; and this was given as a reason why it is so natural for us to love it. Natural ! There never was a man, or animal, that did not find it disgusting in every shape and abhorrent to every sense, unless his or its nature had become changed from its pure and pristine condition. This error has had a most disastrous effect on the popular mind.

" Let us try to understand this matter. There are among those vegetables which the beneficent Creator

ALCOHOL NOT FOUND IN NATURE. 19

has caused to grow for our sustenance, various proximate principles which are nutritious ; as water, sugar, starch, gum, gluten, fibrine, albumen, and others, which are called in dietetic works, alimentary principles. Now so long as these proximate principles maintain their natural state, or chemical condition, so long are they salutary food and drink, but no longer. They are all composed, mainly, of certain proportions of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, which constitute their primitive or ultimate elements. If the proportions of these ultimate elements become changed in any way, the whole nature of the substance is altered, and the most healthful aliment may thus be converted into the most virulent poison. To illustrate : the air we breathe is composed of about one part of oxygen, to three of nitrogen ; but by combining a greater proportion of oxygen, we make aqua fortis, a powerfully corrosive liquid that will decompose the animal structures like fire. Water is composed of definite proportions of oxygen and hydrogen ; but unite those elements in any other proportions, and there is water no longer. A sound potato is wholesome food ; but when it rots, its organic state or chemical constitution is changed : it is no longer food, and if you eat it you will get poisoned. The juice of an apple, or grape, is salutary drink ; but let those juices rot, change their natural state, or in other words ferment, and they are nature's beverage no longer.

" Now in making alcohol, the nutrient vegetable principles undergo fermentation. And what is fermentation ? In plain language it is simply — a rot-

20 ALCOHOL NOT FOUND IN NATURE.

ting process. The proximate, organic, vegetable principles putrefy, become decomposed, and are physiologically destroyed ; but being subjected to certain circumstances of air, temperature and moisture, some of their ultimate elements, set free by the process of decomposition, recombine in new forms and produce new substances, one of which is alcohol. The fermentation of leavened bread converts a portion of the sugar into carbonic acid gas, and if the fermentation is carried too far, the gluten is destroyed and acetic acid developed — or, as the women say, their bread is sour. Hence fermentation in the best of bread diminishes its nutritive quali' If food ferments in the stomach, instead of digesting, various acid, acrid and irritating compounds are formed, as the dyspeptic well knows — greatly to his cost ! and all fermentation, whether penary, saccharine, vinous, acetic, or putrefactive, is simply the transformation of matter from its organic or proximate, to its ultimate or elementary conditions, in different stages of the process of retrogradation and destruction.

" Thus we see that alcohol, so far from being a product of growth and organic formation, is exactly the contrary — a result of decay and destruction; and it has, clearly, no more place among man's beverages than arsenic has among his foods. The virus of the rattlesnake, when taken into the human stomach, has a pleasant, nervine and exhilarating effect, and is, in fact, thus used, a less deadly poison than alcohol. But if this virus be inserted under the skin, it proves rapidly destructive. Alcohol inserted

ALCOHOL NOT FOUND IN NATURE. fcl

under the skin produces only a slight inflammation, but if swallowed, its destructive influence over the whole nervous system is rapid and powerful. Now one is just as veritable a poison as the other, yet each operates in its own peculiar way. Such is alcohol in itself considered, and such the analysis of its ravages on man.

" But dram drinkers should notice another thing. The alcoholic beverages of commerce are even worse than the alcohol itself. They do not get the alcoholic poison pure; but it is further drugged with still other poisons. Read a part of the long catalogue of pernicious agents in common use ; namely, — Essential Oils, Cocculus Indicus, Logwood, Brazil Wood, Alum, Green Vitriol, Oil of Vitriol, Capsicum, Opium, Tobacco, Aloes, Bitter Oranges, Henbane, Nux Vomica, Sugar of Lead, Oil of Bitter Almonds, India Berry, Poke Berries, Elder Berries, Poison Hemlock, Guinea Pepper, Laurel Water, Prussic Acid, Dragon's Blood, Lamb's Blood, Gum Benzoin, Red Sanders, Burnt Sugar, Salt of Tartar, and so on. Here are some of the most deadly vegetable and mineral agents in the world, with which nearly all the liquors, wines, ales and beers in the w r orld, and often cider, are drugged and adulterated. A late work on chemistry enumerates forty-six articles commonly used in making beer alone ; and almost every species of the light and sweet wines, such as ladies sometimes think delectable, is extensively adulterated."

That these articles do enter into the composition of the " fine old ports," " clarets," " home-brewed

22 ALCOHOL DRUGGED.

ales," and " genuine spirits," offered to a gullible public, is certain, even by the testimony of men employed in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. One of these men, having named various articles employed in the preparation of porter, such as cocculus indicus, capsicum, powdered copperas and alum, says: — " However pernicious or disagreeable these may appear, I have always found them to be requisite in the brewing of porter ; and they must be used by those who wish to continue the taste, flavor, and appearance of the beer. The intoxicating qualities of porter are to be ascribed to the drugs intermixed with it. It is evident some porter is more heady than others, and it arises from a greater or less quantity of stupifying ingredients."* And it is the deliberate opinion of competent judges, that not one glass of wine of any description in this country finds lis way down the throat of the drinker, but it carries with it more or less of the drugs previously named. Alcohol is injurious to every part of the human constitution. If you consult medical records to learn the effect which alcohol has on the human system, you there learn that it inflames the coats of the stomach, disorders the liver, excites the blood vessels, poisons the blood, vitiates the secretions, renders the bland juices of the body acrid and irritating, paralyzes the nerves, hardens the brain, produces dropsy, dyspepsia, jaundice, marasmus, consumption, gout, rheumatism, eruptions, tumors, carbuncles, leads to imbecility, insanity, and delirium tremens,

* Bacchus, page 28G.

ALCOHOL INJURES THE BRAIN. 23

and so on through nearly the whole catalogue of human maladies. It diseases the whole constitution, taints every fluid, poisons every solid, and it depends upon mere casualties what particular form the general disease may assume.

The effect of alcohol on particular organs of the human body is very striking. Says Dr. Sewall : — " The inflammation of the brain is sometimes so acute from intemperance, that it is marked by furious delirium, and terminates fatally in the course of a few days, and sometimes a few hours."

Apply it to an open wound, or bring it in contact with an exposed nerve, and it burns like fire. Let it be applied a million times to as many fresh wounds, or exposed nerves, and every application will bring painful evidence of the correctness of this statement. Let those who doubt try the experiment. It burns the mouth, and hence the practice of taking water with grog, and water after grog, to quench the fire it always kindles. Alcohol always excites the brain and the nerves. As soon can a man " carry coals of fire in his bosom, and not be burned," as bring alcohol in contact with the brain or nerves without powerfully exciting them.

About one-seventh part of the blood is sent to the head, which is several hundred per cent, more, in proportion to its size, than is carried to any other portion of the system. — This is the testimony of all physiologists. Since, then, the irritating effect of alcohol on the brain — that organ so closely connected with the mind — and since so much greater a proportion of blood is sent to the head than to any

24 ALCOHOL INJURES THE BRAIN.

other part of the system, the effects of alcohol upon the mind of man must be most tremendous, either for good or evil. The intellectual and moral constitute the chief dignity of man. He was never made merely to eat, sleep, breathe, labor, and die. God had higher aims in his creation. He was created mainly to think and feel — to adore God and study his works. If, therefore, the effect of alcohol is bad, it is bad in the very highest possible degree, and bad upon the very essence, and soul, and centre of man, because it storms the very citadel of our nature. Now by the great amount of blood sent to the head, and by the effects of alcohol upon the nervous system in general, and the brain in particular, and especially upon the internal nervous tract, does it irritate and stimulate the brain, and thereby exert its baneful influence upon man's immortal part.