Advanced English grammar and composition

Preface

This book has been prepared especially for use in the intermediate and higher schools in the Philippine Islands. It presents a thorough study of the essentials of English Grammar and the elements of English Composition.

The book is characterized by its use of the inductive method, the large number of illustrations, the extent and variety of application of each grammatical fact developed, the emphasis placed upon the verb and upon other features of special difficulty to the foreign learner of the language, and the development of the elements of composition with, and based upon, the topics in grammar. Exercises in word formation, also, are a valuable feature of the book, showing the relation of the more important parts of speech and the formation of important groups of words, and greatly aiding the pupil in learning and correctly using an extensive vocabulary.

The book consists of three parts: Part I contains a brief review of the parts of speech and the elements of the sentence, with a variety of exercises in composition.

Part II considers the parts of speech, their inflections and uses. Much attention is given to the verb and to many points of special value to the foreign student. Each part of speech in its treatment in detail receives application at once in exercises in composition. This close connection of grammar and use is a most important feature of the book. Besides exercises in direct application of the lessons in grammar, the composition work in this part includes, also, exercises in the construction, expansion, contraction and combining of sentences, the development of paragraphs, letter writing and the various forms of composition.

3 v

4 PREFACE

Part III gives a thorough review of the parts of speech and of the sentence, and includes the more difficult topics not treated in Part II. The composition emphasizes the sentence, the paragraph, and the whole composition in various forms of narration, description and exposition, with some attention to argumentation, debating and versification. Synonyms, derivations and the formation of words are valuable features of this part.

Throughout the book the main effort has been to secure simplicity, thoroughness and special treatment of difficult topics. The definition of the participle, for instance, as having the functions both of the noun and the verb, and of the adjective and the verb, greatly simplifies this subject and has the sanction of good authority. The omission of the potential mode, also, is in accord with present usage among the best grammarians, and simplifies this subject. The minute analyses of verb phrases have little value for the student of elementary English, and besides being unnecessary for correct usage, they emphasize points upon which grammarians themselves are not agreed.

For valuable aid in the preparation of the book, the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Luther B. Parker, a teacher in Pampanga ; Mr. J. M. Gambill, Superintendent of Bataan ; Mr. William A. Preuitt, formerly Division Superintendent of Pampanga and Bataan; Miss M. Lois Stewart, teacher of English in the Pampanga High School; Miss Mary B. Crans, teacher of English in the Pasig High School; Miss Charlotte Neal and Mr. G. M. Egan, teachers of English in the Manila High School, who have read the proof of the book and offered many helpful suggestions; Miss Stewart and Miss Neal, who have contributed outlines of composition ; and to his wife, whose assistance in both grammar and composition has added greatly to the worth of the volume.

Part I Page

Kinds of Sentences ... 11

Punctuation 11

Capital Letters .... 13

The Pronoun 14

Form of a Composition . . 15

Used as Pronoun .... 20

Used after Verb .... 21

Used as Noun 22

Words used as Nouns and

as Verbs 26

Words used as Adjectives

and as Verbs .... 27

Adjectives distinguished

from Adverbs .... 33

The Word There .... 34

Subject and Predicate ... 34

Subject of the Sentence . 34

Predicate of the Sentence . 36 Subject and Predicate of

Questions 37

of Commands ... 39 Comma in Address ... 40 Simple Subject and its Modifiers 41

Use of the Diagram ... 42 Simple Predicate and its

Abbreviations 44

Dates 47

PARE

Phrases 48

Adjective Word and Phrase

Adverbial Word and Phrase

Words Used as Adverbs and

as Prepositions .... 56

Addresses — Letter Writing 58

Complements 60

Compound Subject ... 66

Compound Predicate . . 68

Compound Complement . 69

Compound Modifiers , . 70

Comma in a Series ... 71

The Interjection 74

Arrangement — Usual Order 75

The Parts of Speech ... 78

Friendly Letters .... 80

The Infinitive 81

The Participle 84

Quotations 86

Adjective Clauses .... 88

Story Telling — Outline. . 92

Noun Clauses 98

Simple Sentences .... 102

Complex Sentences . . . 102

Compound Sentences . . 104

CONTENTS

Part II Page

Classes of Nouns .... 107

Parts of a Letter . . . . 110

Gender 113

The Paragraph . . . . 121

Nouns as Complements . . 124

Attribute Complements . . 124 Descriptive Paragraph —

Persons 127

Object Complements . . . 128 Descriptive Paragraph —

Things 130

Objective Complements . . 131 Paragraph — The Topic Sentence 132

The Indirect Object . . . 135

Cases of Nouns .... 140

The Nominative Case . . 141

The Objective Case ... 141

The Possessive Case . . . 142 Paragraphs — The Main

Topic 146

Special Case Relations of

Nominative Absolute . . 149

Appositive Modifiers . . . 150

Indirect Objects .... 151

Whole Composition . . . 154 Words, Phrases and Clauses

used as Nouns . . . . 150 Direct and Indirect Quotations 160

The Pronoun 163

The Antecedent .... 164

Classes of Pronouns . . . 165 Personal Pronouns — First

Person 166

Second Person . . . 167

Third Person . . . 169

PAGE

Anecdote 172

Cases of Personal Pronouns 174

The Nominative Case . . 174

The Possessive Case . . . 175

The Objective Case . . . 177 Person of Pronouns — The

First Person 17!)

The Second Person . . 17!»

The Third Person . . 180 Compound Personal Pronouns 182

The Pronoun It ... . 183 Parsing of Nouns and Pronouns 185

Written Parsing .... 186

A Fable 188

Interrogative Pronouns . . 189 Business Letters . . . . 192 Relative Pronouns . . . 195 Uses of Relative Pronouns . 197 Uses of Interrogative Pronouns 200

Adjective Pronouns . . . 202 Uses of Adjective Pronouns 203 Transposed Order in Sentences 207

Principal and Auxiliary

The Simple Tenses . . . 213

The Perfect Tenses . . . 219

May and Can 224

Shall and Will .... 225

Person and Number of Verl is '_>•_".»

Story Telling — Outline . 235

Regular and Irregular Verbs 238

Principal Parts of Verbs . 240

Letter Writing .... 245 Transitive and Intransitive

CONTENTS

PAGE

Story Writing 250

Voice of Transitive Verbs . 252

Mode 255

The Indicative Mode . . 257

The Imperative Mode . . 260

The Subjunctive Mode . . 261

Parsing of Verbs .... 268

Diary Writing 269

Progressive Form of the

' Verb 272

Dialogue — Conversation . 274 Interrogative Form of the

Verb 276

Negative Form of the Verb 280

Stories from History . . . 283

Infinitives 285

Biography — Outlines . . 293

Autobiography — Outlines . 305

Descriptive Adjectives . . 307

Limiting Adjectives . . . 308

Opposites 312

Description — Outline . . • 314

The Articles 315

Description — Buildings

Comparison of Adjectives .

The Comparative Degree .

The Superlative Degree

Description — Outline . .

Words, Phrases and Clauses used as Adjectives . . .

Simple Adverbs ....

Interrogative Adverbs . .

Conjunctive Adverbs . .

Description of Processes

Uses of Simple Adverbs

Description — Animals

Letter Writing . .

Adverbial Phrases .

The Preposition . . .

Uses of Prepositions .

Description — Countries The Conjunction ....

Coordinate Conjunctions

Subordinate Conjunctions

PAGE

319 320 322 325 330

330 333 334 334 335 335

Part III Page

The Subject 373

Position of the Subject . . 376

Brevity — Short Sentences 378

The Predicate 380

The Complement .... 382

Variety in Sentences . . 385

Objective Complement . . 390 The Paragraph — Topics

and Subtopics .... 391

Adjective Modifiers . . . 394

PAGE

Position of Adjective Modifiers 397

Variety in Sentences . . 399 The Paragraph — Topic Sentence 401

Conversations 404

Adverbial Modifiers . . . 405 Position of Adverbial Modifiers 407

Variety of Sentences . . 409

Independent Elements . . 413 The Paragraph — Ways of

Filling 414

CONTENTS

PAGE

Classes of Sentences . . . 418 Simple Sentence .... 419 Narration — Outlines . . 420 The Complex Sentence . . 428 The Adjective Clause . . 428 Narration — Poetry . . . 431 Historical Narrative . . . 433 The Adverbial Clause . . 434 The Noun Clause .... 439 Direct and Indirect Discourse 444

The Compound Sentence . . 446

Biography — Outlines . . 449

Classes — Proper, Common 452

Abstract 453

Formation from Other

Words 456

Gender 462

Description of Objects —

Outlines 471

Case 474

The Possessive Case . . . 476

Description — Scenes . . 480

The Pronoun 484

Classes 484

The Antecedent .... 484

Description — Houses . . 486

Case 488

Rules for writing Description 491

Description — Countries,

Scenes 491

Adjective Pronouns . . . 494

Relative Pronouns . . . 495

PAGE

Comparison 502

Uses of Adjective Pronouns 503

Formation of Adjectives . 506

Description of Processes . 507

Classes . 509

Derived from Other Words 511

Description — Persons . . 516

Person and Number . . . 520

Comparisons 524

Mode 525

Clearness 526

Unity 527

Strength 527

Exposition 528

Conjugations 533

Uses of the Tenses . . . 539

Conversation 541

Exposition 542

Proverbs 543

Figures of Speech .... 543

The Infinitive 548

The Participle 550

Elliptical Sentences . . . 552 Argument — Methods, Outlines 554

Debate 571

Versification 573

List of Irregular Verbs . . 578

Rules for Punctuation . . . 581

List of Prefixes 584

List of Suffixes 585

List of Steins 586

Index 589

ADVANCED ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION