Therapeutics: its principles and practice

Front matter

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I

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Preface To The Fourteenth Edition

The alterations in the present edition of this treatise are more extensive than those in any previous edition for many years. Many of these changes are the result of an effort to make the book more available as a student's text-book without lessening its value as a work of reference for the practitioner or scientist.

The fundamental facts which the undergraduate student should be required to know are printed in large type, while the discussion of the more intricate details of pharmacology and the therapeutic data of less importance are printed in smaller type. The descriptions of the physical characteristics of the drugs at the beginning of each article have been carefully revised, and enlarged where deemed necessary, so that, although the book does not pretend to give a detailed treatise on materia medica, it is believed that it contains the facts on this subject which the practitioner of medicine should know.

Besides the more systematic arrangement of the subject-matter and the changes above noted a considerable amount of alteration has been required to keep the work abreast of the recent discoveries in the rapidly advancing science of pharmacology. The whole field of medical literature of the world has been sedulously gleaned and facts of therapeutic interest which have been found incorporated in the text. Especially notable changes, however, have been found necessary in the following portions of the work:

The chapter on cathartics has been completely rewritten and the matter considered in a more orderly manner, which we believe will be of advantage alike to the student and practitioner of medicine.

The chapter on diuretics has been remodelled to correspond to the latest views of the physiology and pharmacology of this subject, and more space given to the consideration of the effects of water on the system and the action of mineral salts on the flow of urine.

Articles on opsonic therapy and on the ion theory have been added. Also a number of new illustrations have been introduced where it was thought that they would elucidate the text;, many of these are photographic reproductions of blood-pressure and respiratory curves from experiments made by the reviser.

Continued ill health has prevented the original author of this treatise from taking any active part in the present edition and the entire labor has fallen on his son, Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., who has been associated in the various revisions of the work for the past eight years.

Preface To The First Edition

At the present time, when the shelves of private and public libraries are groaning beneath their ever-increasing loads, when a thousand presses in every city send forth day and night their printed messages until the earth is filled with them, it seems almost presumptuous for any one to offer new volumes to the world. Indeed, art is so long, life is so short, that every student has the right to demand of an author by what authority he doeth these things, and to challenge every memoir for its raison d'etre. This being so, it assuredly will not appear egotistical for the author to state that his voluntary task was first suggested by his own wants, and that to its performance he has brought the training, labor, and experience of years spent in the laboratory, the study, the class-room, and the hospital ward.

There are a number of excellent treatises upon materia medica and therapeutics; yet in various attempts at original research, as well as in the ward and the lecture-room of the hospital, I have keenly felt the want of something more. There are many points of view from which a subject can be looked at; there are many paths by which it may be approached; and to me, other points of view, other modes of approach, have been far more enticing than those adopted in our standard treatises.

The old and tried method in therapeutics is that of empiricism, or, if the term sounds harsh, of clinical experience. As stated by one of its most ardent supporters, the best possible development of this plan of investigation is to be found in a close and careful analysis of cases before and after the administration of a remedy, and, if the results be favorable, the continued use of the drug in similar cases. It is evident that this is not a new path, but a highway already worn with the eager but weary feet of the profession for two thousand years,

That very much has been thus accomplished it were folly to deny. Leaving out of sight the growth of the last two decades, almost all of the current therapeutic knowledge has been gained in this way.

Therapeutics developed in this manner cannot, however, rest upon a secure foundation. What to-day is believed is to-morrow to be cast aside, certainly has been the law of advancement, and seemingly must continue to be so. What has clinical therapeutics established permanently and indisputably? Scarcely anything beyond the primary facts that quinia will arrest an intermittent, that salts will purge, and that opium will quiet pain and lull to sleep.

To established therapeutic facts the profession clings as with the heart and hand of one man,— clings with a desperation and unanimity whose intensity is the measure of the unsatisfied desire viii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

for something fixed. Yet with what a Babel of discordant voices doee it celebrate its two thousand years of experience!

This is so well known that it seems superfluous to cite examples of the therapeutic discord; and one only shall be mentioned, — namely, rheumatism. In this disease, bleeding, nitrate of potassium, quinine, mercurials, flying blisters, purgation, opium, the bromides, veratria, and a host of oilier remedies, all have their advocates clamorous for a hearing; and above all the tumult are to be heard the trumpet-tones of a Chambers, "Wrap your patients in blankets and let them alone."

Experience is said to be the mother of wisdom. Verily she has been in medicine rather a blind leader of the blind; and the history of medical progress is a history of men groping in the darkness, finding seeming gems of truth one after another, only in a few minutes to cast each back to the vast heap of forgotten baubles that in their day had also been mistaken for verities. In the past, there is scarcely a conceivable absurdity that men have not tested by experience and for a time found to be the thing desired; in the present, homoeopathy and other similar delusions are eagerly embraced and honestly believed in by men who rest their faith upon experience.

Narrowing our gaze to the regular profession and to a few decades, what do we see? Experience teaching that not to bleed a man suffering from pneumonia is to consign him to an unopened grave, and experience teaching that to bleed a man suffering from pneumonia is to consign him to a grave never opened by nature. Looking at the revolutions and contradictions of the past, — listening to the therapeutic Babel of the present, — is it a wonder that men should take refuge in nihilism, and, like the lotus-eaters, dream that all alike is folly, — that rest and quiet and calm are the only human fruition?

Since the profession has toiled so long and found so little, if further progress is to be made we must question the old methods and search out new ones, which haply may lead to more fruitful fields. In the ordinary affairs and business of life, when anything is to be accomplished, the effort always is to discover what is to be done, and then what are the means at command. A primary knowledge of the end to be accomplished, and a secondary acquaintance with the instruments, are a necessity for successful human effort; and until the sway of this law is acknowledged by physicians, medicine can never rise from the position of an empirical art to the dignity of applied science. Until within a comparatively recent period, it has been impossible to comply with this law. But, through the advances made by the pathologists and by the students of the natural history of dis- . we are fast learning the methods in which nature brings the body back to health. When this is done, — when disease is thoroughly understood, — we shall have wrought out the first element of the problem, shall have complied with the first requirement of the law.

It is scarcely within the province of a therapeutist, and certainly is not possible within the scope and limits of this work, to discuss at

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ix

length the natural history of disease; but it is allowable to point out evident indications for relief; and this I have done to a greater or less extent throughout the book.

The work of the therapeutist is chiefly with the second portion of the law. Evidently, it is his especial province to find out what are the means at command, what the individual drugs in use do when put into a human system. It is seemingly self-evident that the physiological action of a remedy can never be made out by a study of its use in disease. Under all circumstances, the problem is one of the most complex with which the human mind has to grapple; and to introduce into this problem the new and ever-varying factors of the effect of disease and its natural vibrations on the system is to put the matter beyond human prescience.

In spite, then, of Dr. Niemeyer's assertion that experiments made with medicaments upon the lower animals or upon healthy human beings have, as yet, been of no direct service to our means of treating disease, and that a continuation of such experiments gives no prospect of such service, it is certain that in these experiments is the only rational scientific groundwork for the treatment of disease. We must discover what influence a drug exerts when put into the body of a patient before we can use it rationally; and we can gain this coveted knowledge only in the method indicated.

It has been strenuously objected, especially to experiments upon animals, that drugs do not act upon the lower creatures in the same manner as they do upon man. When I first commenced the studies whose outcome is the present volume, I was profoundly impressed with the truth of this oft-repeated assertion and with the difficulties which it put in the way. To-day I do not believe that, stated in its broad sense, it is true. Indeed, more strongly, I assert that it is not true; that, in the vast majority of cases, the actions of -drugs upon man and upon the lower animals are, though seemingly different, in reality similar; that the more knowledge we acquire the fewer exceptions remain unexplained; and that the whole matter is in all probability subject to laws whose development will greatly aid in our explanation of various obscure clinical phenomena.

The general proofs of these assertions are sufficiently obvious, I think, in the following pages to render it unnecessary for me to dwell upon them at length here: moreover, if they be not so obvious to others as to myself, space is here wanting for a full discussion of the subject. I can only make a few general remarks, and point out some of what I believe to be the governing laws.

In the first place, degree and quality are distinct things, and should not be confounded. Yet they frequently are; and because it requires as much morphia to kill a pigeon of a pound weight as to destroy a man, we are told that medicines act differently upon man and the lower animals. Evidently the conclusion is a non sequitur, and difference of susceptibility is no proof of difference in the mode of impression. A teaspoonful of Epsom salt may purge one man, while it may x PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

require ounces to affect another. Evidently there is a difference of susceptibility; but when the impression is once made it is of the same character in each case. As with man and man, so with man and the pigeon, — susceptibility is no measure or gauge of the character of the impression.

A large number of drugs — indeed, it may be said, the larger number of important drugs — exert in the system antagonistic actions. Thus, atropia stimulates the spinal cord, but destroys the conducting power of the nerve-trunks. It is evident that as one or other of these influences predominates, will there be convulsions or paralysis. Now if for any reason one animal be exceedingly sensitive to the spinal action of atropia, that animal will in belladonna-poisoning suffer from convulsions, while its fellow, which is affected chiefly by the nerve-action of the drug, will, under like circumstances, have paralysis. Here the mere clinician, with his superficial knowledge, seeing the paralyzed and the convulsed lying side by side, says, What a hopeless muddle! Poor fools, these vivisectors! they will never come to any good! In truth, the differences in symptoms in these and in many other cases simply depend upon differences in susceptibility; and the only lesson that the circumstance teaches is the importance of discovering the laws which govern these susceptibilities.

A law which governs the susceptibility to the action of drugs is, that the more highly specialized any system is the more readily affected is it by a medicine. Thus, the cerebrum of a man is far more highly organized than that of any other animal, and consequently he is far more sensitive to the action of drugs which affect the cerebrum than are the lower forms. Again, in the frog the spinal system is especially developed, — probably, in proportion to the cerebrum, more so than in any other of the animals commonly experimented with: consequently the batrachian is excessively sensitive to remedies which, like strychnia, affect the spinal cord. In obedience to this law, we have resulting the action of opium, — an action which has been considered the strongest proof oif the hopelessness of any attempt to explain the effects of drugs upon a man by experiments upon the lower animals. In man, opium causes deep stupor and general relaxation; in the frog, it causes tetanic convulsions. The explanation of these seeming inconsistencies is, however, very evident when the whole subject is looked at. Opium in all animals has a double action, one upon the cerebrum and one upon the spinal centres. In the frog, the latter being the more highly organized, the spinal action overcomes the cerebral; in man, the cerebrum being the more sensitive, stupor replaces the convulsions: yet in man convulsions sometimes occur in opium-poisoning, and in the frog the dose can be so managed as to cause stupor.

A second law which seems to hold sway over the action of drugs upon different animals is that great differences of function in a system affect its relation to drugs: thus, in an herbivorous animal the alimentary canal is very different from what it is in the carnivora,

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xi

whose digestive organs in turn differ from those of man, — the omnivore. Medicines which act upon the alimentary canal are apt to vary in their effects upon different orders of animals.

Converse to the above law is that which renders systems which are little specialized similarly acted upon by drugs in different classes of animals.

Thus, the general structure and the functions of the circulatory system are very uniform among vertebrates, as is also the action of those drugs which affect chiefly the circulation: thus, aconite, or digitalis, or potash, influences in the one way the heart of the frog, of the rabbit, and of man.

There are a very few apparent exceptions to the uniformity of the action of drugs upon all animals which seemingly contravene the laws that have been mentioned. These exceptions are so few, however, that without doubt advancing knowledge will by and by explain them all and show what are the laws which for the time being hold in abeyance or overcome those already stated.

An asserted fact which has recently been brought forward as revealing the worthlessness of animal experimentation is that some monkeys are not susceptible to the action of strychnia, while others are. Granting the truth of the asserted fact, it certainly is explainable. It is at least conceivable that a given species of animal may, by the gradually acquired habit of feeding upon a substance containing a narcotic poison, acquire an insusceptibility to the influence of that poison which shall as it were belong to its specific type, or, in other words, be an acquired specific character. The nervous system of the opium-eater becomes accustomed to the stimulant, and it is not impossible that a measure of the habit should be transmitted. If the Darwinian law of the gradual evolution by the survival of the fittest have any force, these curious apparent freaks of medicines in regard to their physiological action may be the result of this law, especially since it is species which are affected. It is not all monkeys that are proof against strychnia, but, as we are distinctly told, only one species of monkey; and, so far as I know, it is not all deer that are said to thrive when fed upon tobacco, but only the Virginia deer. Whether this conception be or be not a mere fancy, this much is to my mind very clear, that the few scattered exceptions ought not to outweigh the immense mass of evidence upon the other side, and that it is inconceivable that drugs, in their relations to animal organisms, differ from all other created things in not being subject to law.

In the early portion of this preface I stated that the work had grown out of a need felt by myself: that need was for a book into which should be gathered the many scattered facts in regard to the physiological action of medicine, — a book in which an attempt should be made to sift the true from the false, to reconcile seeming differences, to point out what we know and what we do not know, and to give a platform from which investigators might start forward without the necessity of being, as is so often the case, ignorant of what was already xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

achieved, or of spending a great deal of time in a wild hunt through the almost boundless, but often scattered and inaccessible, ranges of Continental literature.

The plan of the present work has been to make the physiological action of remedies the principal point in discussion. A thoroughly scientific treatise would in each article simply show what the drug does when put into a healthy man. and afterwards point out to what diseases or morbid processes such action is able to afford relief. Unfortunately, in the great majority of cases our knowledge is not complete enough for this, and the clinical method has to be used to supplement the scientific plan.

I have added to the book a consideration of toxicology, so far as it i- of interest to the physician. This has been done for several reasons, first . it was necessary to stud}' the action of poisonous drugs upon man, in order to make out their physiological action; secondly, physicians are constantly required to diagnosticate and to treat cases of poisoning; thirdly, it is often of the greatest importance for a medical man in a court of law to be able to state what are the symptoms and post-mortem appearances produced by a given poison, what diseases they simulate, and how far and in what they differ from the phenomena of these diseases. That part of the science of toxicology which treats of the recognition of poisons in the cadaver, or in food and drink, belongs to the domain of the chemist, and I have avoided it altogether. For a similar reason, in the sections on materia medica, the chemical relations of mineral substances have not been discussed at all.

ABBREVIATIONS

A. A. — Archiv fur Augenheilkunde.

A A. P. — Archiv fur Anatomic und

Physiologic A. C. J. — American Chemical Journal.

A. D. S. — Archiv fur Dermatologie und

Syphilis.

A. de P. — Archives de Physiologie nor-

male et pathologique.

A. E. P. P. — Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie.

A. Q. M. — Archives generates de Mede-

cine.

A. G. P. — Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologie des Menschen und der Thiere.

A. Hk. — Archiv der Heilkunde.

A. I. B. — Archives italiennes de Bio-

logie.

A. I. M. N. — Archivio italiano per le

malattie nervose.

A. I. Past. — Annales de l'Institut Pasteur.

A. I. P. — Archives internationales de

Pharmacodynamic.

A. J. M. S. — American Journal of the

Medical Sciences.

A. J. P. — American Journal of Physiology.

A. K. C. — Archiv fur klinische Chi-

rurgie.

Al. Z. Ps. — Allgemeine Zeitschrift fiir

Psychiatric A. M. Ex. — Archives de Medecine experimentelle et d'Anatomie pathologique.

Amer. Med. — American Medicine.

Am. Lan. — American Lancet.

A. N. — Alienist and Neurologist.

An. d'H. — Annales d 'Hygiene.

An. O. — Annals of Ophthalmology.

Ann. O. — Annales d'Oculistique.

A. Op. — Archiv fiir Ophthalmologic.

A. of Op. — Archives of Opthalmology.

A. Ph. — Archiv fiir Anatomie und Physiologie, physiologisches Abteilung.

A. Pharm. — Archives de Pharmacodynamic A. R. — Aerztliche Rundschau.

A. S. Z. — Aerztliche Sachverstandigen-

Zeitung.

Aus. M. Oaz. — Australian Medical Gazette.

Aus. M. J. — Australian Medical Journal.

A. V. K. — Archiv fur Verdauungs- Krankheiten.

A. Z. — Apotheker-Zeitung.

B. A. M. — Bulletin de 1' Academic de

M6decine de Paris.

B. A. R B.— Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Medecine de Bel°"c B. O. T.— Bulletin general de Therapeutique medicale et chirurgicalc K. Ch. — Beitrage zur klinischen Chirurgic K. W. — Berliner klinische Wochen-

schrift.

M. — Le Bulletin Medicale.

M. J. — British Medical Journal.

M. S. C. P.— Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe Clinique de Paris.

B. M. S. H. — Bulletin Society Medicale des Hopitaux des Paris.

B. M. S. J. — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.

B. P. A. — Beitrage zur Pathologischen

Anatomie und zur Allgemeinen Pathologie.

Cb. B. — Centralblatt fiir Bacteriologic

Cb. C. — Centralblatt fiir Chirurgie.

Cb. I. M. — Centralblatt fiir Innere Medicin.

Cb. N. — Centralblatt fiir Nervenheilkunde.

Cb. P. — Centralblatt fiir Physiologie.

C. B. S. A. — Correspondenzblatt der

Schweizerische Aerzte.

Chi. M. J. — Chicago Medical Journal.

C. K. M. — Centralblatt fiir klinische

Medici n.

CI. M. — Clinica Moderna.

CI. M. I. — La Clinica Medicale Italienne.

C. M. J. E. — Chicago Medical Journal

and Examiner.

C. M. R. V.— Contributions to Medical Research. Vaughn.

Ann Arbor. 1903.

W. — Centralblatt fiir medicinischen Wissenschaften.

C. R. A. S. — Comptes-rendus de l'Academie de Science, Paris.

C. R. S. B. — Comptes-rendus de la

Society de Biologie, Paris.

D. A. K. M. — Deutsches Archiv fiir

klinische Medicin.

D. C. — Dermatologisches Centralblatt.

D. J. M. S.— Dublin Journal of the Medical Sciences.

C. M.

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS

D. Kl.— Deutsche Klinik.

D. M. W. — Deutsche medicinische Wo-

chenschrift.

D. Z. Ch.— Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Chirurgie.

D. Z. N. — Deutsche Zeitung fur Nerven-

heilkunde.

Ed. M. J. — Edinburgh Medical Journal.

E. M. N.— L'Eel.o Medical du Nord.

Fort. M. — Fortechritte der Medicin.

Q. A. M. T. — Giornale della Reale Academia di Medicina di Torino.

G. H. M. C. — Gazette Hebdomadaire de Mc'decine et de Chirurgie.

G. I. M. P. — Gazzetta Internazionale de

Medecina Practica.

G. K. H. — Monatsberichte iiber die gesammtleistungen auf dem Gebeite der Krankheiten desHarnundSexual-Apparates.

G. M. P. — Gazette Medicale de Paris.

Gl. M. J. — Glasgow Medical Journal.

Guy H. R.— Guy's Hospital Reports.

Hk. — Die Heilkunde.

M. S. Jb. — Hoffmann and Schwalbe's Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie.

I. B. I. M. — Internationale Beitriige zur

Inneren Medicin.

In. Dis. — Inaugural Dissertation.

J. A. M. A. — Journal of the American

Medical Association.

J. A. P. — Journal of Anatomy and Phys-

. r-x. J ol °gy-

J. Chem. S. — Journal of the Chemical

Society of London.

J. de PA. P. — Journal de l'Anatomie et

Physiologie.

J. de Th. — Journal de Therapeutique.

J. Ex. M. — Journal of Experimental

Medicine.

J. M. R. — Journal of Medical Research.

J. N. M. D. — Journal of Nervous and

Mental Diseases.

J. P. — Journal of Physiology.

J. Pr. — Journal des Praticiens.

J. P. and B. — Journal of Pathology and

Bacteriology.

Wochenschrift.

L. L — London Lancet.

Lyon M.— Lyon Medicale.

L. M. R. — London Medical Recorder.

L. S. — Lo Sperimentale.

M. A. — Merck's Archives.

M. C. C. — Medicinische-Chirurgisches

Centralblatt.

M. C. Tr. — Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.

Med. R.— Medical Register.

Laboratory Bulletin.

M. M. W. — Miinchener medicinische

Wochenschrift.

M. News. — Medical News.

M. N. A. S. — Memoirs of the National

Academy of Science.

M. P. D. — Monatshefte fur praktische

Dermatologie.

M. P. N. — Monatsschrift Psychiatrie

und Neurologie.

M. R.— Merck's Report.

M. S. Rep. — Medical and Surgical Reporter.

M. T. G. — Medical Times and Gazette.

M. W. — Medicinische Wochenschrift.

N. Cb.— Neurologisches Centralblatt.

N. O. M. J. — New Orleans Medical Journal.

N. Y. M. J.— New York Medical Journal.

N. Y. M. R.— New York Medical Reccord.

N. Y. M. T New York Medical Times.

0. M. R. — Ohio Medical Recorder.

O. R. — Ophthalmic Record.

Pa. M. S. J. — Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal.

Path Intern. — Pathologie Interne.

Ph. Post. — Pharmaceutical Post.

P. J. and Tr. — Pharmaceutical Journal

and Transactions.

P. M. C. P. — Pester medizinisch Chirur-

gische Presse.

P. M. J. — Philadelphia Medical Journal.

P. M. T. — Philadelphia Medical Times.

P. P. S. L. — Proceedings of the Physiological Society of London.

Pract. — Practitioner.

Press. M B. — La Presse Medicale Bel-

gique.

Pr. M. W. — Prager medicinische Wochenschrift.

Prog. M. — Le Progres Medicale.

P. Tr. R. S. L.— Philosophical Transtions of the Royal Society of London.

Q. J. P. M. — Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence.

R. C. — Revue de Chirurgie.

R. M. S. R.— Revue Medicale de la

Suisse Romande.

R. Med. — Revue de Medicene.

Rif. M. — La Riforma Medica.

R. T. — Revue de Therapeutique.

Sb. G. W. — Sitzungsberichte der konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.

S. Jb. — Schmidt's Jahrbiicher der inund auslandischen gesammten Medicin.

S. M. — La Semaine Medicale.

St. L. C. R. — St. Louis Clinical Record.

St. L. M. S. J.— St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal.

ABBREVIATIONS

XV

S. L. P. C. Y.— Studies from the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry of Yale University.

St. P. M. W. — St. Petersburger medicinische Wochenschrift.

T. G. — Therapeutic Gazette.

Ther. Geg. — Die Therapie der Gegen-

wart.

Th. M. — Therapeutische Monatshefte.

T. M. — Therapeutic Monthly.

Tr. A. O. S. — Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

Tr. I. C. C. — Transactions of the International Congress of Charity, Corrections, and Philanthropy.

Tr. P. C. M. S.— Transactions of the Philadelphia County Medical Society.

Tr. R. S. Ed. — Transactions of the Society of Edinburgh.

T. W. — Therapeutische Wochenschrift.

U. M. M. — University Medical Magazine.

U. N. M. T. — Untersuchungen zur Naturlehre des Menschen und der Thiere. Moleschott.

U. P. L. W. — Untersuchungen aus den Physiologisches Laboratorium zu Wiirzburg.

U. P. M. B. — University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin.

V. A. P. A. — Virchow's Archivfiir pathologische Anatomie und Physiologic V. A. S. — Verein der Aerzte in Steier-

mark.

V. C M — Verhandl. des Congresses fur

Innere Medizin.

V. V. N. K. I. M.— Verhandlungen des Vierten Nordischen Kongresses fur Innere Medizin.

W. A. W. — Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien.

Math. Naturwiss. Kl.

sammte Heilkunde.

Gesellschaft der Aerzte in Wien.

W. M. Bl. — Wiener medicinische Blatter.

W. M. P. — Wiener medicinische Presse.

Z. C. P. P. — Zeitschrift (Beitrage) zur Chemischen Physiologie und Pathologie.

Infectionskrankheiten.

Z. K. M. — Zeitschrift fur klinische Medi-

cin.

Z. Mb. — Zeitschrift fur Medicinal-

beamte.

Z. P. C. — Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie.

Table Of Contents

PAGE

Definitions; Preparations; Indications for the Use of Medicine; General Methods of Therapeutics; Modes of Administration; Doses, and the Circumstances that Modify Them; the Art of Prescribing and Combining Medicines; Incompatibilities; Classification 1

DIVISION I.— SYSTEMIC REMEDIES