The book of fish and fishing

Preface

The object of this book is to inform anglers about every kind of fresh -water and especially marine fish — "much in little." Those fish not angled for are left out, and scientific names and descriptions are not considered. Of the thousands of fish in American waters, I have selected only those best known for gameness and economic value, so that the veriest tyro can be informed about angling methods and any equipment he should need without trouble, time, and expense in searching other works. First and last, I have tried to make an all-round pocket guide — an encyclopaedia of facts — the easiest and best ways, how to catch, where to go, and how to get the best sport.

To avoid monotonous repetition, the writer deemed it wise to plan the book under sub-divided headings and to combine the various fish in groups and collate the methods of taking them so that they can be seen at a glance. Complete information concerning each fish is not, therefore, confined to a single chapter, but occurs under various headings, as shown in the Contents, page xi.

The writer has, all his life, been much attached to the sport of angling, and circumstances vii

Preface

have permitted him to indulge in that passion to a greater extent and over a wider field than either time or opportunity would probably have allowed most anglers. He has taken every game fish that swims, from the southern borders of Labrador down to the Dry Tortugas, as well as in many of the great inland seas. During the last twenty-five years he has made careful and painstaking studies of the most approved methods to lure, and also of the habits of fishes.

I believe we are on the verge of a revolution, both as to breeding and stocking, not only by the various States, but by private individuals who will take up fish culture as a commercial enterprise; while more advanced methods of taking fishes will be employed by means of better tackle and an intelligent use of it.

It is over fifty years since the "Jock Scott" and "silver doctor" salmon flies were invented. Nothing in flies has been made since to equal them. On the other hand, marvellous strides have been made during the last twenty-five years in artificial lures, mostly remarkable from the fact that they are rarely imitations of living bait.

Heretofore angling books have been almost entirely devoted to fresh -water fishes; in this volume the vast army of salt-water anglers may have information in compact form about their popular favorites.

For information concerning the various game fishes I have consulted and quoted from the works of the following distinguished authorities:

Preface

Charles F. Holder ("Fishing on the Pacific Coast"), the late Dean Sage ("Atlantic Salmon"), the late Wm. C. Harris ("Bass and Trout"), Dr. Tarleton H. Bean ("Striped Bass," "Hatching," and numerous other subjects), H. Cholmondeley Penncll ("Trout and Salmon"), W. C. Stewart ("Worming for Trout"), John Bickerdyke, Major Traherne, Frederick M. Halford, Henry R. Francis, Dr. Brown Goode, Charles Hallock, Thaddeus Norris, Frank Forrester, Genio Scott, and ethers.

For the mode of capture, both for fresh-water and marine fishes, I have used my own experience and practice, except in case of the tuna and black sea-bass of the Pacific Coast.

In the art of angling there is much diversity of opinion as to what is best, both in tackle and methods. In such cases, I have taken a middle course, avoiding dogmatic rules, laying down no rock-bound law and merely expressing the opinion of what I consider best, whether in my own experience or that of others.

The author wishes to acknowledge his indebt^ edness to the United States Bureau of Fisheries for permission to use numerous cuts in this volume.

Louis Rhead.

Flatbusk, L. 1,

Contents

I. Popular Fresh- Water Game Fish . 1

Salmon — Mascalonge — Pike — Black Bass — Grayling — Trout — Charr-trout.

II. Popular Salt- Water Game Fish . 27

Chapter I Salmon

First, among game fishes, the salmon is supreme, not only in its gallant resistance and fighting qualities, but, perhaps, in its value to the human race as a highly prized and nutritious food. Its beautiful and shapely form, Famify *"'''" especially when first taken from the water (if a newly run fish), gives its captor the greatest pleasure. With pardonable pride, as he beholds its shiny, silvery sides, he exclaims, every time he lands one, "What a noble and brave antagonist!"

The two most important species are the quinnat salmon of the Pacific, and the Atlantic salmon — the latter inhabiting the North Atlantic, and ascending many of the rivers for the purpose of reproduction. The most southern river in which specimens have been obtained, is the Poto- Salmon^ mac. It occurs in small numbers in the Delaware and in the Hudson, but in these three rivers its presence is the result of artificial introduction. Its occurrence in Lake Cham- 1 plain, the St. Lawrence River, and tributaries of Lake Ontario, is due also to modern fish culture.

The State of Maine has many ideal salmon rivers, and a few of these fish are caught; but a thousand times less than should be, for conditions show a most discouraging state of affairs. The Kennebec River, which is an ideal salmon stream, was robbed of fish by the building of a dam at Augusta. The Penobscot is fast going down under the illegal fishing and pollution of its water from various factories near its mouth. The St. Croix (partly in Canada) though not so bad, is growing worse. The Connecticut River has been stocked several times, but when the salmon returned to it, they were all caught by the netters at the mouth, in direct violation of the law. So the salmon angler finds that the British possessions in North America undoubtedly afford the greatest field for fishing in the future.

Beginning at the south in the River St. Lawrence, and farther east in Nova Scotia, which has a number of small but fair streams, and following the north shore of the river and of the Gulf of St. Lawrence up to the Strait of Belle Isle, there are scores of tributary rivers abounding in salmon. The Miramiche and Nepisiguit are probably the best of those south of the Restigouche in the Bay of Chaleurs. This river is a large and beautiful stream, running back between the Province of Quebec and New Brunswick, a distance of over two hundred miles, with four large tributaries, the Metapedia, the Upsal- 2 quitch, the Patapedia, and the Kedgwick. It flows in a generally north-east direction and has in its entire course no falls or rapids which a canoe cannot surmount.

The Restigouche Salmon Club has purchased a large portion of the best angling on the river, and the rod fishing yields about twelve hundred salmon and grilse yearly, which is far below its probable production if netting were not so prevalent. For this reason, the average size of the fish is diminishing. On the other side of the Bay of Chaleurs is the Grand Bonaventure and the famous Grand Cascapedia — both full of large fish, some being taken of over fifty pounds; but the average is probably twenty-five pounds.

Only eight fish per day are allowed to be taken by one rod. The St. Anne des Monts is another good river of the north shore, where fish run large. The Grand, Dartmouth, and others in Salmon^ the Gaspe district are good, and the fish are of fair average size, with some large ones. The Godbout, on the St. Lawrence, is a remarkable river — a catch of fifteen to twenty salmon to one rod in a day is not unusual. The fish are small in the Godbout (but so is the river, which is very broken), and fished almost, if not entirely, from the shore. In 1901, three rods took in twelve days two hundred and seventeen salmon.

The Moisie and the Mingan, farther down, are good, and the fish large, averaging over twentytwo pounds. The Natashquan is a good-sized stream full of small fish, from eight to twelve pounds. This river marks about the eastern limit of the rivers which are at all well known. The Esquimaux River, in the Strait of Belle Isle, is probably the greatest known salmon river. It is very large and long, without heavy falls to prevent the salmon from ascending to its upper waters.

The vast, practically unexplored region north of the Strait of Belle Isle extending up to Davis Strait and to the West — including a thousand miles of shore line of Hudson Bay — is undoubtedly full of salmon rivers, where a fly has never been cast. There are vague rumors of enormous quantities of salmon in the rivers just north of the Strait of Belle Isle — the Hamilton being especially spoken of.

At the present rate of destruction, those wanting good salmon fishing are quite likely to have to look as far as these remote regions for it, in the next twenty-five years. What good fishing there is close at hand is hard to get and very expensive.

Of the Pacific salmons, the quinnat salmon is the largest and most prized. It is known under various names, such as the chinook, tyee, king salmon, Columbia River, and Sacramento Salmon. It ranges from Monterey, California, to Alaska and eastern Asia, ascending rivers in some cases fifteen hundred miles, or farther, from the sea. It is the largest of the salmon family — individuals weighing one hundred pounds, and upward of five feet in length, being on record, taken from the 4

Yukon and other rivers. The flesh of this salmon is paler than the red salmon, but it is superior in flavor to all others and very valuable for canning, salting, and smoking.

The quinnat is first seen in Monterey Bay as early as January, and many are caught by anglers for several months while the fish are frequenting this rendezvous and becoming fat on small fish preparatory to entering the Golden Gate and beginning their long and last journey up the Sacramento, which stream many have entered by February.

In March this fish is seen in the Columbia, but not until May docs it become abundant. It seeks the shores of southern Alaska in May, and probably reaches the Yukon the latter part of June. The runs continue for four to six months in southern waters, while in northern Alaska the running season is very short, not exceeding six weeks.

The other species of the Pacific salmons — but of lesser value — are the blue-back salmon, humpback, silver, dog, and the steelhead salmon. The latter, while in reality a trout, is popularly regarded as a salmon. It feeds freely in fresh water and does not die in the streams after spawning, but returns to the sea. It is a general favorite on account of its size, beauty, gameness, and food value, and will be mentioned with the trout.

The ouananiche is a fierce-fighting, fresh water understudy of the Atlantic salmon, often wrongfully termed landlocked. Its home is in Lake St. John, Province of Quebec, and at the outlet 5 which forms the River Saguenay; it also thrives in many of the rivers that flow into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the rivers of Labrador.

This fish loves rapid and turbulent waters, and because of the life it leads, it is beyond doubt, for its size, the most vigorous and athletic fish that inhabits northern waters. It will leap from the water seven or eight times after being hooked, and with the greatest rapidity rush down below one hundred feet. A fish weighing three to four pounds will make a fight lasting from ten to fifteen minutes.

Its food consists mostly of flies, which it picks from out of the foam that lies in blankets, sometimes forty to sixty feet in extent, washed down by the swirling flood moving round and round below the rapids. In such pools the ouananiche is fished for with fine but strong tackle, and nothing but flies are used.

In the fall it takes a small minnow, but the cream of the fishing is from June 15 th to July 15th. At the Grande Decharge, it is fished for from a canoe handled by two Canadian guides, or, on some of the small islands that rise up steep from the water, the angler casts his flies from the rocks above and the guide nets them. Twenty fish is the limit on one rod per day, and they weigh from four to seven pounds, the average size being two pounds, though specimens have been caught up to nine pounds.

The Sebago salmon, of Maine, is a similar fresh-water species and is found in the lake of that name. 6

It attains a weight of fifteen pounds but averages from eight to ten pounds. It does not manifest the fighting qualities of the ouananiche owing to the quiet waters it inhabits.

MASCALONGE AND PIKE

A pecuHar trait of the pike family is to lie in wait for its prey, partly hidden by weeds or logs and shelving rocks. They are the most voracious fish that inhabit our inland waters.

Chief among them is the famous mascalonge, which is a game fish of high rank, and its large size makes it a great prize, as it reaches a length of seven and a half feet and attains a maximum weight of about one hundred pounds.

There are two species — the spotted and unspotted mascalonge — the former being abundant in the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence, and widely distributed through southern Canada. The unspotted or Chautauqua mascalonge is confined to the lake of that name, and a few localities in the Ohio Valley.

It is now being successfully propagated by artificial cultivation and, no doubt, in the near future will be more widely distributed. It grows to a weight of fifty pounds and though not so large as the spotted species, in my opinion (and I have caught both), it is in every way a superior fish, both in its gallant fighting and beautiful coat, as well as for its edible qualities. This opinion exactly coincides with that of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, to 7 whom anglers are much indebted for his intelligent planting of the fish raised at the hatchery at Bemus Point.

Both species devour every living creature that comes in sight, preying upon all other fishes, frogs and amphibians generally, ducklings and other small aquatic birds and mammals, as well as the young of their own kind.

The pike family are most remarkable for the large size of the head which is flattened and the lower jaw which projects. They have a terrible array of sharp teeth of assorted sizes, and on the edge of each side of the lower jaw are several long, bayonet-shaped fangs — in the larger fish nearly an inch long, some of them curved inward like the tusks of a boar.

It is solitary in its habits, lying concealed among the water plants and reeds at the edges of the streams or channels where other fish are likely to pass by, or standing motionless beside shelving rocks or banks, in clear lakes, whence it darts upon any luckless fish that approaches its lair. With mouth tightly closed, it springs like a thunder-bolt till very near its victim ; Fe^ ^^ then, opening wide its immense jaws, it brings them together with a sudden snap, sometimes cutting its prey into two pieces, always taking the fish or lure sideways. Then it slowly returns to its hiding-place to gorge. There is no special time when they take their food; they are always feeding. The number of fishes swallowed and wounded by mascalonge during a single 8 summer is almost incredible, most of them fish large and old enough to reproduce their kind.

The great northern pike is of exactly the same disposition, and so, in a lesser degree, is the pickerel, except that neither the pike nor pickerel has ^.. been known to rise above the surface of the water after being hooked. All the species are wandering, savage tyrants, preferring to lie in solitary places, waiting, ever ready to pounce on their victim.

The range of the pike in America is from Lake Champlain, the Great Lake region, and the upper Mississippi River, north to Alaska. In many of the large lakes of northern New York, especially Lake George, pike are common. They also grow to a large size Weight^ at the outlet of Lake St. John and the Saguenay River; specimens up to forty pounds are recorded there, at times.

All over Canada, especially in the tributaries of the St. John, this fish is caught in large quantities in nets, as well as on lines. Its fight, when captured, is not so prolonged or persistent as the mascalonge. It resorts to no devices to elude capture, but makes fierce lunges in long straight lines, sometimes on the surface, at others down below; but a heavy fish of twenty pounds requires considerable strength of arm and tackle to hold it in subjection. It has the same habits in its food, in regard to place and time of feeding, as the mascalonge.

In its general form, the pickerel resembles a 9 small pike. Though it is more slender, it grows

sometimes to two feet in length, and weighs up

1 *^ seven or eight pounds, though its

usual weight is three or four pounds.

Its range extends from Maine along the coastwise

streams, to Florida and Louisiana. It is so com-

mon that it is difficult to say where it is

not found. In all the lakes and ponds

of Central Michigan and New York it is fished

for by a host of admiring anglers. To stand up

in a boat that is properly handled and throw a

trolling spoon along the borders of the lily-pads

where the pickerel hide is considered excellent

sport. In the crystal clear water, the whirling,

glittering spoon is in sight every moment, and the

fish may be seen when it rushes straight at the

lure. Wherever the pickerel is placed, it at once

makes a home, breeding rapidly, soon becoming

abundant, and growing in size according to the

amount of food at hand. What it lacks in game

qualities is made up in the quantities by which it

is taken, and thousands of anglers are content

and take pleasure in such fishing of a common

„ . .^ kind. On a still smaller scale, its habits nabits p p 1

and manner of feedmg are similar to those

of the pike. It is a deadly enemy to the young

of brook trout, dace, chub, and various minnows.

BLACK BASS

The black bass enjoys, without doubt, the widest popularity of all the game fish of North 10

America. The trout arc kno^\^l to a much smaller number of people for the reason that bass are abundant in the most densely populated portions of the United States, while the human neighbors of the trout are comparatively few. There are two species so very much alike that there is practically but one point of difference — the size of the mouth — and their habits are identical. The small-mouthed black bass is a fish of the East and North from western New Hampshire to Manitoba and southward to South Carolina and the northern Gulf States to Arkansas. The large-mouthed ranges from Manitoba southward to the Gulf States and spreads through the latter to Texas and Florida. It abounds in all the rivers of the Southern States. So widely have both species been distributed within the last few years that it is difficult to mention a section of North America where this brace of splendid game fish may not be found abundant.

Its popularity may be inferred by the remarkable number and variety of names it goes under. The large-mouthed is known in the Lake region as the "Oswego bass," in Kentucky it is called "jumper," in Indiana "moss bass," in the Southern States "trout," though in North Carolina it is called "chub," in Alabama "mountain trout." Many other names are applied to one or both species. One of the pet names among anglers is "bronze-backer." Both species are born fighters on the line, as well as in the water, among their own and other kinds. For its size, it is the most 11 active leaper, barring the ouananiche, of all our game fish.

In form and color it is about the ugliest game fish, the caudal, rear dorsal, and anal fins being out of proportion to what otherwise would be a shapely form; nevertheless, the black bass fills a most important space in the angler's sport, for if you hook even a two-pound bass in a running stream, you are at once aware you have engaged a fish and a jolly "kicker" at that. Just as soon as it feels the barb, out of the water it shoots, giving the rod, reel, and angler such a lively time that one cannot but admire its pluck even unto the moment you rap it on the head.

Even in quiet lakes, its leaps and surges are admirable, where otherwise most trout are tame. Yet, with all this, in fishing streams where both are common, when I hook a bass I always regret it is not a trout. Some writers — one especially — have made a sort of demi-god of the bass; but few anglers who have opportunities to fish for salmon — both sea and landlocked, as well as trout, even brook trout — will leave them for the bass.

The reason, I suppose, is that bass are not always willing to take a fly, and one is more sure to get them on live bait. The ordinary size of an adult fish is two to three pounds, though specimens have been taken up to eight pounds. In Florida, the large-mouthed grows larger. Eight-pounders are not unusual in the St. Johns River; specimens have been recorded up to twenty pounds, caught in the lake at Gainesville, Florida. The bass do 12 not seem to depend elosely on temperature. Having no opportunity of avoiding the cold, they sink to deeper parts of their watery domain at the approach of winter, and if the chill penetrates to their retreat, their vitality is diminished, their blood flows more slowly, they feel no need of food, and forthwith enter into a state of hibernation. In deep lakes they sink beneath, below the reach of surface chills, and are sometimes caught with a hook through the ice. In the South their activity never ceases. Any one who has seen black bass feeding, must have been impressed with their immense power of movement. They soon become masters of the waters in which they are placed; sunfish, chub, dace, trout, young salmon, and even the ravenous pickerel, are devoured, as are also the young of their own kind. They feed at the surface on moths, flies, and frogs; Food*^^ they turn over stones in search of crawfish and insect larvse. In their stomachs have been found mice, young rats, snakes, and small aquatic birds. With such a varied menu, it is no wonder that the angler finds them at the proper season equally eager for fly-hook, trolling spoon, or live bait, and ever ready for a struggle which puts the rod and line to a severe test.

They are fished for at night, as well as day, so that it may be assumed they are always feeding, the early morning hours being considered (next to late evening) the best time for angling. They are active, roving, merry fish, continually rising from the bottom to the surface, at times rising above it in 13 pure wanton play. The small-mouthed bass thrive in comparatively clear, cool, and rocky or gravelly streams, and in lakes or ponds supplied by such streams or having cold bottom springs. In lakes of the latter character, it coexists with large-mouthed bass in many instances. In such cases, the small-mouthed will be found usually at the inlet, or about springs, and the large-mouthed at the outlet or in sheltered, grassy situations. One of the features of the bass is its domestic habits. The male and female pair off and together they form a nest on the bottom of gravel or coarse sand, in very rocky streams, on a flat rock. The male fish does the work of preparation by scouring with fins and tail a space about twice his length in diameter, forming a shallow, saucer-shaped depression, in which the female deposits her eggs, which are fertilized by the male, who hovers near by. The nest is carefully guarded from intruders by the Bulldine P^^^'^ts until the eggs hatch, the period of incubation being from one to two weeks, according to the temperature of the water. The fry are then watched and brooded by the male fish for a week or so, when the young seek the shelter of weeds and grasses in shallow water. Probably fifty per cent, of the young are later devoured by adult fish. Many are the methods pursued in its capture, trolling with artifical lures, and with live bait, casting with the fly, and with bait, bobbing, skittering, and still fishing — all are the same to its hungry and ever-ready maw. 14

Popular Frcsh=Water Game Fish

Another species similar in appearance is the rock bass, or red eye, also the warmouth, the calico or strawberry bass, and the crappie, all found in the same waters as the black bass; but they are of little or no importance to the angler in comparison. The warmouth (called a perch in some localities) for its size is a gamy fish, so is the rock bass; both the latter rising to the fly, at times, but so do many of the common fishes, not game, to be treated in a separate chapter under that name.

GRAYLING

The American grayling, like the mascalonge,

is confined to the Middle Western States, more

particularly to Montana and Michigan; notwith-

standing the many efforts to plant them in

Eastern waters, including those hatched

and shipped from Bozeman by Dr. J. A. Henshall

in 1898, they have resulted in no apparent good. I

know of no place in Eastern waters worthy of

being called "fishing" for grayling. The family

consists of three species: Michigan, Mon-

tana, and Arctic grayling, the latter having

the great dorsal fin much larger and more highly

colored, the two former being very similar in both

appearance and game qualities. It is a graceful,

trimly built, and delicate-looking fish, colored more

like "mother of pearl " than any fish I know.

Its habit is to lie at the bottom of deep,

slow-moving, clear cold water, and it rises to the

fly many times, swiftly darting back without taking it. The leaping of the grayling is extremely graceful, both on the hook and in play, when not disturbed. As a gamy fighter it is equal to the trout, though it takes the fly much more quietly, most often while the fly is under water; then, in a flash, turns, like a somersault, fighting every inch its hardest to get back to the bottom. In size it rarely grows more than two pounds in weight, the average being about a pound, but, with careful angling, quite a number may be caught from the same pool, as they invariably lie in schools together. Its food is mostly insects and their larvae, small minnows, crustaceans, and other small creatures. They coexist with the red-throat trout, each seeking out such portions of the streams as are best suited to them. In fishing for grayling the smallest possible flies Fishfng should be used. One, or two, can be placed on the cast, which should be exceedingly fine. Good flies are black gnat, coachman, gray hackle, black hackle, iron-blue dun, red ant, and cinnamon. The rod, line, and leader can be exactly similar to those used for trout fishing. Cast down stream or cast across stream, letting the fly float down to the foot of the pool. When the fly has passed by, the fish darts up swiftly, and back to the bottom, often a number of times, seemingly as if afraid to touch it. But it is game, and the fly is at last taken; the same method is pursued ; up goes the great fin to plunge it downward, fighting stoutly to get free.

A good deal of careful work is necessary in 16 handling and playing the grayling. Gently keep the line taut all the time or it will surely get off; the slightest jerk will lose it, the flies Game and being so small, and its lips somewhat Traits tender; for that reason many fish get

away. The grayling repeatedly breaks water after being hooked, and it makes an excellent fight beneath the surface, being much aided in its resistance, by its tall dorsal fin.

The Michigan grayling may be found in the Au Sable, Manistee, Marquette, Jordan, Pigeon, and other rivers in the northern part of that State. It may also be found in the river Boyne and Pine Lake. The Montana grayling is found only in the tributaries of the Missouri River, Found above the great falls; in Sheep and Tenderfoot creeks, tributaries of Smith River, in the Little Belt Mountains, and the three forks of the Missouri — the Gallatin, Madison and Jefferson rivers. But the ideal home of the Montana grayling is in several tributaries at the head of the Red Rock Lake, in the upper reaches of the Madison, where the water is rapid, though unbroken; also the Beaver Creek, in the upper canon, is an ideal stream. The best season for fishing is in September, October, and November.