A colonial officer and his times. 1754-1773. A biographical sketch of Gen. Hugh Waddell, of North Carolina

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Preface

To any one in possession of material, however small, which, if published, would prove to be of historical value, the exhortation of Carlyle, "Were it but the infinitessimalest fraction of a product, produce it," may well be addressed; and to none with more propriety than to a North Carolinian. The meagreness of the early public records of North Carolina, and the carelessness with which the history of the State has been written, have long been complained of by the historians of the United States, and have caused almost every notable and creditable event in that history to be doubted or denied. Nor has this neglect been remedied by biographical literature, for — excepting McRee's "Life and Correspondence of James Iredell," Caruthers's "Life of Caldwell," and Hubbard's " Life of General William R. Davie" — no volume aspiring to the title of a biography has ever been published of a North Carolinian, as such. The lives of

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some natives of the State — the three Presidents^ Jackson, Polk and Johnson, for example — have been written, but these lives were passed out of the State, and were not identified with her history. We are almost as destitute of that sort of literature concerning our distinguished dead as we are of statues or monuments to their memory. The volumes of Colonial Records, recently obtained in England under an Act of the General Assembly, and now being published under the intelligent supervision of Secretary of State Saunders, will supply the long-desired material, and will, doubtless, stimulate some student to the patriotic task of writing a history which will be worthy of the State.

This little book, which is intended for North Carolina readers, and cannot be expected to have much circulation beyond the limits of the State, is accurate, if nothing else; and, while purporting to be merely a very imperfect biographical sketch of General Hugh Waddell, gives some information in regard to men and

PREFACE. 7

events in the Colony between the years 1754 and 1773 which is not familiar to most readers.

A sense of duty, stimulated by the expressions of regret in which several writers have indulged, that no sketch of General Waddell had ever appeared, prompted me to undertake it, notwithstanding the difficulties to be encountered.

There was ample material for his biography in his letters, papers, and official correspondence, which had been carefully preserved by his son, and which would have thrown light on the events occurring in the Province and elsewhere during the interesting period in which he lived, but the very means adopted to give value to this material resulted in a total loss of it. His son loaned it to Dr. Hugh Williamson, who had been a member of Congress before, at the time of, and subsequent to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and who was then (about the year 1800) writing a history of North Carolina in New York; but although the most strenuous efforts were made to recover the papers after Dr. Williamson's

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death in 1819, they could not be found, and all trace of them was lost. He not only failed to preserve and return them, as he promised, to do, but made very little use of them in his two queer and unsatisfactory volumes.

Dr. Williamson, although a man of culture and integrity, was very careless and eccentric, as his whole career proves, and while his history contains some facts not elsewhere to be found, and is marked in some passages by vigor and elegance of style, he betrays his Keltic origin in the climax, and concludes his work by a long, elaborate, and utterly irrelevant dissertation on fevers.

Alfred Moore Waddell.

Wilmington, N. C, January, 1889.

Contents

PAGE.

Preface 5

Introductory ii

Letter of Tryou to Lord Hillsborough 4

Chapter I. 1754—1757

GENERAL HUGH WADDELL.

Born in Ireland — His Father's Duel and Flight to America- Arrival of Young Waddell in America — Enters Military Service as Lieutenant in 1754 — Makes Treaties with Indians and Builds Fort Dobbs— Military Service from 1754 to 1758 —A Vindication of Colonel James Innes and the North Carolina Troops in the Campaign of 1754 25

Chapter II. 1758—1764

Forbes's Expedition to Fort Du Quesne— Major Waddell Commands the North CarolinaTroops— Sergeant John Rogers- Return of North Carolina Troops and Expedition Against the Cherokees — Waddell Promoted to Colonelcy— Peace Declared— End of Dobbs's Administration— Notice of the Dobbs Family 55

Chapter III

Tryon Becomes Governor— His Character and Conduct— The Stamp Act— Arrival of Sloop of War Diligence at Brunswick—Colonel Waddell, with Colonel Ashe and others, Resists the Landing of the Stamps 73 lO CONTENTS.

The Regulators' War — Its Origin aud History — General Waddell's Connection with it 130

Chapter V

The Social Life of the Colony — Marriage of General Waddell — His Civil Services — Eamily — Death — Will — Conclusion of Biography 181

CHAPTER VI. Historical Sketch of Former Town of Brunswick 204

INTRODUCTORY.

The American Colonies in the Early Part of the Eighteentb Century — Their Trade, Population and Government— The French War — Settlements in North Carolina — -Condition of the Province at the Beginning of Dobbs's Administration in 1754.

The contest between European powers for supremacy in America, which began with the first settlements in the country, did not assume serious proportions until towards the middle of the eighteenth century, when the increasing trade and population of the New World and the vast possibilities which its future promised, attracted the attention and excited the cupidity of those powers. In the year 1755, the struggle between France and England, which, because of the exhaustion of both parties, had temporarily ceased with the Treaty of Peace at Aix-la-Chapelle in 174S, was renewed by France with increased vigor, not only in Europe, but also in India and America. On this continent she claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi, and undertook to hem in all the English settlements by a series of fortifications, and to deny to the settlers the right to cross the Alleghany Mountians. In pursuance of her purpose, after securing the Northern frontier by a chain of posts extending from Canada along the lakes and rivers to the back of those settlements, she had, as early as the month of January, 1753, seized an English truck-house in the Twigtwees nation, and carried the traders as prisoners to Canada; and in the latter part of that year she built Fort Du Quesne on the Ohio, and erected another fortification on the headwaters of the Alabama river — meantime practicing the shrewdest diplomacy in conciliating and making treaties with all the Indian tribes from Canada to Louisiana. A new life seemed to be infused into the administration of French interests at home and abroad, while the condition of England was, for once in her history, well-nigh pitiable. Imbecility marked her counsels, and disaster followed her arms. After the miserable failure of Braddock's expedition against Fort Du Quesne in 1755, which even the butchery in which it ended could scarcely save from universal ridicule, and at the close of the year, when the alliance between England and Prussia was made, there were, according to a reliable authority,* but three

*Newcastle's "preparations for the great struggle before him may be guessed, from the fact that there were but three regiments fit for service in England at the beginning of 1756. '» Green's Short History, page 716.

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regiments fit for service in England. The following two years, the first of the Seven Years' War — than which " no war has had greater resnlts on the history of the world, or brought greater triumphs to England" — were so freighted with disaster to her that universal gloom and despondency prevailed. She was humiliated by Admiral Byng's defeat by Admiral Galissoniere in the Mediterranean, by the shameful retreat of the Duke of Cumberland with an army of fifty thousand men before a French force on the Weser, and his agreement by the Convention of Closter-Seven to disband his forces, and b}^ similar events elsewhere, until "even the impassive Chesterfield," says the authority above quoted, cried in despair^ "We are no longer a nation."

It was at this critical period that the genius of the greatest of English statesmen, William Pitt, asserted itself, and immediately a series of the most splendid triumphs in English history began. Frederick the Great said, "England has been a long time in labor, but she has at last brought forth a man." Well might he say it, for Pitt was his mainstay through all his struggles, and the support he gave to

Prussia led to the creation of the German Empire of to-day, just as his breaking down of the barriers which the French sought to establish in America laid the foundation of the United States. In this way Pitt had, indeed, "*' unconsciously changed the history of the world."

Previous to this time the American Colonies, in the South especiall}^ had suffered from Indian wars, from pirates, and from the Spaniards, who often threatened and sometimes attacked the coast towns.

For a century Spain had maintained a sickly show of authority in Florida, where she had erected one or two forts which were occupied by a small force, but had made no attempt at any further occupation of the territory', or development of its resources.

The jurisdiction over the West Indies was divided. France held Canada, Acadia (or Nova Scotia) and Louisiana. In the two first named the population was, in 1754, about seventy thousand, and in the latter territory about ten thousand. The English held the territory on the Atlantic seaboard from Canada to Georgia, and numbered at the same time about one million one hundred and sixty thousand/^ They afterwards acquired Canada and Nova Scotia.

The governments in the English Colonies differed in name more than in character. Some were called Provincial, some Proprietary, and some Charter governments, but all were ultimately accountable to the Crown. These Colonies soon became very valuable as sources of revenue to Great Britain.

Before the middle of the century they were consuming about one-fifth of the woollen manufactures of the mother country — which constituted at that time her chief staple — and more than twice the value of these woollens in linen and calico, while the consumption of silk, furniture, trinkets, and East India goods was large. (In this connection it may be of interest to state that as early as 17 16, according to a memorial of Mr. Beresford to the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, silk culture had been tried in South Carolina, and the product had been sent to London where it was manufactured, "and proves to be of extraordinary substance and lustre.") They sent her valuable cargoes, especially of tobacco, which increased her shipping, gave employment to

'^Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Parkman. Vol. I, page 20, (1885).

l6 INTRODUCTORY.

her people, and aided materially in keeping the balance of trade in her favor as against Holland, Portugal and Spain. Except as a barrier against the French in Canada, the acquisition of Nova Scotia was not a valuable one to England, as the products of that territory did not add to the resources of the latter, like those of the other Colonies.

Massachusetts did a larger and a more varied trade than any of them, and was the only Colony in which manufactures were carried on to any extent. The other Northern Colonies exported, principally, lumber, fish, live stock, and some naval stores, while the Southern Colonies shipped tobacco, rice, beef, pork, provisions, naval stores and lumber — the last named product going, as did the lumber and live stock of the Northern Colonies, chiefly to the West Indies. In Mr. Beresford's "Memorial," above alluded to, occurs the following : "There are also great quantities of cedar and cypress, far exceeding any Norway deals, being free from knots, of curious white color, great lengths, proper for flooring of the most magnificent buildings. The cedar for some uses far exceeds any other sort of wood, and, at the request of some noblemen and gentlemen of this nation, hath been brought into this king-

INTRODUCTORY. \J

dom, but the importers being obliged to payduty for it as sivcet ivood, amounts to a prohibition." (The italics are not Mr. Beresford's.)

Outside of New England — where almost from the first settlement it had been enacted that "every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders, shall appoint one to teach all children to write and read; and when any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families, they shall set up a grammar school" — there were very few schools in the country, even of the most elementary kind, and not a half dozen newspapers. The wealthier class sent their sons to England to be educated, while the poorer were either destitute of knowledge, or possessed only such as could be obtained at their own firesides. Agriculture, trade — which was largely in the form of barter — and fighting the Indians, occupied the attention of the people — of the Southern Colonies especially — almost exclusively.

In the Province of North Carolina the Proprietar}^ Government, which was established in 1663, ended in 1728 when the Crown purchased the interest of seven of the eight Proprietors — Lord Carteret retaining his share — and on the 2d July, 1752, when Georgia was 2 l8 INTRODUCTORY.

surrendered by her Trustees to the King, there were only two Proprietary Governments left in the country, viz., Maryland and Pennsylvania, and some of the Royal Governors were anxious to see these surrendered.*

All the Southern Colonies were in a defenceless condition, both as to their Western frontiers and thdr sea-ports. The two Carolinas — which were nominally separated in September, 1720, when Sir Francis Nicholson was commissioned royal Governor of SoiitJi Carolina, although no boundary line had then been even commenced between them — and the Province of Georgia were exposed to attacks from the French and Indians of the Mississippi river settlements, who, before 1735, had built what was called the Alabama fort in the Creek nation, and had fully garrisoned and mounted it with fourteen pieces of artillery, and later had attempted to build another fort nearer these English settlements.

The Creeks were quite numerous and were among the most formidable of the tribes of the South, as were also the Choctaws and Chickasaws. The Cherokees, Catawbas, and other tribes occupied the territory between them and

*Dinwiddie Papers. Vol. II, page 273.

the English settlements, and were not so warlike in disposition, although as cunning and merciless when roused.

In Florida the Spaniards had now several strong garrisons, the chief of which was St. Augustine, and they controlled the Indians of that territory.

While they claimed jurisdiction over a much larger area than was in their actual possession, they were not as active and enterprising in pushing their claims, and in making alliances with the Indians as the French, who, after the Mississippi Company surrendered their country to the French King, migrated from Canada in considerable numbers to the valley of that river, and acquired complete control of all the Indians in that region.

In 1741 an expedition was fitted out against the Spaniards at Carthagena, on the coast of New Grenada, near the Isthmus of Darien, to which North Carolina contributed a force, under Captain James Innes, but, after a siege which proved unsuccessful, the forces were re-embarked on Admiral Vernon's fleet and returned. In retaliation the Spaniards, several years after, made forays along the coast, attacking different places, and amongst others the town of Brunswick on the Cape Fear river, eighteen miles below Wilmington.

The population of these Provinces was sparse, and scattered chiefly along the coast belt, but notwithstanding the serious injury to their prosperity which external foes thus inflicted, and the additional embarrassments caused by the corrupt and inefficient government from which some of them suffered, there was a steady increase of population and trade.

In North Carolina, during the administration of Governor Gabriel Johnston, who, at the time of his death in 1752, had been Governor for eighteen years, the white population had increased more than three-fold, and at the date above mentioned had reached forty-five thousand. The exports for the 3^ear 1752 were three thousand and three hundred barrels of pork and beef, seven hundred and sixty-two thousand staves, sixty-one thousand five hundred and eighty bushels of corn, one hundred hogsheads of tobacco, sixty-one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight barrels of tar, twelve thousand and fifty -five barrels of pitch, ten thousand four hundred and twenty-nine barrels of turpentine, and thirty-thousand pounds of deer-skins, besides an unknown quantity of wheat, rice, potatoes, bacon, lard, indigo, tanned leather, lumber and other articles.*

*Martin. Vol. II, 59. See post, Ch. VI, 217.

The currency, that perpetual source of trouble, had, during the same period, steadily risen towards its proper value.* Immigration had set in from Scotland, Ireland and Germany, and from Pennsylvania and Virginia; and these settlers had located themselves from the coast to that part of the country of the Cherokees and Catawbas east of the Blue Ridge. Neill McNeill brought five or six hundred Scotch colonists, landing in Wilmington in 1749, and settling in Bladen, Cumberland and Anson; and again in 1754, and annually thereafter, additions were received to this Colou}^ from Scotland. In 1753 the Moravians, known as the Unitas Fratrinn^ made their settlement between the Dan and Yadkin, and the emigration from the North of Ireland to Pennsylvania, and thence to North Carolina, as well as directly to the latter, was active about the same time.

x\lthough a boundary line had been commenced between North and South Carolina — as had been done in 1727 between Virginia and North Carolina, and had extended to a point on the Pee Dee river, which was extended a few miles further in 1764, the territory west

*Williamsoii. Vol. II, page 55.

of the Pee Dee was for many years debatable ground so far as jurisdiction was concerned, although it really belonged to the Catawba and Cherokee Indians. These Catawbas and Cherokees were not hostile to the English settlers until tampered with by the French, but were rather friendly disposed to them.

About the beginning of Dobbs's administration in 1754, however, after the French had built Fort Du Quesne, and scattered their emissaries among them, they began to cause apprehension to the settlers on the Western frontiers. In the same year an attempted settlement in that part of the territory beyond the Blue Ridge — which was called in 1776, the District of Washington, in 1784 the State of Franklin, and, finally, in 1796 the State of Tennessee, was defeated and the settlers were driven out. In 1756, Fort Loudon, named for the new British commander-in-chief, the Earl of London, was built about thirty miles from the present cit\^ of Knoxville, and a small permanent settlement was made, zuhich ivas the first Anglo-American settlement zvest of the Alleghanies and south of Pennsylvania.

The Earl of Loudon had not been able, for several reasons, to accomplish much, and he was succeeded in the command of the British forces by General Abercrombie, who began and prosecnted a vigorous campaign against the French. He was repulsed at Ticonderoga but captured Cape Breton and afterwards Fort Frontenac. At the latter place the great loss of ammunition and provisions which the French had accumulated there for use on the Ohio, caused the abandonment of Fort Du Quesne when Forbes's expedition approached that stronghold in 1758, and the communication between their Southern settlements and Canada being thus destroyed, their power on this continent was broken. But, although North Carolina had contributed to the expulsion of the French from Fort Du Quesne, it was onl}^ to aggravate her own troubles, for it resulted in transferring French influence and intrigue to the Cherokees on her Western border and kindling anew their animosity, which had been quieted by treaties and acts of conciliation. The result was a series of outbreaks which lasted for more than two years, and which did not leave the settlers in North Carolina in a state of absolute security until the treaty of peace between France and England was made in 1763. Very soon after that event, in 1765, the first rumble of the earthquake which was to rend the British Empire and separate forever the Colonies from the mother country^ was heard in the passage of the Stamp Act; and ten years later the great convulsion occurred which established American Independence.

The subject of the following sketch was, from 1755 to 1773, the most conspicuous military figure in the Province of North Carolina, but although mentioned as such in all the histories, no connected account of his life and public services has ever been written.

Chapter I. 1754-1757

GENERAL HUGH WADDELL.

Born in Ireland — His Father's Duel and Flight to America — Arrival of young Waddell in North Carolina — Enters the Military Service as Lieutenant in 1754 — Makes Treaties with Indians and Builds Fort Dobbs — Military Services from 1754 to 1758 — A Vindication of Colonel James Innes and the North Carolina Troops.

TTUGH WADDELL was born in Lisburn, -^-'-Count}^ Down, Ireland. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but, as it appears from a memorandum written by his son, and from a newspaper account of his death, that he was in his 39th year when he died, April 9th, 1773, he must have been born in the year 1734 or early in 1735. He was the son of Hugh Waddell and Isabella Brown, and his ancestors were among the Scotch emigrants who, in the previous century, had gone over in large numbers and settled in the North of Ireland, and whose descendants in this country were called Scotch-Irish. The celebrated "blind preacher" of Virginia, James Waddell, wha was pronounced by Patrick Henry to be the most eloquent man he ever heard, came with his parents to America from the North of Ireland not long before General Waddell came, and is believed to have been his near relative. A highly respected family of the same name are now residing at Lisburn.

General WaddelTs father, who was a choleric Irish gentleman, about the year 1742 engaged in a short-sword impromptu duel with another gentleman of like accommodating spirit and killed him ; and such events having at that time become so scandalously common in that countr}' as to have caused the severest enactments against the survivor, the duelist, after sending for a counsellor and mortgaging (as he supposed) all his propert}^ to him, took his little boy, then seven or eight 3'ears old, and escaped to America, going to Boston.

Remaining there for several years, and until the duelling affair was pardoned or forgotten, and in the meantime providing for the education of his son, he returned with him to Ireland, only to discover that the counsellor was dead and that the estate, supposed to have been mortgaged, had been conve3^ed absolutely and had passed into other hands. The authority for these facts, which is a family tradition, further savs that the counsellor was a relative of the too confiding duelist, and that the latter was so utterly humiliated and overwhelmed b}^ the double catastrophe that he took to his bed and died. There is an Irish flavor about the tradition which gives it the stamp of truth.

Among the friends of the elder Waddell in Ireland was Arthur Dobbs, a man of considerable culture, who had been a member of the Irish Parliament, and who, in 1741, had suggested the expedition to discover a " northwest passage," which Captain Middleton undertook the next year. Partly because of his supposed enterprising spirit, but chiefly, probably, because of his super-serviceable loyalt}- to the reigning family and his extravagant notions of the kingly prerogative, Dobbs was, in 1753, appointed Governor of North Carolina, and qualified by taking the oaths of ofiice at Newbern on the first da^- of November, 1754. Whether he had been in the Province previous to his appointment as Governor, or not, does not appear, but he had, as early as January 14th, 1735, received from Governor Gabriel Johnston a grant for 6,000 acres on the " Largest Branch of Black River," in Dupplin'-= County (commonly spelled Duplin), and had purchased lands in Anson Countv from McCulloch.

'So named in honor of Lord Dupplin.

Before Governor Dobbs came over to assume his office, young Waddell had arrived in the Province, having, doubtless, been sent in advance, and arriving in 1753 or early in 1754. He was a Lieutenant in Colonel James Innes' regiment which went to Virginia in the spring of 1754 — a full account of which will presently be given — and was made a Captain there/^' This was during the administration of Matthew Rowan, President of the Council, who was acting Governor until the arrival of Dobbs, and was the first appearance of Waddell in the history of the Province. t

At the time Dobbs was appointed Governor, the Province was in a condition requiring more than ordinary ability in the Executive, and this ability the aged Governor sadly lacked. When the Legislature assembled, six weeks after his qualification at Newbern, his first recommendation to the body was to fix a permanent and adequate revenue on the Crown to

"^Governor Dobbs to the Board of Trade. Col. Rec, vol. V, 279; Dinwiddle Papers, vol. I, 367.

fHis first civil service was rendered after his return from that expedition, when he was appointed and served for several months as Clerk of the Council, and this writer has two of the original orders of the Council in his handwriting and with his signature attached, dated respectively December loth, 1754, and January loth, 1755, which are in a good state of preservation.

meet the expenses of government, and the next was to provide a proper salary for the Governor. The latter snggestion did not seem to excite mnch enthusiasm among the members of the Legislature, as no notice was taken of it; but they promptl}^ voted eight thousand pounds for the defence of the Province, laid tonnage duties, payable in powder and lead, allowed bounties for facilitating enlistments, and considered and acted upon such other recommendations of the Governor as the}^ deemed important, especially the reorganization of the Court system for the better prevention of crimes, one of which — the counterfeiting of bills of credit — had become an alarming evil. But, although Dobbs was not fully equal to all the requirements of his position, especially in some matters of civil administration, he was prompt and earnest in his efforts to render the Crown all the assistance in his power in the war with the French.

Early in April, 1755, in answer to the request of the ill-fated Braddock, who had, not long before, arrived with his fine English troops at Williamsburg, Va., he met some of the other Governors of the Provinces at Alexandria, where the three celebrated expeditions against Fort Du Quesne, Frontenac and Crown Point were agreed upon, neither of which was successful, but the last named of which inspired Dr. Shackburg to compose the tune of Yankee Doodle.* After his return from the meeting of the Governors, and during the summer. Governor Dobbs visited the Western frontier of North Carolina — as the region around Salisbury was then called — to select sites for the erection of fortifications, and also made a tour along the seacoast to ascertain where he could erect additional forts to those then completed, or in process of completion, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, at Topsail Inlet, at Bear Inlet and at Ocracoke.f Upon his return, and at the meeting of the Legislature at Newbern on the 25th September, he set forth: the condition of the Province, the increasing danger of French supremac}- over all the territory west of the AUeghanies from Canada to Louisiana, their sfrowino- influence over the Indians and

"•■'This is the generally accepted origin of Yankee Doodle ; but it is denied, and an interesting history of its origin is given in "Gleanings for the Curious," page 353.

fThe fort at the mouth of the Cape Fear was named Fort Johnston after Governor Gabriel Johnston, was authorized by Act of 1745, completed in 174S, made a quarantine station in 1761. Captain John Dalrymple was appointed its commander by General Braddock in May, 1755. The Fort at Ocracoke was named Fort Granville.

And HIvS TniES. 31

the necessity for renewed exertions to defeat their schemes. He earnestly appealed to them in the King's name to grant as large a sum as possible, consistent with the resources of the Province, to defend the frontier and to assist in offensive operations against the enemy. He urged, in this connection, the erection of a fort between Third and Fourth Creeks near the South Yadkin River, in Rowan County, which was regarded as nearly a central point on the frontier between the Northern and Southern boundaries of the Province.

In response to this appeal, the Legislature appropriated ten thousand pounds for the erection of the fort at that point, and for raising and equipping and paying three companies of fifty men each, exclusive of commissioned officers.

And now the name of Hugh Waddell began to be conspicuous in North Carolina annals. He had already acquired some reputation, and had been promoted in the expedition of 1754 — although not yet of age — as appears, not only from Governor Dobbs' letter already cited, but from the following passage in Williamson's History'*' in regard to the necessity which arose

^Volume II, page 86.

for treating with the Indians at that time, viz : ''For this purpose, Hugh Waddell, of Rowan Count}^, an officer of great firmness and integrity, was commissioned to treat with the Catawba and Cherokee Indians." Whether there is any other reason for giving Rowan County as his residence at that time than is to be found in the fact that one of the first grants of land to him was located there, and that his military service at that time was rendered there, is unknown. There is a deed recorded in New Hanover County for a lot in Wilmington, conveyed by Edward Moseley to his " loving friend" Hugh Waddell, which is dated "Fort Dobbs, March 9th, 1761," in which both parties are described as of Rowan County, but, as Moseley never lived in Rowan, it is evident that the place where the deed zuas made is given as their residence. They were both on military duty there then, and most of the grants to Waddell up to that time were for lands in Anson County.