On the power, wisdom and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation of animals, and in their history, habits and instincts

Front matter

f

Book_JB_a!L

THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES

Chap. I. Creation of animals - - - . i

II. Geographical Distribution of Ditto - - 24

Migrations of Ditto - - - .47

Local Distribution of Ditto - - - 69

III. General Functions and Instincts of Ditto - 74

IV. Functions and Instincts. Infusones - - 79 V. Polypes - - 88

VI. Radiaries - - 103

VII. Tunicaries - - 117

VIII. Bivalve Molluscans 126

IX. Univalve Molluscans - 144

X. Cephalopods - 163

XI. Worms - - 171

XII. Annelidans - 179

XIII. Cirripedes and Crinoi-

deans - - 189

XIV. Entomostracan Condy-

lopes - - 197

XV. Crustacean Condylopes 208

XVI. Myriapod Condylopes 223

XVII. Motive, locomotive and prehensory organs - 239

1. Rotatory organs - - - 241

5. Natatory organs - - . 259

7. Steering organs - . - 274

Xll CONTENTS.

XVIII. Instinct in general - - - - 306 XIX. Functions and Instincts, ^rachnidans, Pseuda-

rachnidans, and Acaridan Condylopes - - 338

XX. Insect Condylopes - 353

XXI. — Fishes - - - 386

XXII. Reptiles - - 406

XXIII. Birds - - - 420

XXIV. Mammalians - 441

Conclusion ------ 468

Notes and Illustrations - - - . 477

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Infusories.

Fig. 1. a, Enchelis Pupa - ' " ? 82

6. Alimentary canal and stomach - - \

2. Eosphora Naias - - • - - 84

3. a. b. c. d. Rotifera vulgaris - - - . 82

4. Bacillaria multipunctata - _ . 469

5. Cleopatra - - - - 469

6. Discocephalus Rotator - - - 469, 241

PLATE L B.

Infusories.

Fig. 1. Vorticella cothurnata - • - - 470

2. a. b. Zoobotryon pellucidum - - - 470

Worms.

3. Botryocephalus bicolor - - - 175

4. Diplozoon paradoxum - - - - 473

a. Ditto, natural size.

b. b. Mouths and oral suckers.

c. c. Caudal plates and suckers.

5. Diplostomum volvens - . _ 177

6. Eye of a perch infested by Diplo stoma.

XIV

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE II.

Polypes.

Fig. 1. 3fadrepora muricata

2. tSertularia volubilis a. a. Ovaries.

3. Cellaria cirrata

4. a. Fungia patellaris, under side. h. Ditto, upper side.

96 90

PLATE III.

Radiaries.

Fig. L Cephea mosaica _ - -

a. a. Arms of ditto.

2. Echinus esculentus, portion of the shell

shown externally.

a. a. a. Groves.

b. b. Alleys.

c. c. The lateral groves.

d. The intermediate one.

3. Inside of the same shell.

a. a. The dentated suture.

b. The middle ridge marked out on each side into transverse pieces.

c. c. The alleys, with pores for the suckers.

d. One of the frames to which the jaws are fixed.

4. Spines of Echinus cidaris.

a. Muscular fibres inserted in the base of the spine, and surrounding the ball and socket joint.

b. The muscular capsule laid open, and the muscles attached to the base of the spine turned back.

c. Tiie origins of tlie muscles surrounding the ball or tubercle.

d. One of the tubercles.

>109— 112

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

XV

Fig. 5. One of the suckers of E. escidentus.

a. The sucker ; the pore in the centre is supposed to be a spiracle connected with the respiration of the animal. .

b. The stalk of the sucker. )>109— -112 6. The suture of a portion of the alleys at the

lateral grove, in which tlie transverse pieces are convex.

Fig. 7. The suture of a portion of the lateral grove^ uniting with the above, in which the transverse pieces are concave.

8. Suture ofthe intermediate grove divided at

the ridge (Fig. 3.6.). Teeth obtusangular.

9. A circular space round the mouth, covered

with little oblong scales. In the centre is the mouth with its five converging teeth.

10. Outside of one of the five pyramidal jaws,

in which the teeth are planted, ^111 — 113

a. The jaw. b. The tooth.

11. Inside of ditto: a, the jaw, consisting in-

ternally of two triangular transversely furrowed, and probably molary plates.

12. A little bristle, terminating in a knob with

three awns, planted amongst the spines on the shell, and, according to Cuvier,* a species of Polype (Pedicellaria).

13. Another Pedicellaria? expanded like a

tripetalous blossom.

14. One of the spines of Echinus esculentus.^

PLATE III. B.

Crinoideans.

Fig. 1. Fentacrinus Asteria - - - - 195

2. Portion of ditto, exhibiting the suckers on the under

side of the fingers - - - - 195

1 Regn. An, lii. 297,

XVI EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE IV.

Tunicaries.

Fig. 1. Cinthia Momus - - - - - 123

2. Salpa cyanogastra - - - - 120

3. Pyrysoma giganteum - - - - 121

4. Cephalitis Bowdichii - - - 119

5. Clavellina borealis . . . . 123

PLATE V.

Bivalve Mollusc ans.

Fig. 1. Solen Siliqua . - . . 130

a. The foot. b. The shell.

N.B. The two figures in outline show variations in shapes assumed by the foot, under different circumstances.

2. dnomia Cepa - - - . . 141 a. The tendon, b. The aperture of the t/p^er valve

through which it passes.

3. Anomia Ephippium. a. Aperture.

4. Terebratula - - - - 141 a. Aperture of the lower valve through which the

tendon passes. 6 Trigonia margaritacea - - - _ 142

a. Foot formed for leaping.

Pteropod and Heteropod Molluscans.

6. Cliodites fusiformis - - - - "|

7 Polycera capensis _ . - ^

8. Fterotrachea rufa - - . . J

144 162

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XVll

PLATE VI.

Univalve Mollusc ans.

Fig. 1. Valuta 8ethiopica, to show the animal - - 152

a. The eye, showing iris and pupil.

b. The right hand tentacle.

c. The proboscis exserted.

d. The frontal margin of the head.

e. The respiratory tube or siphuncle.

f. Appendage at its base. Analogous to the crus in-

fandihnliin Nautilus 1^ Owen. g. g. The two gills, of which the right hand one

has but one series of lamina. h. Termination of the alimentary canal. i. i. The right hand margin of the mantle. k. The male organ. /. /. The foot. 2. lanthina - - - - - 157

a. The mouth, composed of two vertical cartilaginous lips, minutely toothed at the margin.

b. The shell.

c. The air-vesicles forming an out-rigger.

PLATE VIL

Cephalopods.

Fig. 1. Loligo cardioptera.

2. Spirulea prototypus - - - - 170 a. The shell.

3. Ocypus unguiculatus.^ - - - 165

a. The suckers.

b. The arms.

1 Owen's Mem. on Naut. Pompil. t. v. h.

2 Referred to by mistake as an Octopus, 165.

3*

XVlll EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VIII.

Annelidans.

Fig. 1. Peripatus Juliformis - . - - 187

2. Anterior extremity of do.

a. Mouth.

b. b. Eyes.

c. c. First pair of legs.

3. Bdella nilotica - - - - 181 fl. Anterior sucker.

^^ b. Posterior do.

c. Reproductive organs.

4. Lycoris aegyptia - - - - 187

PLATE IX.

Entomostracans.

Fig. 1 — 5. States of Adheres Percarum - - 201

1. Foetus in Egg.

2. further developed.

3. Larve.

4. Pupe?

a. Antennae.

6. Unguiculate thoracic legs.

c. Natatory, sub-abdominal ditto.

d, e. Cast skin.

5. Imago.

a. a. Maxillary legs.

b. b. Antennae.

c. c. Two posterior pair of thoracic legs confluent, so as to form one organ, and to each of which the sucker [d) is hooked, by which the animal fixes itself immovably.

6. Abdomen, showing the eggs in the ovaries. /•/• Egg pouches. 5. a. Natural size of the animal.

EXPLANATION ON THE PLATKi. liX

PLATE X.

Crustaceans.

Fig. 1. Birgus Latro - - - - - 214

2. Fagurus clibanarius - - - - 213

a. a. a. Adhesive organs at the tail.

b. b. c, c. Two last pairs of thoracic legs, by which it also adheres to the shell it inhabits.

d, d. Egg bearers.

c. e. Forceps, in this species both of the same size.

3. Phyllosoma brevicorne - - - - 220

PLATE XL

Arachnid AN and Insect Condylopes.

Fig. L Mormolyce phyllodes * - - - 379

2. Aranea notacantha - - = . 347

3. Portion of an honey-comb, to show that every cell stands, as it were, upon three « - 367

PLATE XL B.

Arachnidan Condylopes.

Fig 1. Ctenizafodiens - - - - - 341

2. Nest and tube of do.

a. Lid or trap-door. b. Tube,

3. Cteniza nidulans - - - . 343

4. Nest of do.

a. Trap-door. b. Tube.

PLATE XL C.

Fig. 1—3. Myrmica Kxrbii - - - - 368

XVlll EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE*.

PLATE VIII.

Annelidans.

Fig. 1. Peripatus Juliformis - - - - 187

2. Anterior extremity of do.

a. Mouth.

b. b. Eyes.

c. c. First pair of legs.

3. Bdella nilotica - - - - 181 «. Anterior sucker.

c. Reproductive organs.

4. Lycoris aegyptia - - - - 187

PLATE IX.

Entomostracans.

Fig. 1 — 5. States of Actheres Percarum - - 201

1. Fostus in Egg.

2. further developed.

3. Larve.

4. Pupe?

a. Antennae.

b. Unguiculate thoracic legs.

c. Natatory, sub-abdominal ditto.

d. e. Cast skin.

5. Imago.

a. a. Maxillary legs.

b. b. Antennae.

c. c. Two posterior pair of thoracic legs confluent, so as to form one organ, and to each of which the sucker {d) is hooked, by which the animal fixes itself immovably.

c. Abdomen, showing the eggs in the ovaries. /•/• Egg pouches. 5. a. Natural size of the animal.

EXPLANATION ON THE PLATES. XIX

PLATE X.

Crustaceans.

Fig. 1. Birgus Latro - - - - - 214

2. Fagurus clibanarius - - - - 212

a, a. a. Adhesive organs at the tail.

b, b, c. c. Two last pairs of thoracic legs, by which it also adheres to the shell it inhabits.

d, d. Egg bearers.

c, e. Forceps, in this species both of the same size.

3. Phyllosoma brevicorne - - . - 220

PLATE XL

Arachnid AN and Insect Condylopes.

Fig. 1. Mormolyce phyllodes ' - - - 379

2. Aranea notacantha . - - . 347

3. Portion of an honey-comb, to show that every cell stands, as it were, upon three « - 367

PLATE XL B,

Arachnidan Condylopes.

Fig 1. Ctenizafodiens - - - - - 341

2. Nest and tube of do,

a. Lid or trap-door, b. Tube,

3. Cteniza nidulans - - - . 343

4. Nest of do.

a. Trap-door. b. Tube.

PLATE XL C.

Insect Condylopes.

FiQ. 1—3. Myrmica Kirbii - - - - 368

XX EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XII.

Fishes.

Fig. 1. Callicthys ----- 265

2. Pectoral bony ray of a Silurus, found in digging at

PLATE XIII.

Fishes (continued).

Fig. 1. Malthe Vespertilio - - - 262

2. Lateral view of the head of do.

3. A species oijishingfrog from China - - 262

PLATE XIV.

Reptiles.

Fig. 1. Proteus anguinus, - - - -19, 411

a. Gills.

2. Anterior leg of the Chamseleon

3. Posterior do. -

PLATE XV.

Birds.

Fig. 1. Sylvia cisticola - - - . 437

2. Nest of do.

3. Portion of do. to show the stitching of the leaves.

PLATE XVI.

Quadrupeds.

Chlamyphorits truncatus . - . . o98