The old South and the new; a complete illustrated history of the Southern states, their resources, their people and their cities, and the inspiring story of their wonderful growth in industry and riches

Front matter

V.

THE OLD SOUTH AND THE NEW

A Complete Illustrated History of the Southern States, their Resources, their People and their Cities, and the Inspiring Story or their Wonderful Growth in Industry and Riches.

Dedication

To the brave men and the true women of the South, and to the hrave men and the true women of the North, who should he better acquamted with one another;

To the sacred memory oi the Old South, embalmed in the hearts of her own people, and now become a national heritage of which all sections are justly proud ;

To the progress, enterprise, achievements, and the magnanimous spirit of the New South, which rose victorious in peace from the desolation of war;

Introduction

A FOREWORD FROM THE PUBLISHER.

We congratulate the public on the completion and publication of Charles Morris' new book on the "Old South and the New." This is not a hastily prepared work. The author began the task many years ago. The volume is the result of much patient research and time spent in libraries and in historical centers and localities where facts could be gathered from the most authentic sources and where light could be thrown upon conditions that had to be relied upon in treating the subject in hand.

Mr. Morris is a historian of recognized ability. His works, "The Aryan Race" and "Civilization and Its Elements," are accepted as authorities in universities and reference libraries everywhere. He is also a scientist of broad knowledge, having added many valuable documents to the archives of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the Academy of Natural Sciences. His services in preparing encyclopedias and dictionaries have been sought and employed by compilers of the greatest works of this character in America. His school histories of the United States have been recognized, both North and South, for many years as most accurate in fact, fair and unprejudiced in statement to all sections of the country. The long and careful training and thorough equipment of Mr. Morris for a work of patient research, and the painstaking care and time which he has devoted to the preparation of this work enables us to speak with confidence in recommending it to the public as the only work of its kind, and as most accurately and conscientiously done.

The object of the work is to give not only a history, correct as to fact, but also to paint a real picture, or rather a series of pictures that

8 Introduction

shall pass before the reader in systematic review, presenting a living panorama of Southern history, its people, manners, customs, amusements, achievements and development from the time of the settlement of the first permanent colony of the New AVorld at Jamestown, Va., in 1607, to the celebration of that historic event, 300 years later, in the Jamestown Exposition of 1907.

To the Southerner, justly proud of his ancestry and their achievements, and of all people (perhaps with the exception of the Swiss), the most persistent lover of the section that gave him birth, this book should prove at once a delight and an inspiration. It is a retelling of the story of a glorious past that many have almost or quite forgotten, and that the new generation listens to as they M^ould to a fairy tale from the lips of parents and grandparents. It recalls with vividness, incidents and stories of the early settlements in the South ; the chivalrous days of the cavalier; the trying years and heroic times of the Revolution ; the peace, plenty, ideal social conditions and grand functions ; the study of oratory and statesmanship: the lofty standards of honor, gallantry and far-famed hospitality that pre\'ailed for threequarters of a century before the Civil War.

With even greater vividness, we have presented the story of the Southlands' desolation by four years' ravage of fire and sword, when their strong men, — and even the old men and the beardless boys from school, — went forth, leaving the women and children alone with their slaves, and fought, with a heroism scarcely known in the world's history, what they believed to be a righteous war for the defense of their land and homes. A record of their deeds of valor, their feats of endurance, their fortitude and courage is a sacred heritage of the South ; and not only to themselves, but to the nation as well, which the Government has at last recognized by an Act of Congress authorizing the decoration alike of the graves of Confederate and Union soldiers.

The story of the Old South, always delightfully reminiscent and sweet to every Southern heart, will be found equally interesting to Northern readers. It will please them and instruct them in many facts of which no historian has given so faithful a picture in the past. It will reveal to them conditions, characteristics, modes of thinking and of living that will make them better acquainted with and more fond of their Southern countrymen.

There is no section of all our land so full of romance and senti-

Introduction 9

ment as the "Land of Dixie." The pride of its people; the varied comedy and tragedy of its social life ; its peculiar and interesting customs ; its old slave tales and folklore, their songs in the sugar cane and cotton fields, and their merrymaking by moonlight and torchlight in the "big house" yard; the short gay winters; the long dreamy summers, with leaf-clad forests and verdant fields and flowers in wild profusion; its cattle grazing in open fields and in caue -brakes, unfed, otherwise, throughout the winter; its mocking-birds and other feathery songsters unknown in Northern climes, pouring forth their music all the day, and often mellowing the soft, balmy air of moonlit night with their soulful notes from flower-laden miagnolia and orange trees ; the bravery of its men with the facts and tragedies of the dueling custom ; the home life of the old planter and gentleman with his familv pride, his notions of honor, gallantry and duty, with his open-handed hospitality, his host of friends, his gun, his horses and his hounds for pastimes : the sweet femininity, the far-famed beautv, the virtue, the soft voices, the gentle manner of the clinging dependent Southern women. All these and scores of other strange and pleasing pictures will come vividly before the Northern reader in these pages for tlie first time.

But the New South, while not so romantic, is more inspiring than the Old. Its achievements are greater, its people are happier, its prospects are brighter and its hope more steadfast and buoyant. The incubus of slavery — a sin of the Constitution — has been taken away and the Southern people are glad of it. It has gone forever, and they would not have it back. They were not responsible for it. No slaveship was ever fitted out and manned and sailed from a Southern port; and Southern men did not go to Africa to catch the savage blacks and tear them from home and family to sell into slavery.

In the days of George Washington there were more slaves in New York than in Virginia ; and George Washington and Patrick Henry and other noted Southerners were among the first agitators of emancipation. New England and the North generally, gradually sold their slaves to the South, where they were more profitable. And with the wrongs of slavery, it is hardly probable that the Northern master would have been more humane in his treatment of them than the kindly hearted, less grasping, Southern gentleman, who, as a rule, took a sort of ambitious pride in being at the head of a great plantation family and seeing his black people look healthier and happier than lo Introduction

those of his neighbor. Ihe iNorthern overseer on Southern plantations was responsible for the greatest brutality, as witness the character of Legree in "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Slavery was the sin, not of the South, but of the Nation ; and, under God, the Nation had to expend a fearful price of treasure and blood to wipe it out. And the North spent more of the money and shed more of the blood than the South. The expense of the great Civil War to the Union alone would have paid, in money, for every slave, many times over, the highest value ever set by master upon him. The South suffered an utter financial ruin.

The black man alone may thank the institution of slavery. Through it he passed, perhaps, along the easiest road that any slave people ever passed from savagery to civilization, with the kindest and most humane masters that the world has known. The black man alone may rejoice in the fact of the great Civil War. The negro is now eight millions strong, and a very important part of the New South. By many he is considered the greatest problem of the New South; and the solving of that problem must be largely left in his own hands. He should be considerate, patient, indulgent, forbearing, helpful, respectful and grateful. That he suffered injustices there is no doubt, but that he has received in benefits, at the white man's hand, a thousand fold to place against every wrong, is equally true.

The treatment of slavery and the negro problem is made a feature of several chapters in this work. The predominance and importance of this subject in the History of the New South makes this extended treatment necessary. We commend the reading of the subject, as here presented, to both white and black people, North and South. Much bitterness, foolish legislation, malicious or prejudiced discussions in the press, and outbreaks of violence might be avoided and a growing sentiment of kindliness and friendship between the sections and the races fostered by a knowledge of the facts and conditions that have been sought out and clearly stated by the author.

The generally prevailing political situations are discussed with judicial fairness as to facts, and with statesmanlike comment on their bearing and influence.

Literature and education have due space allotted in the work. The school system, from the primitive days of the pioneer and the log school house to the modern public school and university, and the problem of negro education, are considered in an ample chapter on this

Introduction n

subject. The development of Southern hterature, the authors and what they wrote, what they stood for, and how they influenced the pubhc, forms another interesting theme.

The various industries and manufacturing- enterprises which have sprung up during the past two decades in the South make it indeed almost like a new country. The Old South was little more than a rural farming section. Now almost every product of the loom, factory and forge, that the raw material of that section enters into, is produced there as successfully and, generally, at much less cost than in Northern factories. All the Southern States can make cotton cloth much cheaper than the New England States ; and Northern capital by millions is annually seeking investment in Southern cotton mills. The iron industry is equally favorable to the South. Birmingham, Alabama, South Pittsburg, Tennessee, and many other Southern points, can make pig iron and pay the freight on it to Northern markets and sell it at the doors of Northern iron mills cheaper than the latter can produce it. Other manufacturing interests also find superior advantages, cities are springing up, and the population increasing at a marvelous rate. Herein lies one of the most potent promises of the future greatness of the New South.

A feature of this work is a description, historic and otherwise, of the growing cities of this fast developing land. The story of the old cities of the South Atlantic States, with their quaint architecture mingled with the new style structure of the North, their traditions and fashions and mannerisms of other days, intersecting- and clashing and harmonizing with the rushing, progressive spirit and stirring events of the present, calls the reader to witness a most interesting spectacle of change and progress. Equally attractive are accounts of the great Gulf State seaports and centers of progress, New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston and others, also the famous cities of the South Central States, St. Louis, Louisville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and others.

The Southern farmer is not behind his city brother. He early fell into the march of progress, and has kept step in the line of steady advance. King Cotton, "The Snowy Monarch of Southern Industry," is still king, with a power that increases year by year. But he no longer holds a monopoly. Diversified farming and gardening, stock raising and fruit culture have made every tiller of the soil doubly independent; for the South is a land of many products, growing the finest of almost everything in the vegetable and animal kingdoms with

12 Introduction

the least requirement of labor. The rapidly populating cities and the swift coming of manufacturing plants, with armies of operatives, bring an ever-increasing market for the farmer's products, and are rapidly enhancing the value of his lands.

The series of national expositions of industry in the cities of the South, beginning a cjuarter of a century ago with Louisville and New Orleans, and finding their climax in the World's Fair at St. Louis, and ending with the Exposition at Jamestown in 1907, have been enthusiastically attended by the people. Accounts of these fairs, and the impetus they have given to Southern aspirations and enterprise, are set forth in the closing chapters of the work in a way that emphasizes the performances of the past, and throws an unmistakable rainboAV of promise and hope for a grander future to the New South.

Mechanically the volume is most commendable. The paper, printing and binding are attractive and durable. The illustrations are especially excellent and helpful in illuminating the text and impressing the facts. The originals were produced at large cost, and much care has been exercised in choosing the subjects and in executing the drawing and engraving. Some of the illustrations are very rare. That of Jefiferson Davis' Cabinet, and others, were secured by special arrangement from private collections, and many of them were drawn especially by eminent artists at large expense.

Preface

IT is the South that forms our theme, the land of the palmetto, the cotton plant and the magnolia, the home of the planter and the cavalier, the Summer-land of the great American republic. In this we have a rare domain of mountain and plain, of noble rivers and sun-kissed valleys, of fertile levels and spreading forests, of charming landscapes and beautiful cities. Through its w^estern half flov^s the mighty Mississippi, one of the giant rivers of the earth, while other splendid streams profusely water its smiling slopes. Through its eastern half stretch far the Appalachian peaks and cliffs, a realm of rugged mountains clad with forests of rare timber and rich with vast deposits of coal and iron, a reservoir of nature's wealth fit to enrich a kingdom. Its immense plains supply food in profusion for millions of inhabitants and feed with their invaluable cotton fibre half the textile mills of the world. Such is the South, a land of beauty and plenty, with few rivals and no superior in these double attractions upon the earth.

The United States of America, the youngest and nobles|>a^f the great nations, the youthful republic that spans a continent and takes in its choicest section, is a land widely diversified in climate, surface, and inhabitants. It divides naturally into three great sections, the North, the South, and the West, each with its special characteristics and its tendency to pursue a special line of development. This is markedly shown in the North and the South, in which there has been little of that intermingling of populations that has been seen in the relations of the North and the West. For several centuries they have

14 Preface

developed side by side, yet separately and distinctively, the result being a marked difference in the character, tastes and sentiments of their respective inhabitants. Nature and heredity are stronger than political ties and their influence cannot easily be set aside.

What are the conditions which have produced these distinctions ^ To all seeming they are chiefly the character of the original settlers and the subsequent influence of climate and industries. While the northern colonies v^ere peopled with "Sons of the Soil," Virginia and, the Carolinas attracted numbers of immigrants from the cavalier class of England, men of aristocratic connections, of education, selfrespect and pride of station. While these were by no means all the population, they were enough to give a distinctive tone to the dominant class of this section of the South. Their characteristics and social prominence were transmitted to their descendants, with the result that we find there a distinct strain of men in whom the qualities of the men who fought for Charles I., inhere.

But the Southern gentleman, as he is to be seen to-day, owes his character perhaps more largely to climate than the hereditary influences. While the latter have invested him with the pride and dignity of an honorable descent, the form.er have affected his whole physical and mental constitution. The fervent sun of the South has worked its way into his blood, and made him warm-hearted, impulsive, generous and emotional; with a courage which defeat cannot quell, a devotion to his sense of duty and honor which misfortune cannot overcome.

Industrially the story of the South is notably unlike that of the North. Until of recent years it was almost wholly agricultural, while that of the North has long been largely mechanical and commercial. This difference in industries has had a decided effect upon the character of its people. In the North arose a bustling, energetic, incessantly active population, democratic in thought and habit and ignoring every tendency to class distinctions. In the South class distinction became strongly marked, not only between the whites

Preface 15

and blacks, but between the wealthy and the poor whites. The planters passed a life of leisure, in which they devoted themselves largely to the political interests of their localities. In this way they became familiar with the science of government and a class of statesmen appeared unsurpassed in political acumen and ripe judgment upon public affairs. This was especially the case in the times immediately preceding and following the Revolution, when the country grew proud of such men as Washington, Henry, Madison, Monroe, Gadsden, West, Marshall, and others of fine powers — men who were succeeded by others of rare ability in later years.

It was not alone in legislative halls that the Southern gentleman shone. Brave to a fault and with an instinctive military aptitude, he made his mark in every war the country knew. To the South we owe Washington, the most famous of our soldiers and patriots; Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812; Taylor and Scott, the victors in the Mexican War, and Lee, the most admired and esteemed of the leaders in the Civil War.

There is another sense in which the man of the South makes a special appeal to us. He is the true American, the real "Son of our sires." While there are hosts of Americans of colonial descent in the North, Americanism there has become 70 diluted and adulterated with alien blood that it threatens to become a heterogeneous compound, largely made up from the least desirable populations of Europe. From this irruption the South has so far been saved, the tide having turned away from its fertile fields, leaving the population mainly in its pristine state of undiluted Americanism. If we seek the true American of to-day we can best find him in the South. Elsewhere he is in ^measure lost among the flood of inflowing aliens.

Such have been and in a measure are the distinctive diff^erences between the South and the North. That they will continue is questionable. There are strong indications that the diversity between the two sections is destined to pass away. The South is becoming less isolated than it was of old and less distinct in its

1 6 Preface

industries. One of the prominent features of the New South is the rapid development of manufactures upon its soil and extension of the railroad throughout its area. These new interests and new facilities of travel are bringing the sections closer together. The North is invading the South, and the South the North. Intermovement of the people is steadily growing and promises to lead to a much greater community of interests and opinions than in the past. This is a result which all patriotic Americans must welcome. The formation of "a more perfect Union" between the States has long been Warmly desired, though for years irreconcilable diversity and hostility between the sections seemed likely to arise. Such a condition, indeed, came upon us and precipitated the most unhappy contest in the history of the land. Happily the process of differentiation culminated in this struggle, and since then the tide has been flowing in the opposite direction. The people of our land — the American people, that is — are growing more instead of less homogeneous as the years pass. This is a natural result of the increasing community of interests, the ease of travel, the facility of communication, the general development of education. It is the factory, the railroad? the postal facilities, the telegraph and telephone, the school-house, the forge and factory that are cementing all people of American descent into one great commonwealth, similar in interests and sympathies, and rapidly drawing our diversified states together into "A more perfect Union." It is an evolution full of hopefulness and promise and one that w^e may well wish will cement the American people of the future into one great brotherhood.

Chapter I. THE SOUTH, A NOBLE REALM OF BEAUTY, WEALTH AND PROMISE

Page The Growth of the Great RepubHc — The Summerland of the Continent — The Boundaries of the South — The Mason and Dixon Line — The Extension of the Slave System — The Grand Proportions of the South — Its Geographical Character — Its Mountain System — Its Rainfall and Watercourses — States West of the Mississippi — A Noble River — The Industrial Sections — Negro Labor — A Self-Supporting Land — Its Varied Wealth and Beauty 23

Chapter II. THE OLD DOMINION AND THE CAVALIERS OF THE COLONIES

The Spanish and French — Sir Walter Raleigh and his Colonists — The Cavalier Settlers — The Spirit of Liberty — The Scotch-Irish of the Valleys — How Jamestown was settled — Early Days in Virginia — Negro Slaves — The First Legislature — Self-Government — The Cavaliers in South Carolina — The Old Dominion — Berkeley's Defiance of Cromwell — Charles II and Virginia. . 43

Chapter III. THE HEROES OF THE OLD COLONIAL SOUTHLAND

Tobacco brings Prosperity — The Indian Massacres — Berkeley's Tyranny — Bacon and the Indians — The Spirit of Rebellion — Bacon's March on Jamestown — ■ The Commission and the Defeat of the Indians — Berkeley's Flight — The Capture and Burning of Jamestown — Bacon's Death and Berkeley's Revenge — Carolma and the Grand Model Government — Freedom in the Carolinas — Oglethorpe and the Spaniards — The Fight on St. Simon's Island — How Oglethorpe Defeated the Spaniards 59 i8 Contents

Chapter IV. Page

MANOR LIFE IN OLD COLONY DAYS.

How the Virginia Planters lived — Their Hospitality — The Classes of the People — Town and Country Life-;— Home Manners — Training of Boys and Girls —

Occupations of the People— Effect of Product, Climate and Race The

Farmers and the Planters — The Charms of Rural Life — Governor Spotswood and the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe — The Expedition to the Blue Ridge — A Delightful Journey — The Valley Discovered — Two Boy Surveyors and Their Work — Lord Fairfax and Greenway Lodge — Washington's Journey to the French Forts 79

Chapter V. HOW THE SOUTH PLANTED THE SEEDS OF INDEPENDENCE

The Tea at Annapolis and Charleston — The North Carolina Regulators — -The Mecklenburg Declaration — Patrick Henry's Defiance to the King — Henry's Great Speech for Liberty or Death — The Study of Oratory and Government in the South — Some Famous Orators — South Carolina and the Stamp Act Congress — The Continental Congress — Effect of Lexington in the South — Virginia's Declaration of Rights — Richard Henry Lee's Resolutions — Jefferson Writes the Declaration — Charles Carroll of Carrollton 103

Chapter VI. THE SOUTH AND ITS HEROES IN THE REVOLUTION

Southern Aid to Boston — Lord Dunmore and the People — Fort Sullivan and Sergeant Jasper — The First Flags of the Republic — Light Horse Harry — Morgan and His Riflemen — Morgan at Quebec — His Defeat of Tarleton — The British Take Savannah and Charleston — Marion, the Swamp Fox — Marion and the British Officers — Jack Davis and the Dragoons — King's Mountain — Tarleton and the Witty Lady — Cornwallis at Yorktown 119

Chapter VII. FAMOUS PATHFINDERS AND PIONEERS OF THE SOUTH

Daniel Boone as a Boy — Boone's Inscription — John Finley— Boone Seeks Kentucky — Adventures with the Indians — Colonel Henderson and the Land Company — A Kentucky Fort — Boone's Daughter Captured and Rescued —

Page Boone a Prisoner— His Escape and the Siege of the Fort— George Rogers Clark and his plan— The British in the Northwest— Clark's Expedition sets out— The Ball at Kaskaskia and the Capture— The British at Vincennes— The March through the Overflow — Clark Captures Vincennes — The Important Result of Clark's Expedition 136

Chapter VIIL

HOW THE STATESMEN OF THE SOUTH LAID THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE GREAT REPUBLIC.

Virginia, Maryland and the Union— Cavalier and Puritan Ideas — The Southern Statesman — A Weak Union — Maryland and the Western Claims — ^The Articles of Confederation — New York Collects Duties from its Neighbors — The Father of the Constitution — The Meeting at Alexandria — Madison and Washington — The Conventions at Annapolis and Philadelphia — ^Madison's Plan — The Constitution as Adopted — Contests for Ratification — The Great Struggle in Virginia 155

Chapter IX

GEORGE WASHINGTON THE IDEAL AMERICAN, SOLDIER, STATES- MAN, AND PRESIDENT.

Washington's Parents — In the French War — Marries and Settles— Commander-in-Chief in the Revolution — ^The Great Feat at Trenton — Valley Forge and Yorktown — Refuses a Crown and Kingdom — Plans for Canals to the Ohio — Washington's Concern about the Country — Presides over the Constitutional Convention — Elected the first President — The Troubles of Office — Called to the Army again — Sudden Illness and Death 167

Chapter X. THOMAS JEFFERSON ADDS NEW STARS TO THE SOUTHERN GALAXY

The Constellation of the South — The Discovery of the Mississippi — La Salle's Famous Exploration — What the Treaties did — Louisiana in 1801 — ^Thomas Jefferson at Home and in College — The Declaration — Governor of Virginia — Minister to France — Secretary of State — Vice-President — Elected President — His Democratic Ways — Combats aristocratic Customs — The Question of the Mississippi — War in the Air — The Work of Monroe and Livingston — The President and Congress approve the purchase — The Lewis

Page and Clark Expedition— Three New States of the South — Jefferson's Life at Home — Rescued from Misfortune — Dies on the Anniversary of Independence . . . 185

Chapter XI. OLD HICKORY, THE HEROIC SON OF CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE

Jackson and the British Officer — Studies Law and goes to Tennessee — Is sent to Congress — Supreme Court Judge — In Business — Hurt in a Quarrel — The Creek War — Jackson's Victory— Weathersford Surrenders — The Burning of Washington — The British at New Orleans — Their Terrible Defeat — Jackson in Florida — The End of the Trouble — A Candidate for the Presidency — His Election — The Chief Acts of His Administration — His Death 203

Chapter XII. THE MONROE DOCTRINE, THE PALLADIUM OF LIBERTY IN

AMERICA.

The Benefits of the Monroe Doctrine — Sketch of James Monroe — The Louisiana Purchase — Monroe as President — Early Expressions of American Statesjpen — Jefferson's Views in 1808 — The Spanish Colonies Revolt — ^The Doctrine a Southern Measure — The Holy Alliance and Its Purpose — Russia's Attitude — Canning's Action — The Monroe Doctrine Stated — Its jTffect — Its History — England's Designs on Nicaragua — ^The Cuban Question — President Polk restates the Doctrine — ^The French in Mexico

^They are Forced to Withdraw — The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute —

President Roosevelt on the Monroe Doctrine — ^The Blockade of Venezuela

— Secretary Olney's Opinion — ^The Drago Doctrine 217

Chapter XIII. CLAY AND CALHOUN, THE GREAT SOUTHERN ORATORS OF THE

"GOLDEN AGE."

The South a Nursery of Orators — The Boyhood of Henry Clay — His Gift of Oratory — Clay in Kentucky — Speaker of the House — Clay's Great Popularity — The Missouri Compromise — Campaigns of 1824 and 1844 — -Defeated and In Debt — The Tariff Compromise — The Compromise of 1850 — Clay's Character — Calhoun's Character and Early History — The Nullification Doctrine — Webster and Hayne — Threats of War — Calhoun's Great Force Bill Speech — Miss Martineau on Calhoun and Clay — Calhoun's Last Days 234

Chapter XIV. THE LONE STAR STATE; ITS HEROES AND ITS MARTYRS

Page Texas and Its Settlers — Its Size and Resources — The Revolt of the Americans —

Houston's Early Story — Heroes of the Texan War — The Splendid Defence

of the Alamo — The Thermopylae of Texas — Houston's Great Victory — ■

Texas Admitted to the Union — The War Spirit in Mexico — Southern Leaders

of the Mexican War — Results of the War — What Mexico Lost and the United

States Won 254

Chapter XV. THE NEGRO AS AN ELEMENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE NATION

Beginning of the Slave Trade — Its Horrors — Slavery in New York and Boston — Slavery Unpopular in Early Days — England Sustains the Slave Trade — Washington and Jefferson on Slavery — Slavery in the Constitutional Convention — The Slave Trade Abolished — The Cotton Gin — The Missouri Compromise — -The Work of the Abolitionists — Garrison and the "Liberator" — The Economic Relations of Slavery — ^The Treatment of the Slave— The Compromise of 1850 269

Chapter XVI. THE TARIFF AND SLAVERY THE HIGHROADS TO SECESSION

The Work of the Constitution — Tests of Its Strength — Effects of Climatic Conditions — The Demand for Emancipation — The Tariff and Slavery in 1787 — Development of the Tariff Idea — Tariffs of 1824 and 1828 — Calhoun and His Sentiments — The Ordinance of Nullification — Jackson Checks Secession — Clay's Compromise — Garrison and Abolition — Hostility of Feeling — Texas and Mexico — The Compromise of 1850 — The Whigs of the South — ■ The " Impending Crisis" — ^The Kansas Struggle — The John Brown Raid ■ — Its Effect on the South — A Republican President — The South Secedes — -Doubt and Dismay in the North — A Strong Peace Feeling — The Sumter Episode — ^The Issue Forced and War Succeeds 282