The story of Wisconsin

Preface

Wisconsin is situated at tlie head of the chain of Great Lakes, It is touched on the east by Lake Michigan, on the north by Lake Superior, on the west by the Mississippi, and is drained by interlacing rivers which so closely approach each other that the canoe voyager can with ease pass from one great water system to the other ; he can enter the continent at the Gulf of St. Lawrence and by means of numerous narrow portages in Wisconsin emerge into the south-flowing Mississippi and eventually return to the Atlantic through the Gulf of Mexico. From Lake Michigan, the. Fox-Wisconsin river system was the most popular highway to the great river ; into Lake Superior, there flow numerous streams from whose sources led short portage trails over to the headwaters of feeders of the Mississippi. In their early voyages to the head of lake navigation, it was in the course of nature that the French should discover Wisconsin ; and having discovered it, soon learn that it was the key-point of the Northwest and the gateway to the mysterious " River of the Southern Sea."

Thus the geographical character of Wisconsin became, very early in the history of New France, an important factor. The trading posts and Jesuit missions on Chequamegon Bay of Lake Superior, and on Green Bay of Lake Michigan, soon played a prominent part in the history of American exploration. Two and a half centuries ago, when the Puritan colonies on Massachusetts Bay were yet in their infancy, and long before much of the intervening country had been visited

PREFACE.

by white men, the (general features of the map of Wisconsin and the route thither were familiar to the rulers of Quebec.

Wisconsin was notable, too, in those early days, as a hiding place for tribes of Algonkins who had been driven beyond Lake Michigan before the resistless onslaught of the Iroquois, who, however, often ventured into these forest fastnesses and massacred the crouching fugitives. The country was, for a century and a half, a happy hunting-ground for the easy-going French — licensed traders and coureurs dc hois as well. In the French-and-Indian war it was a favorite recruiting field for those disciplined bands of redskins who periodically broke forth upon the borders, filling the life of American pioneers with scenes of horror. And it was a Wisconsin leader of these savage allies of the French, who caught Braddock in his slaughter pen and whose swarthy fellows bore away to their rude lodges in the trans-Michigan woods a goodly share of the scalps and spoils won by them on that fateful day.

When New France fell, Wisconsin — now a part of the Province of Quebec — remained essentially French. The flag of England waved over the rude stockade at Green Bay, but the woods were filled with French and Indians in all grades of blood relationship, who had transferred their allegiance to the conqueror. French and half-bloods, throughout the War of the Revolution, wore the scarlet uniforms of officers in His Majesty's army. Wisconsin was again a recruiting ground, and the self-same savages who ambushed Braddock were sent out against the colonial borderers or against George Rogers Clark in his expedition for the conquest of the Northwest.

Although the Northwest was given to the United States in the treaty of 1783, the English were practically in military possession of Wisconsin until the close of the war of 1812-15. But the French and half-bloods still held her woods and streams, and the fur-trade was the chief industry. Little by

PREFACE.

little, this French predominance was undermined; at first by the advent of Americans into the lead mines, then by agricultural settlers. The Black Hawk War was largely instrumental in opening the region to public view. American colonization, and development along American lines, now began in earnest. The fur-trade ceased to be of importance, the non-progressive French element subsided into insignificance, and thenceforth Wisconsin was an American territory which rapidly grew into a powerful and patriotic State.

The story of the lung and checkered career of Wisconsin, is replete with suggestive and romantic incidents. Necessarily, a treatment of the topic from a picturesque standpoint must chiefly dwell upon the romantic pioneer period. A Western State, after reaching maturity, progresses upon pretty much the same lines as kindred commonwealths, and no longer furnishes a unique story. This will account for the fact that the formative epochs receive by far the most generous recognition in this volume.

I am indebted to Professor Frederick J. Turner, of the University of Wisconsin, for assistance in the revision of proof-sheets, and for many helpful suggestions. To General David Atwood, Major Frederick L. Phillips, Professor Albert O. Wright, General Edwin E. Bryant, Doctor Lyman C. Draper and Professor Jesse B. Thayer, my thankful acknowledgments are also due, for valuable aid. Mr. James S. Buck has been so kind as to give me the privilege to freely appropriate any of the wood-cuts in his excellent Pioneer History of Milwaukee, and one or two of these the artist has taken the liberty to use as a basis for his own sketches.

CHAPTER I. IN THE BEGINNING ..... o . 11

CHAPTER ir.

1658-1673.

CHAPTER HI.

EXPLORERS AND FUR-TRADERS OF NEW FRANCE . . 61

1674-1760.

CHAPTER IV.

1761-1783.

CHAPTER V.

ENGLISH DOMINATION CONTINUED. . . „ . II9

1783-1815.

CHAPTER VI.

1815-1836.

CHAPTER VII.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII.

" BARSTOW AND THE BALANCE" . . . c o 23O

1844-1856.

CHAPTER IX.

1854-1856.

CHAPTER X.

1860-1865.

CHAPTER XI.

1860-1866.

CHAPTER XII.

SINCE THE WAR . . ..... 33O

THE CHRONOLOGICAL STORY ...... 369

THE people's COVENANT ...... 379

BOOKS RELATING TO WISCONSIN ..... 383

INDEX 387

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Coming to a session of the Territorial Legislature

A Winnebago cliief. Initial

Nicolet and the Winnebagoes

Robert de la Salle. Initial

In the Wisconsin forest

A W^isconsin home in the old days .

Relics of Jesuit and voyageur. Initial

The Griffin .....

Milwaukee in 1795. Initial

The perils of the frontier .

Solomon Juneau. Initial

In the British camp . . . .

The old Legislative Building at Belmont

Black llawk. Initial

Indians attacking a stockade

Governors Dodge and Doty. Initial

" King Strang " and his saints .

Governors Bashford and Barstow. Initial

By lake and river

The State Capitol

Governor Dewey. Initial

Some Wisconsin scenery .

Governor Randall. Initial

Answering the President's call .

Stanley and Oskhosh. Initial .

Charging the Battery

On the line of battle .

In La Crosse. Initial

Picturesque Milwaukee

Frontispiece.

53 61

193 209 231

243 247

THE STORY OF WISCONSIN

CHAPTER I.

IN THE BEGINNING.

A

LAURENTIAN island, almost alone amidst a world of waters, such if scientists read her rocks aright, was the beginning of the State of Wisconsin. Geologists say that a considerable portion of the area of the State (the whole northern third) had doubtless risen from the ancient ocean before much else of the American continent, and while most of Europe was still submerged. Thus its story reaches back to almost the days of " Chaos and old Night." Lofty mountains occupied the present plains of Central Wisconsin — peaks which pierced the clouds and rivaled the Himalayas of our day. But the waves of the ahnost shoreless ocean beat against their bases, the elements disintegrated their peaks, and rivers furrowed their slopes, these leveling processes being interrupted by intermittent periods of submergence ; until at last, after a series of such remarkable movements, lasting through ages of unknown and unknowable lenoth, and after the entire continent had emero-ed and taken form, the irresistible glacier came upon Wisconsin from the north, " planing down the prominences, filling up the valleys, polishing and grooving the strata, and heaping up its rubbish of sand, gravel, clay and bowlders over the face of the country."

One monster tongue of ice pushed through the valleys of the Fox and Rock rivers, another plowed the bed of Lake Michigan, while two others separated by Keweenaw Point moved southward and westward through the trough of Lake Superior into Wisconsin and Minnesota. The territory embraced in Southwestern Wisconsin was alone left intact. This was the unique " driftless area," the wonder of American geologists.

The thousands of depressions scooped out by the mighty floes, when they rudely tore their way through the land, were filled with water upon the melting of the ice, thus giving rise to the beautiful Wisconsin lakes, isolated and in chains, with their picturesque river outlets. " With the retreat of the glacier, vegetation covered the surface, and by its aid and the action of the elements our fertile drift soils, among the last and best of Wisconsin's formations, were produced ; and the work still goes on."*

Man then came upon the scene. How long after, no one knows, but his coming opens the next chapter in Wisconsin's progress. Its details are lost in mystery, although scientific investigation and ingenious conjecture have of late framed for us a reasonable hypothesis.

Upon the level benches of noble streams, upon ridge tops, upon the summits of commanding bluffs, upon the sloping banks of both inland and Great Lakes, there are in Wisconsin many thousands of artificial earthworks that have attracted the attention of whites since the .time of the European conquest. Some are mere hemispherical tumuli ; others are grotesque in shape, and it does not require a great stretch of imagination to discover among them the rude outlines of birds, beasts, fishes and reptiles, the predominating forms being apparently those of the turtle, the lizard, the snake, the bird, the squirrel, the deer and the buffalo,! while not a

* President T. C. Chamberlin, in Snyder, Van Vechten & Co.'s " Historical Atlas of Wisconsin " (Milwaukee, 1878), p. 151.

t The so-called " elephant " mound, in Grant County, over which there has been so much speculation, is very likely but a distorted buffalo, the prolongation of the nose probably being occasioned by a land-slide.

few maybe likened to men and even to implements of war, such as the club and the spear. Again, there are parallel lines, with circles and corners, and within such earthworks as these are often isolated mounds of considerable height. The best example of this latter class of structure is the field of Azta- Ian near the village of Lake Mills, in Jefferson County, where are to be found prehistoric ruins of a character quite similar to the famous works at Marietta, Ohio, presumably familiar to our readers. The effigy mounds of Wisconsin are, however, unique.

There has been a vast amount of literature published concerning the mounds of the United States, and those in Wisconsin have received particular attention. Much of what has appeared, however, has been the product of lively and romantic imagination. It has been sturdily maintained that because the Indians whom the whites first met generally claimed to be ignorant of the origin of these earthworks ; because the Indians of our day do not build mounds ; and because nothing in the customs or beliefs of modern Indians appears upon superficial examination to be connected with the practice of mound building, that the prehistoric mounds were built by another and a singular race of men.

It has been held that the builders of the mounds.

coming from the mysterious north, commenced their most active labors in the Upper Mississippi valley and were gradually driven southward and eastward before the inroads of our modern Indians, until at last this mystic people made stand in Mexico, the progenitors of the Aztecs whom Cortez conquered, and the Pueblos who have survived to our own time.

This theory has been so persistently advanced for the past half-century, that doubtless the greater part of the reading public have at last come to accept it as an established historical fact. As to the purposes for which the mounds were built, speculation has been rife, each set of theorists adopting in their writings a descriptive terminology to agree with their peculiar notions, thereby giving rise to much confusion.

Some would have us believe that the mounds were totems of the several clans — a sort of native heraldry ; others imagine the mounds to have been built almost solely for purposes of worship, others for defense, others as symbols of mystic rites in which human sacrifice and sun worship played prominent parts, others as cemeteries and sites for dwellings.

It has remained, however, for the United States Bureau of Fthnology to dispel much of the fog of romance which has heretofore enveloped the longmooted question of " Who were the Mound-builders ? " For several years past, competent specialists have been engaged in the work of mound exploration upon a scientific basis, in various sections of the country. It has been discovered that many mounds, heretofore supposed to be of great antiquity, contained articles of European manufacture at their base, undoubtedly placed there when the mounds were erected.

The conclusion has been reached after careful investicvation, that there was nothinor in the habits or character of the Mound-builders, so far as the excavations show, which necessarily divorce them from the Indians whom the whites first met. That burial and dwelling-site mounds were erected, notably in the Southern States, after the advent of Europeans, is well established by the journals of many of the earliest travelers, who carefully described these works, the manner of building them and the curious customs then in vo2;ue amon" the savages relative to burial and sun worship. Several early explorers have stated that traditions relative to these mounds were abundant among some of the tribes, for instance the Cherokces, the Kaskaskias and the Creeks ; and that old men attributed the erection of the works to their ancestors.

It is not a unique fact in human history that the Indian came to abandon their ancient custom of

IN THE BEGINNING. I 7

mound building. The people of Egypt no longer fashion pyramids and sphinxes, yet the descendants of the builders of these mysterious structures still live in the country; the people of England no longer build abbeys, yet no one will deny that the descendants of the abbey builders still live within sight of the olden ruins.

The Indians dropped many of their customs and rites with the advent of the whites : for instance, the maintenance of a perpetual fire in each village, an evidence in itself of sun worship ; they came no longer to manufacture wampum and implements and utensils of copper, flint and clay ; in the matter of clothing, it was not long before European articles of dress became common among them ; while their habits of daily life were at last so altered by contact with the whites that they ceased to be self-reliant and were absolutely dependent on the invaders of their country for domestic utensils, weapons, tools, clothing and often food. It is indeed remarkable how soon the imitative American savao^e abandoned many of the long-established customs and methods of his ancestors, for those of the whites. So complete has been the transformation, that to-day the old gossips of many of the Western tribes assert with earnestness that their ancestors neither made nor used flint arrow-heads, and that those plowed up in the fields and fondly treasured in museums, were made and placed in the ground by spirits ; such is the value of Indian tradition, such the significance of the lack of it.

The formal conclusion of the Bureau of Ethnology is, that " The links discovered directly connecting the Indians and Mound-builders are so numerous and well established, that there should no longer be any hesitancy in accepting the theory that the two are one and the same people."*

The Bureau inclines to the belief that Wisconsin was occupied by two or three different moundbuilding tribes of Indians, the efhgies and the groups being probably traceable to Dakotan stock, of which the Winnebagces are the modern representatives. There are reasons for believing that the Mound-builders came into the State from the southwest, through Northern Iowa, and moved frequently back and forth between the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan, but that some opposing element kept them from advancing around the

* " Work in Miunid Exploration," I'mrerm of Etlniology Report, 1SS7, p. 11. See also "The Mounds of the Mississippi Valley Historically Considered" (Kentucky Geological Survey Memoirs, Vol. U.), by Lucien Carr of the Peabody' Museum of Arch.-cology and Ethnology; "Who liuilt the Mounds?" by P. R. Hoy (Trans. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, .'\rt and Letters, Vol. VI.), and " Antiquities of Wisconsin" (Smithsonian Contributions, 1855), by I. A. Laphain.

"That the Mound-builders were Indians, pertaining to or ancestors of the tribes inhabitating this country when discovered by Europeans, is now too well established to admit of a reasonable doubt. Those who question this conclusion are certainly not familiar with tlie evidence." — Cyrus Thomas, of the IJureau of Ethnology, in Magazine 0/ American History, Sept., 1888, p. 193.

See also, Gerard Fowke, on " Sojne Popular Errors in Regard to Mnund-builders and Indians," in Ohio A rc'ueological and Historical Quarterly , I'ol. II. p. 3, and Winsor's 7V«rrativc and Critical History of America, Vol. I. Index.

sou.th end of the lake. The most ancient works in Wisconsin, probably originating in a very distant past, appear to be the effigy and elongated mounds, the evidence being that their builders came afterwards to abandon these forms and erect only burial tumuli. Even this latter species they had possibly abandoned before the advent of the whites, althousfh the Illinois Indians who entertained Mar-

O

quette practised in his presence the rites of the ancient sun worship, the undoubted religion of the Mound-builders.

As to the use of the effigies and more complicated forms, antiquarians still disagree, but it has been quite generally concluded that the other shapes were mostly erected as sites for dwellings, council houses and worship huts, also for purposes of defense. Fortified villao^es were common amons: the Mound-builders, as amono^ their descendants within historic times, and the evidences of ancient palisaded inclosures in Wisconsin are not infrequent.

The child born upon the Mayflower was but in her fourteenth year when Wisconsin entered upon the stage of history. It was in 1634 that Jean Nicolet, agent of the inquiring and politic Champlain, set foot upon Wisconsin soil, the first white man known to have visited the Old Northwest.

Champlain had planted his feeble colony of French Catholics upon the rock of Quebec, twenty-six years before, but progress into the far West had been necessarily slow. The search for peltries had led adventurous fur-traders to Georgian Bay and Lake Huron; Recollet missionaries were, amidst a thousand lurking dangers, saying masses upon those distant shores and vainly endeavoring to brino- the red men to a realizino: sense of the enormity of their pagan rites;* while Champlain himself had, in 1615, ventured upon the waters of the o-reat " Fresh Sea." But all bevond was, to the authorities of New France, an unknown land. It is possible that coureurs de bois, those lawless Canadian adventurers who became Indians in habit and prosecuted the fur trade far beyond all licensed bounds, had by this time pushed their way into the Lake Superior country; but if so they discreetly kept quiet about it and left no record behind.

It had been reported to Champlain, by Western traders, that the Indians told of two lakes beyond that of Huron : of a large body of fresh water, at the outlet of which was a sault, or rapids — afterwards ascertained to be the Lake Superior of our modern maps ; and of another lake that was smaller, styled by the Indians " Winnepegou," — the Winnebago of our day, — while this smaller lake had a

* Br^beuf s Jesuit mission was not begun until 1634.

river outlet, the Fox of later maps. Champlain had long wished to have this geographical mystery of the Northwest penetrated, and the Indians of that far-away region instructed in the benefits of religion and the fur-trade, for the love of Mammon had no small share in the missionary aspirations of the governors of New France. The opportunity at last came, and Jean Nicolet, interpreter at Three Rivers, was commissioned to undertake the hazardous enterprise.

Nicolet was a native of Cherbourg, in Normandy, but emigrated to Canada in 1618, when a young man. At that time, Champlain, filled with ambitious schemes of exploration, was in the practice of occasionally sending young men to live among distant tribes of Indians to learn their lansfuaees and customs in order to be of service to him as interpreters and explorers. Nicolet was one of the persons thus selected, and soon after his arrival at Quebec was dispatched first to the Algonkins on the Ottawa River and next to the Nipissings, on the lake which bears their name. Upon his return to the colony, after many years of intimate association with the savages, Nicolet was employed as interpreter at Three Rivers, where he acquired the reputation of being adroit in his management of the hordes of red men who annually assembled there from the upper country, for purposes of trade

24 2N THE BEGINNING.

and council . In 1634, this hardy adventurer was dispatched by the governor to visit the tribes dwelling upon the shores of the Winnepegou and other fresh-water seas of the Northwest, and endeavor to secure their good-will and their attendance upon the councils of the French on the low^er St. Lawrence.

Nicolet proceeded up the Ottawa River as far as the Isle des AUumettes, in company with Fathers Brebeuf, Daniel and Davost, Jesuit priests who were on their way to the Huron country to reestablish the mission commenced but afterwards abandoned by the Recollets. At the Isle, he parted company with his priestly comrades, and proceeded by way of Lake Nipissing and French Creek to Georgian Bay, He appears to have spent some time among the Hurons there, and finally to have secured seven men of the tribe to accompany him upon his voyage of discovery to the Northwest. Nicolet was himself a demi-savage, quite equal in endurance to any of his red companions and allowino- none of them to outdo him in the weary task before them. In their long canoe of birch-bark, propelled solely by paddles, they slowly skirted the northern shores of Lake Huron ; upon their right the gloomy pine forest swept down in solemn grandeur to the water's edge or thickly mantled the towering bluffs, while to their left the dark green waters stretched to the horizon in mystic sublimity. Their frail bark was often tossed about like a chip, in the white-capped swells which swept with but little warning around the awesome headlands.' There were times when storms too severe even for Indian boatmen compelled them to camp upon the shore in the shelter of the woods, for days at a time, until the wind had gone down and the sea was again quiet. Thus, through storm and calm, they pursued their spasmodic voyage, picking up their food as they went along, from the sea and the forest, veritable children of nature alone in the mighty wilderness. There were no doubt times when the Hurons, unimpelled by the spirit of exploration or the hope of gain, wearied of their seemingly useless task, but Nicolet was fired by the zeal of his mission and could brook no human opposition to his progress. Finally, the shore lines led them through the North Channel to the outlet of Lake Superior, the Strait of St. Mary. A considerable distance up this strait, and fifteen miles below the foot of the Great Lake, they encountered the falls, where — on the site of the present thriving city of Sault Ste. Marie, in Upper Michigan — there was a considerable village of Algonkins. Landing here, Nicolet, first of all recorded w^hite men, set foot upon the soil of what a century and a half later became the Northwest Territory,

26 IN THE BEGINIVING.

It is not known whether Nicolet ever saw Lake Superior, which was within a few hours' walk of the Algonkin village. Probably he did not, as so notable a discovery would have been placed to his credit by his Jesuit admirers. It is certain, however, that he remained long enough at the falls to thoroughly refresh his men, whereupon the party again ventured forth, this time to the southward, seeking what they mioht find.

The voyage now became more fraught with interest to a lover of nature. Islands in great variety appeared upon either hand — great masses, the size of a German principality, densely covered with mighty forests of dark-hued pine and skirted by broad, glistening beaches of sand and bowlders; pretty islets, a few square miles in extent, with cool and inviting shades, indented with restful coves and crowned by rocky observatories of fantastic form ; low, barren- patches of storm-swept rock, covered with lichens and scrub pine, telling tales of deadly struo-frles with ice and wind and wave. Throucrh this sylvan archipelago, Nicolet's bark threaded its way as rapidly as eight men could propel it, and in due time entered the Straits of Mackinaw; ascending this now famous highway, the waters of Lake Michigan soon burst upon the sight of their first white discoverer.

Closely skirting the northern coast of this inland sea, and frequently camping upon the edges of the deep forest which framed it, either to await the passage of storms or refresh the weary crew, our intrepid explorer finally rounded far-stretching Point Detour and beached his craft on the shores of Bay de Noquet, a northern arm of the great Green Bay. Here was another Algonkin tribe, with whom he smoked the pipe of peace, obtaining particulars from them of the country beyond.

His next stopping place was the mouth of the river afterwards called Menomonee, from the tribe of Algonkins then inhabiting its valley ; this rugged stream, now one of the boundary lines between Wisconsin and Upper Michigan, is the principal northern afHuent of Green Bay. He only tarried here long enough to hold a brief council with the Menomonees and dispatch one of his Hurons to herald his approach to the Winnebagoes who were established at the mouth of Fox River.

Green Bay is shaped like a monster letter V ; it opens to the northeast, and the Fox River flows into it from the south, at the vertex of the angle. The western shores are now, as they were in Nicolet's time, low, irregular in outline and densely wooded with pine and tamarack, presenting a singularly somber and depressing appearance; while the eastern banks are generally high, with many bold headlands and abrupt slopes, well covered with both hard and soft woods.

At Red Banks, so called from the red clay subsoil predominant here, the height of the shore is about seventy-five feet sheer, the summit of this picturesque cliff of clay being crowned for some miles back into the country with interesting mounds. The Winnebacfoes have a tradition that the Adam and Eve of their race first lived at Red Banks ; also that the French first visited the tribe at this place. The last half of the tradition we know to be baseless.

The bay is a wild and stormy estuary, much troubled by cross winds and cross tides,* and a dangerous passage for small craft ; but Nicolet, seizing the opportunity of favorable weather, pursued his venturesome way and soon came within sight of the enormous marshes of wild rice which bar the mouth of Fox River, vivid in their mass of changing greenery when swayed by the breeze and lightened by the sun.

This was the day when the China Sea was supposed to be somewhere in the neighborhood of the Great Lakes, there being as yet no knowledge of the immense width of the American continent. Nicolet had heard when among the Nipissings, that

* There is no longer any question of there being tides in Green Bay, but whether caused by the winds or by lunar affection is undecided.

at Green Bay he would meet a strange people, who had come from beyond " a great water" lying to the west. He was therefore prepared to find there a colony of Chinamen or Japanese, if indeed Green Bay were not the Orient itself. His mistake was a natural one, considering the crudity of the geographical information then current.

The " strange people " proved to be Winnebago Indians. A branch of the Dakotas, or Sioux, a distinct race from the Algonkins, they appear to have been stranded in Wisconsin, when the great body of their kin, probably the original Mound-builders, had withdrawn from the State to the trans-Mississippi country. They were as a wedge remaining in the heart of the Algonkin territory and long maintaining, despite all changes in political mastery, a firm foothold on the interlocked waterway of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. The "great water" spoken of by the Nipissings and supposed by Nicolet to mean the China Sea, was the Mississippi River, beyond which the Dakota race held full sway.

The canoe was run into a cove iust below the mouth of the Fox, and a short halt made while Champlain's forest ambassador attired himself in a gorgeous damask gown, decorated with gaylycolored birds and flowers, a ceremonial garment with which lie had taken care to provide himself at

Quebec, expecting to meet mandarins wlio would be similarly dressed. As he stepped ashore, a short distance up the river, and thus, first of all Europeans, trod the soil of what is now Wisconsin, Nicolet was met by a horde of nearly naked Winnebagoes who hailed him as a Manitou, or " wonderful man."

It must have been no small disappointment to the explorer to be thus met by breech-clouted savages when he had fondly anticipated the formal greetings of Oriental courtiers. But the politic envoy smothered his chagrin and, the rustling skirts of his silken robe sweeping the ground, advanced boldly among the astonished barbarians, discharging the pistols which he held in either hand. The warriors were much startled at this singular apparition, while women and children fled in terror from the Manitou who carried with him lightning and thunder.