Footprints of the ages

Front matter

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FOOTPRINTS

Preface

Six thousand years of history ! What man in this busy age .-can find the time to wade through exhaustive histories of two hundred generations of men ? The first object of this book is to present a brief resume of Universal history, so that the reader may follow the march of time, and readily locate the great events of every century, and obtain a comprehensive view of all nations and all ages.

The second great aim is to put into the possession of Americans a world of information regarding their own country. The early history of the colonies is followed by a condensed but comprehensive record of the Revolution. The great events of the first hundred years of our national life are graphically sketched, including the lives of the presidents, political changes, our foreign wars, the Great Rebellion, and the Reconstruction that closes the century. Everything relating to our institutions which a citizen needs to know is presented with such an array of facts and statistics as bring in full review the marvelous progress and development of the country in population, wealth and enlightenment, and make this pre-eminently the American citizen's Centennial volume.

A third object of this work is to gather up the leading features and characteristics of the mighty men in various departments of human activity and present these for the study and guidance of the men of our times.

The world's history is really the history of its great men. Founders and reformers in religion, princes in finance, war, politics and philosophy, including our own men of mark, and historical names of other ages and countries are sketched, and their careers held up for approbation or warning. Naturally and necessarily much of our country's glorious history is condensed into the biographies of those who have made her prosperous, or are now controlling her destiny. The Chief Magistrates, exponents and representatives of opinions and parties, have their portraiture here. The rise of States is traced, and their position in thepolitvical heavens mapped out. Such a collection of facts renders this

PREFACE,

volume as interesting as a story and as helpful as a Cyclopedia. The substance of many volumes is concentrated in this, and in such space and form that one can gather into his mind, in brief hours of leisure, the results of years of research and composition.

In these days of the Press, books are multiplied until the attention is confused by their number and scope. It becomes a desideratum to find much matter compressed into a few pages, because time is money, and few can hunt through bushels of chaff for a few grains of wheat, or spend months over prolix histories and memoirs to glean what is needed for the actual necessities of information concerning questions of interest to the American citizen and the man of affairs.

Every reasonable exertion has been made to procure the best* sources of knowledge concerning each person and topic treated in this work, and to arrange the matter in a succinct and readable form. From the immense scope of subjects here surveyed and illustrated, every person who reads the work will be sure to find something of deep interest and peculiar value to himself, and its treatment and range is such as to constitute it, not an ephemeral thing, to be glanced at and cast aside, but a volume for frequent reference and recurring perusal. It is with this idea in view that the publisher has striven to impart to the work that thoroughness and attractiveness which shall give it welcome in the family and library of the masres of our intelligent countrymen.

In the bulk of curious information concerning our political fabric, and the summaries of laws and enactments affecting individuals, classes, and communities, it is intended to make the work essential — a sine-qua-non — to the people.

In recognition of the universal love ot pictorial representation, this volume is embellished with numerous illustrations, conveying, through the eye, to the mind, just and vivid conceptions of many of the characters and objects described, and of monuments of human skill and power, which minister to the gratification or the necessities of mankind*

Introduction

Universal History is commonly divided into three portions : —

I, Ancient History, which, beginning with the creation of the world, 4004 B. c, terminates a. d. 476, in the destruction of the Roman empire.

II, The Middle Ages, which extend from the fall of Rome, a. d, 476, to the discovery of America, a. d. 1492.

III, Modern History, which commences at the latter epoch, and if we do not distinguish it from Contemporaneous History, is continued to the present time.

The events which mark the separation between the First and Second periods, are the Irruption of the Barbarians, the <:onsequent fall of the Western Empire, and the foundation of the modern European states ; between the Second and the Third are the extension of learning by the invention of printing, the taking of Constantinople, the maritime discoveries of Spain and Portugal, with the more extensive use of fire-arms.

I. Ancient History may be subdivided into four periods : —

1. The Antediluvian^ comprising the creation, the fall of man with its immediate train of consequences, and ending with the general deluge, 2348 b. c.

2. The Heroic, commencing with the establishment of the earliest empires and most ancient cities, and including the fabulous ages of Greece.

3. The Historic, which begins with the first Olympiad, 776 b. c, nearly synchronous with the foundation of Rome, 753 b. c, and comprises the legislative eras of Lycurgus and Solon, the rise and fall of the Persian monarchy, and the earlier part of Roman history to the end of Punic wars.

4. The Roman, from the fall of Carthage, 146 b. c, to that of Rome, A. d. 476.

II. The Middle Ages may be conveniently arranged in the following six periods . —

I, The foundation of the modern states of Western Europe, a. d. 476-622, when the Saxons invaded Britain, 449 ; the Visigoths settled in Spain, 507 ; the Ostrogoths in Italy, 489, and the Franks began the formation of the French monarchy, a, d, 481.

INTRODUCTION.

z. The Second comprehends the age of Mohammed, with the propagation of his creed and the establishment of the states which embraced bis religion, A, d. 622-800.

3. The Third embraces the period when the empire of the West was partially restored in the Franco-Germanic dominions of Charlemagne, 800-936.

4. The Fourth is the interesting period of the dark ages, 936- j 100, during which the monarchy of Charlemagne fell to ruin, the Capetian dynasty began to reign in France, Italy was parcelled out among a number of petty princes; while in Germany Otho commenced the long-continued struggle against feudalism.

5. The Fifth is the romantic or heroic period of the Crusades, 3096-1273, in which the Roman legal code, the foundation of great part of modern jurisprudence, began to be studied.

6. The Sixth beheld the revival of the Fine Arts in Italy, the taking of Constantinople and consequent diffusion of its learned men, the revival of letters, the discovery of America, 1492, and the passage round the Cape of Good Hope, 1497.

III. Modern History may be conveniently divided into six portions : —

1. The period of the Reformation, from its commencement by Luther, in 1517, till the termination of the long series of Italian wars, in 1559.

2. The period of the religious wars, particularly in France, from 1559 to the peace of Westphalia, in 1648, which produced many important changes in Europe.

3. The period from 1648 to the death of Louis XIV., in 1715., during which Russia entered into the European commonwealth, and Great Britain began to assume preponderating influence on the Continent.

4. The Fourth period terminates with the peace of Versailles, 1783, which established the independence of the United States. and during which Prussia became a first-rate power.

5. The French Revolution, from the meeting of the States-general, in 1789, to the restoration of the Bourbons, in 1815.

6. The period from the battle of Waterloo, 1815, to the present day.

COIsTTElSTTS,

ANCIENT HISTORY.

FORTY-FIRST CENTURY B. C ,.. 2i^

Creation — Man — Eden — The Fall — Expulsion from Eden.

THIRTY-NINTH CENTURY B. C -- -g

Cain and Abel — Death of Abel — Posterity of Adam — Seth, TubalCain— Expiatory sacrifices.

TWENTY-FOURTH CENTURY B. C 3®

Universal Depravity — The Deluge — Noah — The Ark — Human Life Shortened —Arts.

TWENTY-THIRD CENTURY B. C 3®

Babel — Dispersion of Mankind — Formation of Nations — Japhet and the White or Caucasian Race — Shem and the Tawny — Olive or Mongol Race — Ham and the Black Race — Primitive Languages.

TWENTY-SECOND CENTURY B. C - --■ 3^

Egypt— Commercial and Religious Centre— Beginning of Genuine Profane H istory — Thebes.

TWENTIETH CENTURY B. C - 33

Sacred History— Call of Abraham— Destruction of Sodom— Ninus, King of Assyria — The Ishmaelites.

NINETEENTH CENTURY B. C - 35

Egypt — Invasion of the Shepherds — Greece — Kingdom of Argos, founded by Inachus.

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY B. C ■- - 34

Sacred History — Esau and Jacob — ^Joseph in Egypt — Israelites settled in Gosheis — Egypt — Foreign Intercourse.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY B. C - 34

The Death of Joseph— Greece— The Pelasgi— Sicyon— The Hellenes.

SIXTEENTH CENTURY B. C , 35

Birth of Moses — Job — Greece — Cecrops— Deluge of Decalion — Amphyctyonic Council.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY B. C - 35

Exodus — Entry into Canaan — Egypt — Phoenicia — Greece — Theseus — Court of Areopagus — Thebes — Sparta — Corinth Founded.

FOURTEENTH CENTURY B. C - --- 3^

Judaea — Deborah — Sisera — Ruth — Greece — Minos.

THIRTEENTH CENTURY B. C 3^

Gideon — Greece — Pelopidse — Argonauts — Ninus founds the Assyrian Empire,

XIV CONTENTS.

TWELFTH CENTURY B. C 39

Judaea — Jeptha — Samson — Greece — Siege of Troy — Grecian Mythology — Greek Colonies — Inventions — Mariner's Compass.

TENTH CENTURY B. C... - 39

Revolt of the Ten Tribes — Elijah — Ahab — Homer and Hesiod — Benhadad, king of Damascus.

NINTH CENTURY B. C 39

Jehu — Jonah — Greece — Lycurgus — Macedonia — Caranus, first king — Carthage — Dido.

EIGHTH CENTURY B. C 40

Captivity of the Ten Tribes — Isaiah — Greece — First Olympiad — Assyria — Sardanapalus — Rome founded — Lydia.

SEVENTH CENTURY B. C 4I

Judaea — Assyria — Media and Persia — Egypt — Greece — Rome — Literature in Palestine and Greece.

SIXTH CENTURY B. C 4I

End of Captivity — Second Temple — Nebuchadnezzar — Cyrus — Babylon taken — Darius — Egypt — Solon — Servius Tullius — China — Confucius — Literature — Discoveries.

FIFTH CENTURY B. C 42

Judaea — Persia — Marathon — Pericles — Roman Consuls — Carthage — Literature — Discoveries.

FOURTH CENTURY B. C 43

Socrates — Alexander — Rome taken by the Gauls — Literature — Plato — Demosthenes — Discoveries.

THIRD CENTURY B. C - --- 43

First Punic War — Achaean League — Macedon — Ptolemy — Philadelphus— Septuagint — Inventions — First Silver money coined at Rome — Literature.

SECOND CENTURY B. C - - 43

Rome — Corinth and Carthage — Judas Maccabaeus — Inventions — Literature.

FIRST CENTURY B. C - 44

Rome — Cataline— Augustus— Birth of Christ— Jerusalem taken by Pompey— Inventions — Literature.

CHRISTIAN ERA.

FIRST CENTURY 45

Britain— Judaea— The Christian Church— Crucifixion of Christ— Persecution of the Church — Inventions — Literature.

SECOND CENTURY 4^

Rome — The Church Persecution Discoveries —Astronomy Literature

Authors and Books.

THIRD CENTURY - 4^

Rome — Invasion of Barbarians — Palmyra — Persia— The Church — Literature- Christian Writers.

CONTENTS. XV

FOURTH CENTURY 46

Constantine — Division of the Empire — Establishment of Christianity — Nicene Council — Inventions — Eusebius — ^Chrysostom, etc.

FIFTH CENTURY _ 46

Foundation of Modern States — Eastern Empire — Western Empire — Republic of Venice — Gaul — The Church — Conversion of Barbarians.

THE MIDDLE AGES.

FROM THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE TO THE REFORMATION 5O

SIXTH CENTURY 51

Greek Empire — Persia — Italy — France — Spain — Britain — The Church — Literature — Latin ceases to be a spoken Language.

SEVENTH CENTURY - 51

Greek Empire — Constantinople — Persia — Arabia — Mohammed — Italy — France — Spain — The Church — Literature — The Koran — Inventions.

EIGHTH CENTURY -. 53

Saracens — Mohammedan Conquests — Arabians in Spain — The Popes — Charles Martel and Pepin — The Romish Church.

WORLD IN THE TIMES OF CHARLEMAGNE 54

Western Empire — Eastern Empire — The Caliphs — Secondary Powers — Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Bohemia, Spain, Rome, Venice, England.

NINTH CENTURY ..., - 55

Macedonian Dynasty — The Turks — -Charlemagne — Germany — Italy — Alfred the Great — Anglo-Saxon Constitution — Church.

TENTH CENTURY - - 55

Greek Empire — The Emperor Otho — Feudalism — Germany — Britain — Madrid taken by Christians — Arabian Empire — Christian History — Inventions — Learned Men.

THE WORLD AT THE END OF THE TENTH CENTURY 56

ELEVENTH CENTURY 59

Various Nations — Kings and Wars — The Church — Celebrated Men — The Crusades.

STATE OF THE WORLD AT THE EPOCH OF THE CRUSADES 50

TWELFTH CENTURY.. 61

The East — The Wars of the Crusades — Second and Third Crusades — The Plantaganets — The Church — Literature — University of Cambridge.

THIRTEENTH CENTURY 61

Second Greek Empire — Papal Disputes — Italian Republics — Philip le Bel — The Great Charter in England— The East and the West — The Inquisition — Inventions — Celebrated Men.

RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES> 62

In Religion, Politics, Commerce, Industry, Learning and Civilization in General.

FOURTEENTH CENTURY 63

The East — Rise of the Ottoman Power — Europe — Charles IV — Rienzi — The Stuarts — Great Schism of the West — Inventions — Literature — Mariner's Compass — Linen Papei.

XVI CONTPJNTS.

FIFTEENTH CENTURY.. 64

Greek Empire and the East — Events in Germany — War in France — Joan of Arc — Religion and Politics in various European States — The Church — Carriages, Printing, etc. — Discovery of America — Literature and Art.

MODERN HISTORY.

FROM THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SIX- TEENTH CENTURY 70

SIXTEENTH CENTURY 72

Britain, Italy, Spain, United Provinces, Germany, Poland, The Scandinavians — The East — Colonies — Pizarro— Virginia Settled — Luther and the Reforma-^ tion — Calvin — Massacre of St. Bartholomew — Inventions — Telescope and Thermometer.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 73,

The Stuarts — Cromwell — Habeas Corpus Act — Louis XIV — Moors expelled from Spain — Thirty Years War — William and Mary — Peter the Great — The East — Colonies — East India Company — Boston founded — Maryland, etc., — Quakers — Barometer — Tea, Coffee, Sugar introduced — Newton.

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY _. 74

England — Conquest of Canada — Seven Years War — Louis XVI. — European Nations — Maria Theresa — Charles XII — Position of Poland — Frederick the Great — Catherine II — Asia — United States — Revolution — Federal Constitution — Religion — Many Discoveries and Inventions.

NINETEENTH CENTURY -- 75'

Great Britain — France — The Napoleons — Spain — Portugal — Italy becomes a Nation — Great Political events in Germany — Holland — Denmark- — Sweden — Prussia — Russia — Turkey — India — United States — Brazil — Spanish Colonies — The Netherlands — Austria — Greece — Mexico — Central America — Columbia — Peru and Bolivia — La Plata and Chili — The most recent events inthe History of the World — History of the last twenty-five years.

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA -. 80

Settlement of Greenland — Colonies lost in the Fifteenth Century — The Scandi. navian Discoverers — Theories of Columbus — Distrust of Portugal and Great: Britain — Assisted by Ferdinand and Isabella — Voyages — Discovery of the New World — Amerigo Vespucci, the Pretender — Oldest Town in America- Oldest Town Settled by English — Taxation of the Provinces — Refusal of the Colonies to submit — Stamp Act Repealed — The Struggle begun.

FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION , 8-?

OUR CENTENNIAL HISTORY.

THE DISRUPTION WITH ENGLAND 86'

First Colonial Congress — The causes which created it — England's oppression — Restriction of home production — English Parliament declares the right to tax America — The Colonists protest — The stamp Act passed — Strong opposition from the Colonies — Franklin called before The House of Commons — The stamp Act repealed — A second attempt to tax America — Tea thrown overboard in Boston Harbor — Second Colonial Congress meets at Philadelphia — The Colonists prepare for War.

CONTENTS. Xvii

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR ,q[

Lexington and Concord — Ticonderoga and Crown Point — Bunker Hill — The Continental Congress — George Washington appointed Commander in Chief — Raising an Army — Evacuation of Boston by Lord Howe — Independence Declared.

Capture of New York by the British — The Dark Hour of the War — Washington recrosses the Delaware — Trenton — Battle of Brandywine — Surrender of Burgoyne — Coalition with France — Battle of Monmouth — Savannah captured — Disasters of 1779 — The enemy capture Charleston — Benedict Arnold — Discouragement — General Greene in the South — Lafayette's Successes in Virginia — Cornwallis Surrenders at Yorktown— England wearies of the War — Peace and Independence — Articles of Confederation — Congress of 1787 — Constitution adopted.

After THE Revolution 94

THF. DECLARATION' OF IXDKPENDENCE - 96

THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTIO^ -- toI

Amendments to the Constitution — Fifteen Proposed and Adopted. 1x3

FATHERS OF THE REPUBLIC. ,. I20

PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS.

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS 122

Organizing the Government — Judiciary Established — Departments Constituted — United States Bank — Loan Negotiated — Taxes — Whisky Insurrection — Conflict with the Indians in Ohio Valley — Final Overthrow by Gen. Wayne — North Carolina — Vermont — Tennessee — Kentucky admitted to the Union

JOHN ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM 122

(Federalists and Democrats — War with France Imminent — Washington made Commander in Chief — The Directory make Overtures of Peace — Death of Washington — Seat of Government removed from Philadelphia to Washingtoa — Alien and Sedition Laws — Defeat of Federalists.

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS - 1 23

^Internal Revenue System — Ohio admitted — Louisiana Purchased — The Pirates of Barbary — Aaron Burr — English Encroachments on our Commerce — Indians Incited — Country Aroused — War in Prospect.

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS -23

iHarrison Destroys the Power of the Western Indians — Policy of Jefferson continued — Efforts to obtain Justice from England — War Declared.

THE WAR OF I8T2-1814 I24

Reverses on Land at Mackinaw, Detroit, Queenstown — Glorious successes on the Sea by Hull, Decatur and Bainbridge — Campaign of 1813 — Division of the Forces — Perry's Victory on Lake Erie — Battle of the Thames, Harrison Victorious — Tecumseh Slain — Jackson humbles Southern Indians — Lawrence destroys the Peacock — His Ship Captured by the Shannon — Winfield Scott at Fort Erie and Lundy's Lane — Battle of Plattsburg — Depredations on the Atlantic Coast — The Capitol Burned — Gen. Jackson in Florida — Battle of New Orleans — Peace — War Debt — Second National Bank — Tripoli reduced by Decatur.

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS I25

Purch?ise of Florida — Slavery — Missouri Compromise — The"Monroe Doctrine.'

J. Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM - - I2'j

Remarkable Prosperity — Internal Improvements — First Railroad — Erie Canal — Commerce and Manufactures — President's Policy — Death of John Adams and Thos. Jefferson.

XVlll CONTENTS.

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, TWO TERMS 126-'

Opposition Office Holders removed — Calhoun and Nullification — Secession threatened in S. Carolina — Prompt Action of Jackson — Clay's Compromise — End of United States Bank — Black Hawk War — Florida War — Gen. Taylor.

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM ,. 129-

Panic of 1837 — Suspension of Banks — Repudiation — United States Treasury — Treasury Notes — Continued Hard Times — Revolution in Politics.

HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS, ONE TERM I29.

Death of Harrison— General Bankrupt Act — Tyler's Disappointment of the Whigs — Resignation of the Cabinet — Northwest Boundary — Annexation of Texas.

folk's ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM _-. I29

MEXICAN WAR -. 129

First Skirmish — Gen. Taylor — Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma — Volunteers called out — Popular Enthusiasm — Santa Fe — Monterey — Chihuahua — Fremont takes Possession of California — Buena Vista — Gen. Scott invests Vera Cruz — Cerro Gordo — Capture of Jalapa and Puebla — Contreras— Cherubusco — Chapultapec — Capture of Mexico — Peace — Results of the War.

TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM I30'

Political Issue — Slavery — Compromise — Fugitive Slave Law — Universal Dissatisfaction — Secession — Conventions — Death of Pres. Taylor — Discovery of Gold in California — Emigration.

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM I3I

Missouri Compromise Repealed — Collisions in Kansas — Commercial Treaty with Japan — Dred Scot Decision — The Irrepressible Conflict between Slavery and Freedom — Political Campaign of 1856.

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, ONE TERM 13I

Slavery Agitations — Panic of 1857 — Utah Expedition — John Brown — Presidential Canvass of i860 — Candidates — Election of Lincoln — Palmetto Flag hoisted in Charleston — Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie — Infamy of Buchanan — South Carolina Secedes — Forts siezed by Southern States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, etc., Secede — Southern Confederacy.

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. TWO TERMS I33

THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.

THE WAR OF THE REBELLION I33

Secession of States — Beauregard Commands Southern Troops — Bombardment of Fort Sumter — Proclamation to Rebels — Call for 75,000 Volunteers — Massachusetts Troops Attacked in Baltimore — More Troops called out — Gen. Mc- Clellan — Virginia Invaded — West Virginia — Big Bethel — Boonville — First War Loan — Battle of Carthage — Southern Senators expelled — Rich Mountain — Garrick's Ford — Call for 500,000 Men authorized — Bull Run — Wilson Creek — Death of Lyon — Forts Hatteras and Clark captured — Cornifax Ferry — Ball's Bluff— Camp Wild Cat — Romney — Winfield Scott Resigns — Mason and Slidell — Davis elected President of Confederacy.

CAMPAIGN OF 1862 I34

Millsprings — Fort Henry — Forts on Roanoke Island — Fort Donelson — Pea Ridge — Merrimac and Monitor — Newburn — Winchester — Pittsburg Landing:

CONTENTS. . xix

. — Island No. lo — Fair Oaks — Cross Keys — Six Days Battle— Call for 300,- coo Volunteers — Draft Ordered — Cedar Mountain — Second Bull Run — South Mountain — Antietam — Emancipation Proclamation — Fredericksburg — Vicksburg — Murfreesborough.

. CAMPAIGN OF 1863 I36

Emancipation — Attack on Charleston — Red River Expedition — Second Defeat at Fredericksburg — Death of Stonewall Jackson — Grant's famous Series of Victories near Vicksburg — Gettysburg — Vicksburg Surrenders — Port Hudson — Chicamauga — Chattanooga — Siege of Knoxville.

CAMPAIGN OF 1864 I35

Draft for 500,000 Men — -.Grant made Lieutenant General — Massacre at Fort Pillow — Grant crosses the Rapidan — Battle of the Wilderness — Spottsylvania — Coal Harbor — Richmond Invested — Atlanta Captured — Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley — Politics — Election of Lincoln and Johnson — Sherman's March to the Sea — Nashville — Savannah captured.

CAMPAIGN OF 1865 13^

Capture of Fort Fisher — Columbia taken — Charleston occupied — Sheridan captures Early's army — Inauguration of Lincoln and Johnson — Confederate Congress adjourned Sine Die — Richm.ond Captured — Surrender of Lee — Lincoln Assassinated — Sherman captures Johnston — Capture of Jeff. Davis — War ended.

Johnson's administration i3g

Change of Policy — Dissatisfaction of Republican Party — Articles of Impeachment — Wheels of Legislation blocked by Antagonism between President and Senate — Election of Gen. Grant.

grant's first administration I3Q

Reconstruction — Peace Policy — Finances — New Indian Policy — Alabama Claims — N. W. Boundary — Internal Improvements — Commercial Activity — General Prosperity — Grant re-elected President.

grant's second administration 140

West Indies — Trans-continental Railroads — Complications vs^ith Spain — Speculation — Panic of 1873 — Restoration of Credit — Specie Payments.

history of the great seal of the united states - 141

origin and history of government 146

Parental — Patriarchal — Monarchal — Absolute and Limited Monarchy — Law — Republicanism.

birds-eye view of the united states 151

Latitude and Longitude — Boundaries — Area — Political Divisions — Rivers — Lakes— Mountain Ranges — Soil — Climate — Mineral Wealth — The People — Agricultural Products — Commerce — Internal Improvements — Educational System — Religious Liberty — Army and Navy.

OUR country 160

Poem, — "Our Country."

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE government OF THE UNITED STATES 16I

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT l62

Congress — Senate — House of Representatives — Signal Service.

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 164

XX CONTENTS.

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT I65

Supreme Court — Circuit Courts — District Courts — Court of Admiralty — Court of Claims — Local Governments.

THE STATE DEPARTMENT I7I

THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT I72

'Secretary of the Treasury — Bureaus — Our Financial System — Internal Revenue — Duties — Coinage — United States Mint.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR I79

Secretary of the Interior — Various Bureaus — Patents — Pensions — Indian Affairs — Bureau of Agriculture.

THE WAR DEPARTMENT I7g

Secretary of War — Bureaus — The Army — Articles of War.

THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 181

Secretary of the Navy — Bureaus — The Navy.

THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 182

Post Master General — Postage — The Attorney General.

FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES 183

Ambassadors — Ministers Plenipotentiary— Resident Ministers— Commissioners — Charge d' Affaires — Consuls.

THE MILITARY ACADEMY 185

DEPOTS OF WAR MATERIAL 185

MILITARY HOSPITALS 186

NAVY AND MARINE HOSPITALS l8g

NAVY YARDS _ I9O

THE NAVAL ACADEMY ,. IQO

THE NAVAL OBSERVATORY. I9I

THE COAST SURVEY - IQI

LIGHT HOUSES Ig3

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL _ I92

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS I93

SUFFRAGE AND CITIZENSHIP I94

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS I94

COPY-RIGHTS 1 95

REPORTS - 199

PASSPORTS 199

THE CENSUS 200

THE CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY - 200

THE PUBLIC PRINTING - 200

IMPEACHMENT 20I

DISTRICT ATTORNEYS 20I

UNITED STATES MARSHALS 202

GRAND JURY - --- 203

ELECTIONS 204

RATIO OF REPRESENTATION - 204

GOVERNMENT PRISONS -- 20$

PR OCLAMATIONS 206

CONTENTS. Xxi

COMMISSIONERS 20Q

OFFICIAL REGISTER . 2O9

THE STARS AND STRIPES 2IO

THE GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION 211

CHAPLAINS 211

COMPROMISES 212

TREASON - 213

NATIONAL BANKING- 213

THE NATIONAL DEBT 21 5

UNITED STATES BONDS 2l6

STATISTICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.

POPULATION 220

United States — Chinese Empire — British Empire — Russian Empire — German Empire — Increase in our Population — Comparison with other Nations — Causes of Rapid Growth — Annexation — Immigration — Natural Increase — Foreign Population — Value of each Immigrant — Increase in Different States • — Four Races Represented here — Indians — Mongolian Race — Hebrews — Anglo Saxons — Germans — Swedes — Irish — Romanic Nationalities-Sclavonic- Table of their Comparative Numbers.

Their Growth.

OCCUPATIONS AND BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY 227

Number of Persons employed — Males — Females — Agriculture — Professions — Trade and Transportation — Manufactures and Mechanical and Mining Industries

AGRICULTURE 228

Department of Agriculture — Methods of Farming — Aggregate Area of Farms — Total Area of Woodland — Cash Value of Farms — Value of Animals Sold-Live Stock — Domestic Animals — Horses — Sheep — Comparative Table — Average Size of Farms — •Irrigation — Great Staples — Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Potatoes, Rice, Tobacco, Cotton, Wool and Dairy Products — Comparative Tables.

MANUFACTURES 239

Ready made Clothing — Boots and Shoes — Cast Iron — Machinery — Sawed Lumber Leather Brick Building — Furniture — Glass — Agricultural Implements — Tobacco — Carriages and Wagons — Sugar — Distilleries, &c — Paper- Flour and Meal — Iron.

MINING 242

Gold and Silver — Comparative Tables — Quicksilver — Copper — Coal — Petroleum.

COMMERCE 24 5-

Exports — Imports — Table — Tonnage of Merchant Fleet — Number of Vessels entering our Port — Vessels on the Great Lakes — Coast Line.

DOMESTIC COMMERCE 249.

RAIL ROADS, TELEGRAPHS AND CANALS 25O

Rail Road System — The Telegraph Service — Canals.

XXU CONTENTS.

EDUCATION . ._ 251

General System — Common Schools — High Schools — Colleges and Universities — List of Colleges — Agricultural and Scientific Schools — Government Schools — Illiterates.

LIBRARIES 256

N umber — Private — Public.

THE PRESS --. 259

HISTORY OF THE POSTAI, SYSTEM 260

OUR POSTAL SYSTEM 261

THE HISTORY OF POSTAGE STAMPS 27O

MAILABLE MATTER 27I

RATES OF POSTAGE 273

SUGGESTIONS TO THE PUBLIC 274

FOREIGN MAILS 283

POSTAL CARDS -- --1. .- 285

FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS -'"- 286

FOREIGN POSTAGE '- 29I

REPORT OF POST MASTER GENERAL FOR 1875 292

POETRY — WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE ? 294

MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES 295

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS 299

PENSION LAWS -- 3O3

NATURALIZATION LAWS 316

PRE-EMPTION LAWS 321

soldier's HOMESTEAD LAW 325

HOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO GOVERNMENT LANDS 330

THE LAW OF NATIONS 333

ft THE FUTURE OF OUR COUNTRY 34O

HOW GOVERNMENTS ARE SUPPORTED 344

MILITARY RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES 345

THE CENTENNIAL SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. . . -' 345