A treatise on physiology and hygiene for educational institutions and general readers : fully illustrated

Front matter

- .

Hutchison's Physiology

and Hygiene.

Preface

THIS work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced to enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter.

Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many scientific terms not in common use.

In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the best material at his command, and freely used it ; the special object being to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a work of this kind.

Instruction in the rudiments of Physiology in schools does not necessitate the general practice of dissection, or of experiments upon animals. The most important subjects may be illustrated by drawings, such as are contained in this work. Models, especially those constructed by Auzoux of Paris, dried preparations of the human body, and the organs of the lower animals, may also be used with advantage.

4 PREFACE.

The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to R. M. Wyckoff, M.D., for valuable aid in the preparation of the manuscript for the press ; and to R. Cresson Stiles, M.D., a skillful microscopist and physician, for the chapter " On the Use of the Microscope in the Study of Physiology/'

Preface To The Revised Edition

In the preparation of this edition, each paragraph has been carefully revised, but the changes that have been made relate chiefly to verbal alterations and errors of typography. Several new illustrations have, however, been introduced, and wherever practicable, the names of the organs have been printed on them, instead of under them with letters and lines pointing them out. This arrangement the pupil will find to be a great improvement. Considerable new material has also been added on the influence of alcohol and narcotics on health.

The favor with which the book has been received is the most conclusive evidence of its adaptation to the needs of the pupil

Contents

CHAPTER L

Pags THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY.

The Bones — Their form and composition— The Properties of Bone — The Skeleton — The Joints — The Spinal Column — The Growth of Bone — TIte Bepair of Bone — Changes in the Skeleton — Erect Position 15

Appendix

Poisons and their antidotes 290

Drowning 293

Care of the Sick-room . . 293

Disinfection 295

Emergencies 297

Home and Health * 300

On Going intg the Country 302

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Frontispiece.

Viscera in Position.

1. Section of bone,

2. The skeleton, ....

3. Structure of bone, magnified,

4. Ribs in natural and healthy state,

5. Ribs showing effects of tight lacing,

6. Cells of cartilage,

7. Elbow-joint, ....

8. Spinal column,

10. Muscular tissue, magnified, .

1 1. Biceps muscle of the arm,

12. Muscles and tendons of the hand,

13. Lower portion of the leg,

14. View of knee-joint, ....

15. Appliance for strengthening the muscles,

16. Appliance for strengthening the muscles,

17. Root and transverse section of hair, magnified

18. Section of skin,

19. Granules of potato starch,

20. Section of the trunk, ....

21. Section of a tooth, .....

22. Section of the jaws, ....

23. Section of the jaws — right side,

24. Structure of a salivary gland,

25. Head of a horse, showing salivary gland, etc.

26. Section of chest and abdomen,

27. Alimentary canal, .....

28. Thelacteals,

29. The kidneys and bladder,

30. Blood corpuscles, highly magnified,

31. Blood corpuscles of man and lower animals, magnified,

32. Circulation of the blood,

33. External view of the heart

Opposite

10 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS,

no.

34. Section of the heart, . . .

35. Left section of the heart, )

36. Right section of the heart, J °PP 0Slte •

37. Form of the pulse, . .

38. Valves of the veins,

39. Web of frog's foot, magnified, .

40. Circulation in a frog's foot, .....

41. Organs of the chest,

42. Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes, .

43. Diagram of the structure of the air-cells, .

44. Section of the lungs,

45. Section of mouth and throat, ....

46. Ciliated cells, .......

47. Ventilation by window, .....

48. Cerebro-spinal system, . . ...

49. Upper surface of the cerebrum, ....

50. Vertical section of the brain, ....

51. Base of the brain, ......

52. Brain and spinal cord,

53. Section of spinal cord,

54. Sense of touch,

55. Section of nasal cavity, .....

56. Front view of the eye,

57. Vertical section of the eye, magnified,

58. Front section of eyeball, .....

59. Diagram of blind point of the eye,

60. The retinal image,

61. The different shapes of the globe of the eye,

62. The function of accommodation, ....

63. The ear and its different parts, ....

64. Showing the internal mechanism of the ear, magnified,

65. Section of the right ear,

66. Section of the larynx and trachea,

67. A view of the vocal cords by means of the laryngoscope,

68. The different positions of the vocal cords,

69. Double convex and plano-convex lenses, .

70. Simple microscope, . , . . .

71. Compound microscope, . ,. , '. f

Introduction

rpHE Human Body is the abode of an immortal spirit, and is the most complete and perfect specimen of the Creator's handiwork. To examine its structure, to ascertain the uses and modes of action of its various parts, how to protect it from injury, and maintain it in a healthy condition, is the design of this work.

The departments of knowledge which are concerned in these investigations, are the science of Human Physiology and the art of Hygiene.

Physiology treats of the vital actions and uses of the various parts of living bodies, whether vegetable or animal. Each living thing, therefore, has a Physiology. We have a Vegetable Physiology, which relates to plants ; and an Animal Physiology, relating to the animal kingdom. The latter is also divided into Comparative Physiology, which treats of the inferior races of animals, and Human Physiology, which teaches the uses of the various parts of the human body.

Hygiene, or the art of preserving health, is the practical use of Physiology. It teaches us how to cultivate our bodily and mental powers, so as to increase our strength, and to fit us for a higher enjoyment of life. It also shows us how to prevent some of the accidents which may befall the body, and to avoid disease. It is

12 INTRODUCTION.

proper that we should understand the construction and power of our bodies ; but it is our duty, as rational beings, to know the laws by which health and strength may be maintained and disease warded off.

There are various means by which we gain important information respecting the Physiology of man. Plants aid us in understanding the minute structure of the human body, its circulation, and absorption. From inferior animals we learn much in respect to the workings of the different organs, as we call those parts of the system which have a particular duty to perform. In one of them, as in the foot of the frog, we can study the circulation of the blood; in another, we can study the action of the brain.

By vivisection, or the laying bare of some organ of a living animal, we are able to investigate certain vital processes which are too deeply hidden in the human body to be studied directly. This is not necessarily a cruel procedure, as we can, by the use of anaesthetics, so blunt the sensibility of the animal under operation, that he need not suffer while the experiment is being performed. There are other means by which we gather our information. There are occasionally men, who, from some accident, present certain parts, naturally out of view, in exposed positions. In these cases, our knowledge is of much greater value than when obtained from creatures lower in the scale of being than man.

We are greatly aided, also, by the use of various instruments of modern invention. Chief among these is the microscope, which is, as we shall learn hereafter, an arrangement and combination of lenses in such a way as greatly to magnify the objects we wish to examine.

We have much to say of Life, or vital activity, in the course of our study of Physiology ; but the most that we know of it is seen in its results. What Life is, or where its precise position is, we are not able to determine. We discover one thing, however, that all

INTRODUCTION. 13

the parts of the body are united together with wonderful sympathy, so that one part cannot be injured and other parts not suffer damage. It is further evident that all organs are not equally important in carrying on the work of Life; for some may temporarily suspend their action, without serious results to the system, while others must never cease from acting. Yet there is nothing superfluous or without aim in our frames, and no part or organ can suffer harm without actual loss to the general bodily health. On this point Science and Holy Writ strictly agree.

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.