Treatise on the dental art, founded on actual experience

Front matter

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Preface

The reputation of the author of this Treatise entitles his opinions upon the various subjects connected with the science of dental surgery to deference and respect, and it is believed will win for the present version of it a favourable reception.

The translator has endeavoured to give a faithful interpretation of the views of his author, and would have preferred essaying no farther than this, did not the many improvements made in this department of the curative art within a few years past render it ne* cessary that he should omit or condense certain passages that would in the present condition of the science be of no profit, and to append notes to others to explain or to refute whatever appeared ambiguous or erroneous.

Of the third part he need only remark, that although it contains information of value to every dentist, it would not serve as a guide in the department of the art to which it is devoted. The necessity of other information was therefore so manifest that the Treatise of Dr. Solyman Brown, the most complete upon this

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VI

PREFACE.

subject extant, has been levied upon to atone for this deficiency.

The translator also makes his acknowledgments of the obhgations he is under to the various other authors whose writings he has without ceremony appropriated to his use. He has made such selections with his best discrimination, and it is his highest hope that in his humble vocation of translator and compiler his labours may prove of utility to the members of his profession.

J. B. S.

Baltimore, December, J842,

Part 1. Anatomy And Physiology

Page

The mouth and its appendages 15

The lips or anterior wall of the mouth 15

The palate, or posterior walls of the mouth 16

The cheeks J or lateral walls of the mouth 17

The palatine roof, or superior part of the mouth 18

The base, or inferior part of the mouth 19

The tongue 19

The different parts that enter into the formation of the mouth. 20

The bones 20

M uscles of the mouth 20

Nerves 21

Arteries , , , 21

Veins , 21

Salivary glands 22

The parotid gland 22

The sub-maxillary gland 22

The sub-lingual gland 22

The teeth in general 23

The incisores 25

The cuspidati 25

The bicuspides , 26

The molares - - 26

Teeth of first dentition 27

Structure of the teeth 28

Enamel of the teeth » . . . . 28

Osseous part of the teeth ^ 30

Dental pulp 31

Development of the teeth 32 viii CONTENTS.

Mechanism of the eruption of the teeth 35

Varieties of number 37

Varieties of form 37

Varieties of position 37

Varieties of structure and consistency 37

Uses of the teeth 38

Mechanism of the eruption of the teeth of first dentition 38

Mechanism of the eruption of the teeth of second dentition 40

First and second dentition and the means of preventing evils that

may result therefrom 44

Salivation or ptyalism 4G

Inflammation, swelling and pain in the glands. 48

Convulsions 50

Diarrhoea, accompanied by vomiting 51

Constipation 52

Second dentition and the evils that accompany it 53

Evils that accompany the eruption of the third molar teeth 55

DENTAL PATHOLOGY.

Sect. I. Arrangement of the teeth 57

Inversion of the dental arches C3

Sect. II. Diseases of the dental substance 65

Denudation of the teeth 6()

Cracking of the teeth 68

Fractures of the teeth 70

Erosion of the teeth 73

Decomposition of the enamel 74

Discoloration of the teeth , 75

Caries of the teeth 77

Calcareous decay 81

Peeling decay 83

Perforating decay. .. o 83

Black decay 83

Diruptive decay 84

Stationary decay , 84

Decay resembling denudation 84

Destruction of the roots of teeth. 85

Exostosis of the teeth . 86

Spina ventosa g7

Necrosis of the teeth 87

Inflammation of the alveolo-dental membrane.... S3

CONTENTS. ix

Inflammation of the dental pulp 8S

Fungus of the dental pulp 90

Ossification of the dental pulp 90

SscT. III. Diseases of the teeth relative to their connexions 91

Loosening of the teeth, &c 91

Luxation of the teeth 92

Loosening of the teeth 95

Replacement of the teeth in their sockets 95

Dental tartar 96

Odontalgia, or toothache 101

Pain occasioned by disease of the teeth 301

Pain proceeding from disease in the surrounding parts 101

Pain in the teeth from exterior causes 102

Means of remedying pain in the teeth and surrounding parts. 102

The gums and their various morbid affections 107

Sect. I. Inflammation of the gums 108

Aphthae 108

Phlegmasia resulting from the perforation of the gums at

the period of dentition 110

Phlegmon or abscess of the gums Ill

Fistulous ulcers of the gums 113

Adhesion of the gums to the cheeks 114

Sect. II. Swelling and various ulcerations of the gums 115

Afiections of the gums in scorbutus 115

Gangrene of the gums , 118

Affections of the gums in scrofula 118

Affections of the gums occasioned by syphilitic virus 118

Affections of the gums caused by the use of mercury 119

Sect. HI. Fungus of the gums 120

Fungous tumours, or epules 120

PART 11.

DENTAL HYGIENE AND THERAPEUTICS.

General means of preserving the teeth and all other parts of the mouth at all periods of life 125

Means of preserving the gums 126

Dentifrices, powders, opiates, liquids, elixirs, &c 127

Charcoal 127

Soot 127

X CONTENTS.

Bark 128

Salt 128

Alum, cream of tartar, oxalic acid 128

Detersive powder « 128

Detersive and tonic powders * * . . * , 129

Acidulated dentifrices 129

Opiates and mixtures 129

Liquors, elixirs and tinctures for the mouth 130

Philodontic and antispasmodic liquid 130

Tonic elixir. j * 131

Instruments and materials used for cleaning teeth ^ ........ . 133

Brushes 133

Sponge, or cotton 133

Tooth-picks 134

Roots 134

Coral sticks 134

General rules for the preservation of the teeth 134

The various operations appertaining especially to the Dental Art, and

the different instruments proper for their performance 136

Operations relating to the teeth, and designed to facilitate their eruption 136

Manner of directing second dentition 137

Mode of correcting irregularities 139

Removal of dental tartar and the instruments proper in the operation 141

Manner of filing teeth 143

Cauterizing the teeth 147

Manner of plugging teeth 150

Manner of luxating teeth 153

Manner of extracting teeth 155

Instruments for the extraction of teeth 158

Garengeot's key, and the manner of using it 158

Garengeot's key improved 160

The curved shaft 160

Point of support 161

Hooks describing nearly right angles 161

The straight forceps 161

The curved forceps 162

The curved hawks-beak forceps. ..... 162

The straight hawks-bill forceps 163

The simple elevator 163

The fish tongue 163

The excising forceps 164

CONTENTS. . xi

Precautions after the extraction of teeth 168

The accidents that may result from the extraction of teeth 168

Pain of the teeth after extraction and attendant evils 169

Contusions and lacerations of the gums 169

Fracture of the alveolar process 170

Hemorrhage 170

Rupture of the maxillary sinus, fracture of the alveolar arches, and

luxation of the jaw 172

Loosening, fracture and complete extraction of the teeth 174

Loosening of the teeth 174

Fracture of the teeth 174

Accidental extraction of one or more of the teeth 175

Transplanting teeth 175

Part III

MECHANICAL DENTISTRY, OR ODONTOTECHNY, AND THE MECHANICAL MEANS OF REMEDYING LESIONS OF THE PALATINE ARCH.

General considerations upon artificial teeth 179

Artificial teeth 180

Bones of the ox 181

Teeth of oxen, horses and cows 181

Ivory 181

Mother of pearl 182

Hippopotamus 182

Tooth of the whale 183

Human teeth 183

Incorruptible teeth 1 85

Wax o 187

The various modes of taking impressions, making moulds, stamping

plates, &c 189

Manner of preparing a mould of wax 191

Manner of preparing a sulphur mould. 191

Manner of obtaining a metal mould 191

Manner of stamping plates 192

Manner of inserting artificial teeth 193

Preparation of a root previous to the attachment of an artificial crown 193

Pivot teeth, and the manner of inserting them 194

Ligatures, plates and clasps used to retain artificial teeth 197 xii CONTENTS.

Ligatures 198

Raw silk 198

China root 198

Thread of aloes... 198

Metallic ligatures 198

Plates, clasps and springs 199

Plates 199

Clasps 199

Springs 199

Artificial teeth, their fabrication, and mode of attachment 199

Teeth' carved from the sea-horse tooth 199

Natural teeth mounted upon the sea-horse tooth base 200

incorruptible teeth mounted upon sea-horse tooth base 201

Human teeth mounted upon a metallic plate 201

Incorruptible teeth 202

Mode of application 202

Manner of adapting the shape of artificial (eeth 202

Manner of soldering a pivot to an incorruptible tooth 203

Complete sets, and the means of their attachment 204

Complete sets made of the sea-horse tooth 205

Complete dentures of human and incorruptible teeth upon a base of

sea-horse tooth 206

Complete sets of human teeth upon gold or sea-horse teeth bases 206

Superior dentures maintained by means of a metallic plate adapted to

tb e inferior j aw 206

Manner of attaching dentures in the mouth by means of spiral springs. 207

Manner of making spiral springs 207

Spring carrier 208

Obturators, or the means of remedying lesions of the palatine arch.. . 208

Obturators sustained by sponge 209

Obturators sustained by clasps 210

Obturators sustained by a button 210

Obturators sustained by a bolt 210

Obturators with moveable wings 210

Obturators connected with dentures 211

The care necessary for the preservation of artificial teeth 211

Artificial gums 212

Treatise on Mechanical Dentistry 213

Alphabetical Table of Authors on Dental Surgery, &c 267

Description of Plates 287