Trees and tree-planting

Chapter I. Forest Destruction

Effect of Forest Destruction upon a Country. — Effects Produced in Europe and Asia. — The Ancient Habitableness of those Regions Contrasted with Modern Barrenness and Unproductiveness. — Forests as an Essential to Industry and Comfort. — Dependence of Mankind on Wood. — A Consideration for Future Wants. — Telling Results of the Wilful Waste of the Atlantic States Forests. — Manner of Meeting the Question of Wholesale Destruction. — System of Forest Management in France and Germany. — The Unprotected State of American Forests generally. — The Forest Regions of the Northwest, and a Suggestion for their Preservation Page 1

Chapter II. Consequences Of Forest Destruction

The Wasteful Havoc of Forest-lands, and its Serious Consequences. — The Indifference Manifested towards Remedying the Evil. — The Action of Public Corporations on Forest-lands. — The Efforts of Dr. Drake to Protect Forests. — The Evil Consequences of Non-attention. — Probable Date of a Timber Famine in the United States. — The Inherited Duties of Americans. — The Destined Uses of Nature's Growth. — Fencing and Railroad Interests as a Means of Forest Destruction. — Annual Destruction and Replacement Contrasted. — Convincing Necessaries 6

Chapter III. Effect Of Forests On A Country

The Effect of Trees on Humidity, Evaporation, Rainfall, and Prevailing Winds. — Nebraska's Generous Labor in Behalf of the Reproduction of Trees, and her Reward. — Humidifying Influence of the Pacific Winds on Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin. — The Humidity of Forests, to What Due.— The Theory of Condensation in Connection

VI CONTENTS.

with Trees. — Evil Results of Forest Destruction in Santa Cruz. — The Serious Results of Forest Destruction to Manufacturing Industries. — The Tree-planting of Lower Egypt and Consequent Rainfall. — Moisture Distribution of Kansas and Nebraska, to What Due. — The Agricultural Benefits Derived from Tree-planting in Australia. — The Australian Desert's Reclamation Possible. — The Destruction of Forest-lands for Agricultural Purposes in the United States. — Decrease of Lumber Supply and its Increasing Value. — Precautionary Measures Discussed Page 11

Chapter IV. Danger Of Timber Famlne

Convincing Proofs of the Approach of a Timber Famine. — Manufacture of Charcoal in New England, and Quantities of Wood Annually Consumed thereby. — The Destruction of Forests on the Tittabawassee and Cass Rivers Illustrated. — The Immensity of Forest Destruction in Nevada.— A Prediction of Nevada's Future. . 17

Chapter V. Destroying The Redwood

A Description of the Redwood Forests.— Lumbering Operations in the Redwood Forests in Detail. — The Advantages of Skilled Axemen in Lumbering Operations. — The Axeman's Efficiency in Time of War. — The Mill Machinery, of What Consisting. — Process of Preparing the Timber. — Immense - sized Trees. — Average Yield of Sawed Stuff per Acre. — The Forest Soil Described. — Depth of Root of the Redwood-tree, to What Due. — A Reasonable Explanation. — Great Age of the Redwood-tree. — Manner of Growth and General Appearance. — Experiences of the Log Camp. — Redwood Logging in California 20

Chapter VI. Famous Trees Of The World

The Forest World and Human Life Compared. — Remarkable-sized Trees, Where Found. — The Largest and Oldest Specimens in the World. — Adanson's Experience of the Age of Trees. — "The African Baobab," " Californian Pine," "American Cypress," "The Tree Shelter of Cortez," " The Chestnut-tree of Mount Etna," "The Babylonian Tree," " The Wiirtemberg Linden-tree," " The Ancient Oaks of England," " The Old Walnut-tree of the Balkans," " The Banyan-tree of Ceylon," "The Ancient Cedar Forest of Lebanon," "The Feathery Cocoanut and Fan-like Palmyra of India," "The Date-tree," "American Trees of Historic Fame," "The Walnut-tree," "The Soap Plant of California," "The Mulberry-tree," "The Jonesia Asika" and "The Tamala of India," "The Shakespearian Mulbeny," " The Wads worth Oak of New York," " The Live-oaks

CONTENTS. yii

of Florida," and the Grand Oaks of Europe variously and separately Described.— The Oriental Mulberry Proverb.— A Quotation from Genesis Page 27

Chapter VII. The Oldest Timber Est The World

Where Found, and Uses to which Put.— Its Present Preserved Condition and Sacred History.— The Ancient Trees of America, Where Found. — Petrified Relics. — Evidences of Ancient Tree-growth in Nevada.— Indian Tradition on the Tree-growth of Nevada.— Carbonized Tree-trunks 35

Chapter VIII. The Beauty Op Trees

Their Varieties of Feature and Form and Diversity of Character. — The Attributes of Trees. — The Essential Condition of Beauty in Trees. — Beauty of Forest Retreats. — The Forest Enjoyments and Joyous Inhabitants. — Individual and Collective Beautifying of Trees, How Realized 37

Chapter IX. Influence Of Trees On Climate

Forest Resources of India. — Formation and Development of the Forest Service of India. — Utility of Indian Forests, of What Consisting. — Traces of Flooded Areas.— Decrease of Stream in Punjab Rivers, to What Due. — The Temperature of Russia, How Affected by Forest Destruction. — Difficulty of Replanting Trees in Russia. — A Striking Illustration of a Forest-denuded Country. — Khanate of Bokhara. — Its Fertility Now and Thirty Years ago Contrasted. — Bavarian Observations. — Ascertained Influence of Forests on Climate, Relative Moisture, Fertility, and Healthfulness, with Illustrations. — The Distribution of Rainfall and Forests of the United States. — Serious Discoveries in the United States in Connection with Forest Destruction. — An Unpleasant Future Prospect. — Industrious Prosperity of the United States, How Threatened. — Saying of Dr. Hayes and How it Concerns the United States 41

Chapter X. Warmth Of Trees In Winter And Coolness In Summer

Temperature of Trees. — Their Winter Warmth and Summer Coolness. — Differences of Temperature of Different Trees Illustrated. — Heat-producing Property of Trees Exemplified. — Local Heating Influence of Forests. — The Additional Property of Evergreens. — Their Twofold Office.' 45

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Chapter XI. The Blood Of Trees

Experiments in Connection with the Circulation of Sap in Trees. — Variety of Sap-exuding Trees. — Non Sap-yielding Species. — The Influence of Climate on Flow of Sap. — Composition of Sap, to What Due. — Distinctive Characteristics of Sap-yielding Trees Demonstrated. — Effect of the Temperature of Soil and Atmosphere on Sap-flow. — Principal Ingredients of Sap. — Daily Meteorological Observations and What they Prove. — Explanations on the Alternations of Sap-flow. — The Observations of Biot and Nevins, and What they Determine. — The Opinion of Mr. Hubbard Confirmed by Experiments. — The Absorbent Power of Roots. — Development of Leaf and Flower, How Influenced, and Origin of their Vitality. .Page 47

Chapter XII. Shelter-belt S

Vegetable Need of Protection Illustrated. — Observed Fallacies and Reasonable Contradictions. — Laws of Heat Radiation Demonstrated. — Nightly Atmospheric Heating. — Condition and Elevation of Air Favorable to Vegetable Life. — Atmospheric Vapor, How Supplied.

— The Benefits of Transpiration of Forests. — Observations in Europe, and What they Prove. — A Conclusion Established. — Adduced Facts. — Motion of the Atmosphere. — Liquid and Aerial Motion Contrasted. — Aerial Motion Illustrated. — Protective Systems and their Controlling Influences. — Experienced Facts versus Theory. — A Study for the Orchardist and Farmer. — Experienced Testimony on the Influence of Shelter-Belts 54

Chapter XIII. Kinds Of Trees To Plant

The White, Blue, Black, Green, Red, and European Ashes.— Their Growth, Usefulness, and Manner of Culture. — Climate and Soil best Suited to their Growth. — Distinguishing Traits and Properties of Varieties.— The Mountain Ash.— Its Deportment, Uses, and Manner of Propagating.— Its Enemies.— The American Flowering Ash Described 63

Chapter XIV. The Walnut

Its Culture, Usefulness, and Productiveness.— Value of the Walnut as a Crop.— Seed per Acre— Its Nativity. — Traces of its Antiquity and Introduction into Europe.— Recognized Roman Varieties and their Names. —Its Modern Cultivation and Increased Varieties.

— The Black Walnut. — Where Found, Attainable Size, and Attendant Features. — The Butternut. — Climate best Suited to its

CONTENTS. IX

Growth.— General Qualities. — Its Medicinal Properties. — The English Walnut. — Its Cultivation, Distinguishing Properties, and Fruitfulness Page 70

CHAPTER XY.

THE MAPLES.

The Sugar Maple: its Productiveness, Peculiarities of Growth, Foliage, and Manner of Culture.— A Proposition Worthy of Note. — Placing Maple-groves with Respect to Shelter. — The Advantages of Regular Planting. — Thrift of Trees when Transplanted from Dense Thickets. — Preferable Transplants. — Timber and Fuel Qualities of Maple. — Its Ornamental Standard. — The Chief Uses of Maple. — Peculiarity of its Seed. — Soil best Adapted to its Growth. — The Soft Maple: its Wild and Cultivated Thrift, Manner of Planting, and Uses. — The Red Maple : Range of Growth, Native Home and Standard Timber, and other Qualities. — The Ash-leaved Maple: its Uses, Growth, and Ornamental Advantages. — The Striped Maple: Where Found, Growth, and Ornament. — The Norway Maple : its Advantages. — The Large and Round-leaved Maples generally Described 74

Chapter XVI. The Elms

The White Elm. — Its Usefulness. and Demand.— Growth and Attainment.— Elms, How Planted. — Additional Cropping of Area.— Resistance against Insects. — Its Use as a Shade-tree. — The Elm as Described by Michaux. — Its Ancient and Modern Popularity. — Soil Suited to its Growth. — Effect of Crowded Planting on its Appearance. — Its Ornamental Usefulness. — The Corky White Elm. — Its Distinguishing Features. — Its Additional Name. — The Wahoo, or Winged Elm. — Its Distinguishing Growth and Scarcity. — Uses to which Put. — Its Medicinal Properties. — The Red Elm. — Its Relative Kindred. — Elevated Home. — Its Growth and Usefulness.— Soil Suited to its Growth. — Durability of its Wood.— The Uses of Small Specimens. — Its Enemies and Objections 82

Chapter XVII. Tiie Locust

The Honey-Locust. — Where Found and Convenient Usefulness. — Its Growth and Value. — Locust- wood as Pavement. — An Exceptional Specimen. — Uses of the Thorny and Thornless Varieties, and their Characteristics. — Distinguishing Variety Features. — Its Resisting Properties to Destructive Agencies. — Experience of Mr. Helme on Locust-planting. — Manner of Sowing its Seed for Hedge. — Manner of Transplanting Explained. — Its Usefulness as a Wind-break. —

X CONTENTS.

Successful Hedge-growing Experiments. — The Water-Locust. — Its Growth.— General Characteristics Compared with the Honey- Locust. —Where Found and Soil Suitable to its Growth.— The Yellow and Common Locust variously Described. — The Rose-flowered Locust Described Page 85

Chapter XVIII. The Chestnut

A Favorable Notice.— Its Remunerative Returns. — Manner of Setting Out and Caring For.— Benefits of Cutting Back.— Ground Suited to its Growth.— A Difficulty of its Raising.— Manner of Sowing its S eec l_\yi n ter Preservation of Plants. — Time to Transplant.— A Release from a Difficulty. — Chestnut-planting in Nevada, and Productiveness.— Growth of the Chestnut in North Carolina, and its Great Growth in Europe.— An Old Tree and its Productive Bearing.— Uses of Chestnut Wood.— Its Durability.— The Chincapin.— Where Found.— Quality of its Fruit.— Durability of Wood.— Its Growth Influenced by Climate 90

Chapter XIX. The Box-elder

Its Nativity.— Range of Growth and Soil Suited to its Growth.— General Appearance and Duration of Life.— Description of its Wood, Bark, and Leaf. — Large Specimens, Where Found. — Manner of Sowing its Seed.— A Suggestion by Michaux.— Date of Introduction into Europe. — Attained Height 93

Chapter XX. The Birch

The Canoe-Birch.— Its Romantic and Legendary Connections.— Youthful Reminiscences.— Its Native Home and Attainable Dimensions. — Color and Use of its Bark.— European and American Birch. — Their Growth.— Advantages of Dense Sowing. — Its Value as Fuel. —Characteristics.— Seed, Where Obtained.— Soil Suited to its Production.— Black Birch.— Its Usual Height.— Its Wood Described. — Where Found.— Seed, when Ripe.— Yellow Birch.— Where it Thrives.— Height and General Characteristics.— The Red Birch.— Its Proportions. —Its Climate. — Seed, when Ripe. —The White Birch. — Its Insignificance. — Its Only Virtue 95

Chapter XXI. The Hickory

Its Favored Emblematic Character.— Productive Qualities.— Manner of Planting for Fruit and for Wood.— The Shellbark Hickory.— Its Features, Form, and Character. — Its Twofold Merits. — The

CONTENTS. XI

Thick Shellbark Hickory.— General Characteristics. — Quality of its Fruit. — Composition of Leaf. — Pignut Hickory. — Its Size, Attainable Height, and Particular Qualities. — Quality of its Fruit, and for What Used.— The Mocker Nut. — Attainable Height and Size. — Manner of Growth. — Its Fruit Described. — Distinguishing Characteristics. — Probable Eeason of its Name. — The Pecan Nut. — Its Attainable Height. — Quality of its Wood and Fruit. — General Appearance and Productiveness. — The Bitter-Nut Hickor} r . — Its Associate Trees. — Where Found and Progressive Decrease. — Its Liability to Destruction Page 97

Chapter XXII. The Pines

Their Rank among Trees. — Uses to Which Put. — Produce of the Pine. — Places Famous for its Growth. — Its Ornamental Advantages. — The White Pine. — Its Attainable Height and Size. — Scarcity of the Pine in New England and Other States, and Cause. — Present Supply, from Where Procured. — Future Prospects of Pineries. — Its Accommodating Growth. — Soil Suited to its Growth. — Effect of Varied Soils on Quality of its Wood. — An Objection to its Ornamental Qualities. — Properties of its Wood as Fuel. — A Suggestion on Planting the Pine. — The Red Pine. — Its Nativity. — Attainable Height. — Soil Suited to its Growth. — General Ap pearance. — Durability and Quality of its Wood. — Its Beautifying Advantages. — Experienced Difficulties of Raising. — Practised Roguery in Selling Seed. — Gray and Scrub Pine. — Its Diffused Range of Growth and Attainable Size. — For What Used and for What Recommended. — Its Advantages for Ornamental Purposes. — Its Easy Culture. — The Yellow Pine: Where Found. — Its Substituted Name. — Peculiarities of its Growth. — Soil Suited to its Abundant Growth. — Its Good Qualities and Chief Uses. — Pitch Pine. — Its Confined Range of Growth. — Soil Suited to its Growth, and its Attainable Height. — Its Particular Properties. — Its Chief Uses. — Its Undesirable Peculiarities. — Stone Pine. — Where Found. — Chief Uses and Adaptability. — Properties of its Seed and Durability of its Wood. — Reason of its Non-extensive Cultivation.

— Loblolly Pine : Its Disadvantages and General Uselessness. — Scotch Pine. — Its Relative Merits Compared with the White Pine.

— Its Usefulness and Recommended Culture. — Austrian Pine: as Recommended by Bryant, Loudon, and Bayreutk. — Where Found — Purpose for which Cultivated. — Its Durability and Other Advantages. — Scrub Pine. — Where Found and its Uselessness. — Corsican Pine. — Its Nativity, Valuableness, Attained Height, and Manner of Growth. — Its Ornamental Advantages. — Table-Mountain Pine. — Its Height and Appearance. — Where Found and General Worthlessness 101

Xll CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIII. Cedars

White Cedar. — Where Found and Soil Suited to its Growth. — Its Chief Uses. — Its Ornamental Value. — The Red Cedar. — Its Attainable Growth, Usefulness, and General Appearance. — Its Vegetating Properties. — Reasons for its Non-extensive Culture. — Common Juniper. — Its Nativity.— The Attainable Growth of Varieties. — Its Medicinal and other Properties. — How Propagated. — Care Necessary for the Protection of Young Plants.— The Cedran-tree. — Where Indigenous.— Its Antidotary Properties Page 108

Chapter XXIV. Lindens

Where Found. — Their Classification. — Quality and Durability of their Wood. — Their Ornamental and other Uses. — European Linden. — Its Principal Uses and Growth. — White Linden. — Description of L ea f # — Range of Growth. — A Specified Variety. — Buffalo Berry. — Its Attainable Height and Deportment. — How Propagated. — Its Esteemed Quality and Relative Resemblance. — Quality and Usefulness of its Fruit. — Manner of Planting for Fruit Production. — Japan Sophora. — Its Nativity.— How best Propagated. — Quality of its Wood and for What Used.— Soil Favorable to its Thrift.— Sassafras. — Its Domestic Uses. — Properties and Uses of its Wood. — How Propagated. — Its Ornamental Advantages 112

Chapter XXV. Larches

The Black Larch, or Tamarack. — Its Singular Beauty, Attainable Height, and Appearance. — Its Range of Growth. — Soil Suited to its Growth, with Difference of Opinion. — Its Durability and Usefulness.— A Practised Fraud Unearthed. — The European Larch. — Its Attainable Height, Range, Rate of Growth, and General Contour. — Its Ornamental and Timber Excellence. — Durability and Uses of its Wood. — Larch-growing in England and Scotland. — Ages of Maturity. — Foreign Testimony on its Durability. — Its Adapted Uses. — Places Favorable to its Propagation.— Where to Select and Obtain Seed. — Mr. Thomas Lake's Experience in Growing Larch 114

Chapter XXVI. The Magnolias

The Cucumber-tree. — Its Range and Manner of Growth. — Its Attainable Height and Ornamental Character. — How Propagated. — Yellow Cucumber -tree. — Where Found. — Its Beauty and Or-

CONTENTS. Xiii

namental Character. — Quality and Durability of its Wood. — A Reason for its Scarcity.— Small Magnolia, Sweet Bay. — Its Attainable Height. — Its Limited Range and Exceptional Ornament. — A Perfect Specimen Described.— How to Preserve its Seed and Young Plants.— Great-leaved Magnolia — Its Rarity and Remarkable Characteristics.— Umbrella-tree. — Its Resemblance to the Great-leaved Magnolia. —Its Range of Growth and Favorable Soil. — Its Usual Height. — Its Artistic Beauty, Odoriferous Qualities, and Peculiar Tendency. — Ear -leaved Magnolia, or Ear -leaved Umbrella-tree.— Where Found.— Its Height.— Its Pleasing and Distinguishing Features. — Yulan Magnolia. — Its Foreign Nativity and Recent Introduction into the United States. — Its Distinctive Character and Odoriferous Production. — The Foliage of Young Trees Described. — Recommended Specimens. — The Conspicuous-flowered Magnolia. — Its Distinguishing Difference. — The Empress Alexandria's Conspicuous-flowered Magnolia. — Date of Introduction into England. — Its Parallel of Thrift and its Floral Productiveness. Manner of Planting. — Magnolia Purpurea. — Its Nativity. — Color of Bloom.— How Grown, and Medicinal Properties Page 118

Chapter XXVII. Yellow "wood

Its Rarity and Limited Height. — Where Found and General Characteristics. — Manner of Preserving and Sowing its Seed. — The Dogwood. — Cornel Dogwood. — Its Singularity of Species and Diffused Growth. — Its Ornamental and Useful Advantages. — Method of Preparing and Sowing its Seed. — The Jamaica Dogwood. — Description and Medicinal Properties. — The Date Plum. — Persimmon. — Its Usual Height and Size. — Peculiarities of its Foliage and Bark. — Effect of Frost on its Fruit. — Description and Uses of its Wood. — Preserving its Seed. — The Mulberry. — Red Mulberry. — Where Found, Attainable Height, and Manner of Growth. — Durability and Uses of its Wood. — Its Ornamental Value.— How to Obtain its Seed. — The Black Mulberry.— Its Foreign Origin. — Its Comparative Growth and Productiveness. — Its Dedication. — Weight of its Wood per Cubic Foot. — Effect of Age on its Fruitfulness. — The White Mulberry-tree. — Its Main Distinguishing Feature. — Its Growth. — Countries to which Indigenous. — Purpose for which Introduced into the United States, aud Results 123

Chapter XXVIII. The Bow-wood, Or Osage Orange

Range of Growth, and Soil Favorable to its Growth. — Its Attainable Height. — The Incorruptible Property of its Wood. — Color of its Wood, Uses for which Fit, and Advantages.— Its Productiveness

XIV CONTENTS.

and Famed Elasticity.— Its Foliage and Fruit Described.— States best Suited to its Thrift. — Difference of Bearing of the Male and the Female Tree.— A Fruitful Yield Page 129

Chapter XXIX. The Ailantus, Or Tree Op Heaven

Its Height, Size, and Nativity. — Its Adaptability to Arid Places, with Recommendation. — Manner of Growth, Description and Uses of its Wood. — Description of its Leaf and Flower. — When First Introduced into the United States and by Whom. — Successful Propagation Instanced. — How Propagated 131

Chapter XXX. The Buckeye

Similarity of Species and General Characteristics to Horse-chestnuts.

— Horse - chestnut Buckeye. — Its Elevation and Nativity. — Its Manner of Growth and Soil Suited to its Growth. — Its Foliage and Fruit Described. — Its Ornamental Value. — Specified Varieties. — When Introduced into the United States. — Repulsiveness of its Leaves to Insect Ravages. — Description of its Wood. — Use to which Put in Europe. — Use as Recommended by Du Hamel.

— Produce of its Bark. — Bleaching Properties of its Nut. — Its Artistic Beauty. — Ohio Buckeye. — Height. — For what Recommended. — Its Uselessness as a Timber Tree. — The Sweet Buckeye. — Its Attainable Height. — Origin of its Name. — Uses of its Wood. — How Propagated. — Popularity of its Nut-husks. — The Red Bucke} T e. — Its Stunted Growth. — Its Floral and Odorous Properties. — Where Found. — Effect of its Bark on Fish. — Another Use of its Bark. — Its Largest Specimen. — Its Supposed Nativity. — Its Introduction into Britain, and Ornamental Use. — Results of Grafting. — An Opinion. — The Edible Buckeye Described 132

Chapter XXXI. The Tupelo

The Tupelo, Black Gum, or Pepperidge. — Its Variety and Allied Characteristics.— Their Floral Fragrance.— How Raised, Size, and Range of Growth. — Texture of its Wood and for What Esteemed. — Its Twofold Property. — Its Variety of Name. — Description of its Berries and their Sustaining Usefulness. — Its Attainable Height and Places Favorable to its Growth. — Its Uses in Virginia.— The Wild Lime-tree. — Its Resemblance to the Black Gum-tree, and Exception. — Description and Uses of its Wood. — Buoyant Property of its Roots. — The Esteemed Delicacy of its Fruit. — Its Height and Size 137

CONTENTS. XV

Chapter XXXII. The Juneberry

Its Noticeable Beauty. — Its Attainable Height. — Its Floral and Fruit Productiveness. — Its Foliage Described. — The Non-distinctive Difference of European and American Varieties. — Its Eange of Growth. — Soil and Situation Suitable to its Thrift. — Use of its Fruit. — The Papaw. — Its Stunted Growth.— Its Floral and Fruit-bearing Properties. — Its Limited Latitude of Growth. — Properties of its Wood and Fruit Page 139

Chapter XXXIII. The Catalpa

Its Scattered Range, Height, and Growth.— Its Flower and Foliage Described. — Occurrence of its Bud and Fall of Leaf. — Its Climate and Thrift. — Its Self-propagating Properties.— Durability and other Properties of its Wood.— Its Seed Described. — Manner of Culture. —A New-England Specimen Described. — The Medicinal Properties of its Bark. — The Poisonous and Medicinal Property of its Flower. — Its Annual Beautifying Productiveness 141

Chapter XXXIV. The Hacej3erry

Its Attainable Height and Size. — Its Appearance and Characteristics. — Description and Uses of its Wood. — Its Odorous Production. — Its Range of Growth. — The Largest of its Species, Where Growing. — How Propagated.— Its Enemies. — The Red-bud. — Its Stunted Growth. — Its Floral and Seed Productiveness. — How Propagated. — Similarities of its Species, and Distinguishing Features. — Use of its Bark. — Culinary Usefulness of its Flower, Bud, and Pod . . . 143

Chapter XXXV. The Fringe-tree

Its Limited Height. — Its Native Range and Ornamental Value. — Its Floral Productiveness. — Its Variety of Name. — Its Classified Belongings.— Its Medicinal and other Properties— Its Possible Perfectnessby Grafting. — The Iron-Wood. — Where Belonging. — Height of Tree, Uses and Durability of its Wood. — Manner of Growth. — Its Disadvantages as a Timber Tree 145

Chapter XXXVI. The Butt0nw00d, Aspen, And Poplar

The Buttonwood or Plane-tree. — Its Extensive Range and Abundant Growth. — Its General Appearance and Elevation. — Its Peculiar Disadvantages. — Description of its Seed and Manner of Sowing. — The

XVI CONTENTS.

Aspen.— Its Numerous Species and Resemblances. — Value of its Wood. — Disagreeable Character of its Seed. — The American Aspen. — Where Found and Limited Height. — Description and Uses of its Wood. — Its Common Characteristics. — Large Aspen. — Its Advantages. — Uses and Properties of its Wood. — Downy-leaved Poplar. — Its Southern Nativity. — Attainable Height and Size. — Peculiarities of its Foliage. — Its Uselessness as Lumber. — The Balsam Poplar. — Where Found and its Uselessness. — The White Poplar. — Its Ornamental Value. — Its other Advantages. — Its Superior Qualities and Chief Uses. — How Propagated and Attainable Height.Page 147

Chapter XXXVII. Cherry-trees

Wild Black Cherry.— Its Native Range.— Preferred Use of its Wood. — Its Ornamental Character. — Its Productiveness. — Manner of Preserving and Sowing its Seed. — The Wild Red Cherry. — Its Attainable Height and Size.— Its Qualities Contrasted with the Black Cherry. — Description and Qualities of its Wood.— Its Spontaneous Growth.— Its Special Property.— The Wild Cherry.— Its Medicinal Properties 150

Chapter Xxxviii. The Willows

The White Willow.— Its Ornamental Value and Elevated Growth. — Manner of Growth and Usefulness. — Its Supposed Worthlessness the Result of Fraud. — Description of its Wood. — The Brittle Willow. — Its Height, Growth, Rarity, and Uses. — Weeping Willow. — Its Ornamental Advantages. — Places Favorable to its Growth. — Largest Specimens, Where Produced. — Grafting of the Kilmarnock and American Willow. — Shining Willow. — Its Exceeding Ornament. — Its Growth on Careful Culture. — Its Favorite Places of Growth.— How Recognized. — Peculiar Feature of its Leaves. . 152

Chapter XXXIX. The Spruces

White Spruce. — Its Attainable Height and Size. — Its Northern Nativity. — Principal Uses of its Wood. — The Oil Extracted from its Branches. — The Black Spruce. — Atmosphere Favorable to its Development. — Its Wild Luxuriance. — Description of its Cones. — Manner of Securing its Seed.— The Red and Blue Spruces. — Their Resemblance to the White Spruce. — The Norway Spruce. — Its Height. — Peculiarities of its Growth. — Its Age of Maturity and Where Indigenous. — Its Resinous Extract. — Uses of its Bark. — Importation of Young Trees to England and Uses to Which Put.— Durability of its Wood.— Effect of Soil on the Qualities of its Wood.— Its General

CONTENTS. Xvii

Appearance arid Persistent Growth. — Its Usefulness as Shelter. — Its Properties Preferable to those of the Black Spruce. — Manner of Saving and Sowing its Seed. — Hemlock Spruce. — Where Indigenous. — Elevation Favorable to its Thrift. — Texture and Characteristics of its Wood. — Peculiarities of Grain. — Its Beautifying Character. — Its Value Compared with other Timber Trees.— Balsam Fir. — Its Nativity. — Its Height and Size.— Medicinal Properties and Ornamental Advantages. — Fraser's Fir. — Where Found and General Characteristics. . , Page 154

Chapter XL. The Deciduous Cypress

Its Ornamental Character, Southern Home, and Dispersed Growth. — Soil Suited to its Growth, and Attainable Height. — Peculiarities of its Growth. — Its Associate Tree. — Description and Properties of its Wood. — Its Usefulness and Indifference to Climatic Influences. — White and Black Cypresses. — Value of the Cypress. — Its Seed. — Manner of Sowing and Cultivating 158

Chapter XLI. The American Arbor-vitje

Its Northern Home. — Its Favorite Soil. — Its Attainable Height and Size. — Uses and Properties of its Wood. — Its Ornamental Advantages. — Manner of Planting Explained. — Its Varieties. — Important Varieties. — Its Medicinal Properties 160

Chapter XLII. The Yew

The English Yew. — Its Foreign Origin. — Its Famed Longevity. — Its Symbolic Uses. — The Immensity of its Foliage. — Properties and Uses of its Wood. — Its Latitude of Thrift. — American Yew, or Ground Hemlock. — Its Stunted Growth, and Semi-evergreen Properties. — Effect of Cultivation on its Growth. — Its Artistic Advantages , 162

Chapter XLIII. The Box-tree And Holly

The Box-tree. — Its Foreign Origin. — Its Western Attainments. — Its Usual Height. — Quality, Property, and Uses of its Wood. — Adaptability of its Foliage to Fantastic Designings. — How Propagated. — Winter Preservation of the Dwarf Species. — The Holly. — Its Varieties. — The American Variety Considered. — Its Range of Growth

and Favorite Soil. — Its Ornamental Perfection 164

A*

XV111 CONTENTS.

Chapter XLIV. The Laurel

The American Laurel. — Density of its Growth.— Its Resemblance to the Box. — A Name Derived from its Uses. — Description and Properties of its Wood. — Soil and Climate of Thrift. — Its Seed and Flower Described. — Care Necessary to its Raising. — Sheep Laurel. — A Contrasted Difference. — Properties of its Leaves. — The Great Laurel. — Region of its Abundance. — Climate and Situation Congenial to its Growth. — Its Attained Height.— Its Floral Productiveness. — The Rose Bay. — Its Elevated Home. — Its Diminutive Height. — Its Beautifying Advantages. — Soil Unfavorable to its Thrift. — The Carolina Laurel Described and Qualified Page 166

Chapter XLV. Timber Trees

List of the most Valuable Timber Trees in the United States, and their Suitable Climate. — Coniferous Trees. — Number of Seeds to the Pound of Each Species 169

CHAPTER XL VI.

THE EUCALYPTUS, OR THE FEVER- TREE.

Its Nativity. — When Discovered, and by Whom. — When Introduced into France. — Its Medicinal Qualities, and by Whom Discovered. — Its Antiseptic Properties. — The Healthful Results of its Planting in Malarial Districts. — Its Tour of Travel and Introduction into America. — Eucalyptus -planting by the Trappist Monks, and Expected Results. — Record of the Eucalyptus as a Disinfectant. — Instanced Results of its Antiseptic and Disinfecting Properties. — Eucalyptus-planting in New Orleans, and Healthful Results. — The Eucalyptus as a Preventive against Yellow and Jungle Fever, and Efforts for its Introduction into India. — Experience of English Tree-growers in Raising the Eucalyptus. — Its Destined Future. — Climate Best Suited to its Growth. — Its Successful Raising on the Pacific Coast. — Experiments on the Virtues of the Eucalyptus and Results in Detail. — Its Odorous Properties. — Its Other Uses. — Eucalyptusplanting in California, and Probable Returns. — An Opinion in Regard to the Southern and Southwestern States 171

CHAPTER XLVIL

THE OAK.

Its Rank among Trees. — Procuring and Sowing its Seed. — The Bun- Oak. — Its Attainable Growth. — Description of the Burr Oak as given by Dr. P. R. Hoy. — Its General Appearance and Beautifying Character. — Durability of its Wood. — Manner of Growth. —

CONTENTS. Xix

Its Utility and Ornament.— Its Abundance and Distribution.— Its Zone of Thrift. — Characteristics of its Foliage. — Conditions by which to Distinguish Species. — Opinions on Transplanting. — The White Oak, the Post Oak, the Swamp Chestnut Oak, the Black Oak, the Scarlet Oak, the lied Oak, the Pin Oak, the Willow Oak, the Laurel Oak, the Black-Jack Oak, the Spanish Oak, and the Live- Oak Separately and Variously Described Page 179

CHAPTER XL VIII.

THE BERBERRY.

Its Attainable Growth under Culture.— The Common Berberry.— Its Ornamental Value and Manner of Training. — Its Thrift and General Appearance. — Where Indigenous.— Soil Suitable to its Thrift. — Its Floral and Fruit Productiveness. — Uses of its Fruit and Leaves. — Medicinal and other Properties of its Bark.— A Prejudice against it. — Varieties and Original Species, How Raised. — Berberisaquifolium. — Its Beauty. — Its Range of Growth and High Altitude of Thrift. — Quality and Color of its Fruit. — Its Botanical Description. — Medicinal Properties of its Root. — Its Medicinal Extracts, and Complaints for which Prescribed. — Medicinal Properties of its Berries 184