The prehistoric world: or, Vanished races

Front matter

fX)PyRIOHT DfiPOMT

THE

Prehistoric World:

Preface

was made it was deemed advisable to change the programme. While the literary work has all been performed by the author, the many details necessarily connected with the publication of a book were attended to by Mr. Ferguson.

E. A. ALLEN.

Cincinnati, January 1, 1885.

Ruins of Cannar, Ancient Peru.

fe^ CONTKNTS. J^

^HflpiPEr? I.

Introduction

DiFFiCDLTrES of the subject — Lesson to be learned — ^The pursuit of knowledge — Recent advances — Prehistoric past of the Old World — Of the New— Of Mexico and the South— The Isles of the Pacific— Similar nature of the relics — The wonders of the present age — History of popular opinion on this subject — The teachings of the Bible — Nature of the evidence of man's antiquity— The steps leading up to this belief—Geology — Astronomy — Unfolding of life — ^Nature of our inquiry, . . Page 19

©HAPIFE^ II.

EARLY GEOLOaiCAL PERIODS.

Necessity of a general acquaintance with the outlines of Geology — A time in which no life was possible on the globe — Length of this period — History of life commences at the close of this period — On the formation of rocks — The record imperfect — The three great periods in animal life on the globe — Paleozoic Age — Animal and vegetable life of this period — Ideal scenes in this period — The Mesozoic Age — Animal and vegetable life of this period — Advance noted — Abundance of reptilian life — First appearance of birds — Nature's methods of work — the Cenozoic Age — Geological outline — Sketch of the Eocene Age — Of the Miocene Age — What is sufficient proof of the presence of man — Discussion on the Thenay flints — The Pliocene Age — Animal and vegetable life of this age — Was man present during this age? — Discussion of this subject — Summing up of the evidence — Conclusion, .30

^HAPiPBI^ III.

MEN OF THE RIVER DRIFT.

Beginning of the Glacial Age — Interglacial Age — Man living in Europe during this age — Map of Europe — Proof of former elevation of land — The animals living in Europe during this age — Conclusions drawu from these different animals — The vegetation of this period^Different climatic conditions of Europe during the Glacial Age — Proofs of the Gla-

<;ial Age — Extent of Glacial Ice — Evidence of warm Interglacial Age — The primitive state of man — Early English civilization — Views of Horace — Primitive man destitute of metals — Order in which different materials were used by man for weapons — Evidence from the River Somme — History of Boucher De Perthes's investigations. Discussion of the subject — Antiquity of these remains — Improvement during the Paleolithic Age — Description of the flint implements — Other countries where these implements are found — What race of men were these tribes — The Canstadt race — Mr. Dawkins's views — When did they first appear in Europe? The authorities on this question — Conclusion, . . . Page 61

(sHAPiBEI^ lU.

CAVE-MEN.

Other sources of information — History of cave explorations — ^The formation of caves — Exploration in Kent's Cavern — Evidence of two different races — The higher culture of the later race — Evidence of prolonged time — Exploration of Robin Hood Cave — Explorations in Valley of the River Meuse — M. Dupont's conclusions — Explorations in the Valley of the Dordogne — The station at Schussenreid — Cave-men not found south of the Alps — Habitations of the Cave-men — Cave-men were hunters — methods of cooking — Destitute of the potter's art — Their weapons — Clothing — Their skill in drawing — Evidence of a government — Of a religious belief — Race of the Cave-men — Distinct from the Men of the Drift — ^Probable c?)nnection with the Eskimos, .... 99

©HAPTEr? U.

ANTIQUITV OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE.

Interest in the antiquity of man — Connected with the Glacial Age — The subject difficult — Proofs of a Glacial Age — State of Greenland to-day — The Terminal INIoraine — Appearance of the North Atlantic — Interglacial Age — Causes of the Glacial Age — Croll's Theory — Geographical causes — The two theories not antagonistic — The date of the Glacial Age — Probable length of the Paleolithic Age — ^Time since the close of the Glacial Age — Summary of results, ..... 139

(sHAPTBI^ UI.

THE NEOLITHIC AGE IN EUROPE.

Close of the first cycle — Neolithic culture connected with the present — No links between tlie two ages — Long lapse of time between the two ages — Swiss lake villagos— Tliis form of \nllages widely scattered — Irish <5ranogs — Fortified villages — Implements and weapons of Neolithic times —

Possessed of pottery — Neolithic agriculture — Possessed of domestic animals — Danish shell-heaps — Importance of flint — ^The art of navigation — Neolithic clothing — Their mode of burial — ^The question of race — Possible remnants — Connection with the Turanian race — Arrival of the Celts, Page 170

THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE.

Races of Men, like Individuals — Gradual change of Neolithic Age to that of Bronze — The Aryan family — First Aryans Neolithic — Origin of Bronze — How Great discoveries are made — Gold the first metal — Copper abundant — No Copper Age — The discovery of Tin — Explanation of an Alloy — Bronze, wherever found, the same composition — What is meant by the Bronze Age — Knowledge in other directions — Gradual Growth of Culture — Three Centers of Bronze production — Habitations during the Bronze Age — The Bronze Ax — Implements of Bronze — Personal ornaments — Ornaments not always made of Bronze — Advance in Arts of living— Advance in Agriculture — Warlike Weapons — How they ■ worked Bronze — Advance in Government — Trade in the Bronze Age — Religion of the Bronze Age — Symbolical figures — Temples of the Bronze Age — Stonehenge, ......... 216

(sHAPfPEl^ UIII.

THE IRON AGE IN EUROPE. y

Bronze not the best metal — Difficulties attending the discovery ot Iron — Probable steps in this discovery — Where this discovery was first made — Known in Ancient Egypt — How this knowledge would spread — Iron would not drive out Bronze — The primitive Iron-worker — The advance in government — Pottery and ornaments of the Iron Age — Weapons of early Iron Age — The battle-field at Tilfenau — Trade of early Iron Age — Invention of Money — Invention of Alphabetic Writing — Invasion of the Germanic Tribes — The cause of the Dark Ages — Connection of these three ages — Necessity of believing in an Extended Past — Attempts to determine the same — Tiniere Delta — Lake Bienue — British Fen-lands— Maximum and Minimum Data — ^Argument from the wide-spread dispersion of the Turanian Race — Mr. Geikie's conclusions — The Isolation of the Paleolithic Age, . . 244

©HAPiPEI^ IX.

EARLY MAN IN AMERICA.

Conflicting accounts of the American Aborigines — Recent discoveries — Climate of California in Tertiary Times — Geological changes near its close — Description of Table Mountain — Results of the discoverieff there — The Calaveras skull — Other relics — Discussion of the question — Early Californians Neolithic — Explanation of this — Date of the Pliocene Age — Other discoveries beai'ing on the Antiquity of man — Dr. Koch's discovery — ^Discoveries iu the Loess of Nebraska — In Greeue County, m. — In Georgia — Difficulties in detecting a Paleolithic Age in this country — Dr. Abbott's discoveries — Paleolithic Implements of the Delaware — Age of the deposits — The race of Paleolithic man — Ancestors of the Eskimos — Comparison of Paleolithic Age in this country with that in Europe — Eskimos one of the oldest races in the World, . Page 263

©HAPTEr? X.

THE MOUND BUILDERS.

Meaning of "Mound Builders" — Location of Mound Building tribes — All Mounds not the work of men — Altar Mounds — Objects found on the Altars — Altar Mounds possibly burial Mounds- — Burial Mounds — Mounds not the only Cemeteries of these tribes — Terraced Mounds — Cahokia Mound — Historical notice of a group of Mounds — The Etowah group — Signal Mounds— Effigy Mounds — How thej' represented different animals — Explanation of the Effigy Mounds — Effigy Mounds in other localities — Inclosures of the Scioto Valley — At Newark, Ohio — At Marietta, Ohio — Graded Ways — Fortified Inclosures — Ft. Ancient, Ohio — Inclosures of Northern Ohio — Works of unknown imj)ort — Ancient Canals in Missouri — Implements and Weapons of Stone — Tlieir knowledge of Copper — Ancient mining — Ornamental pipes — Their knowledge of pottery — Of Agriculture — Government and Religion — Hard to distinguish them from the Indians, . . . . . . . 307

(sHAPTBI^ XI.

THE PUEBLO COUNTRY.

Description of the Pueblo Country — Historical outline — Description of Zuhi — Definition of a Pueblo — Old Zuhi — Inscription Rock — Pueblo of Jemez — Historical notice of Pecos — Description of the Moqui tribes — The Estufa — Description of the San Juan country — Aztec Springs — In the Canon of the McElmo — The Ruins on the Rio Mancos — On Hovenweep Creek — Descrii)tion of a Cliff-house — Cliff Town — Cave Houses — Ruins on the San Juan — Cave Town — The Significance of Cliff-houses — Moqui tradition.? — Ruins in Northern New Mexico — Ruins in the Chaco Canon — Pueblo Bonito — Ruins in South-western Arizona —

The Rio Verde Valley — Casa Grande — Ruins on the Gila — Culture of the Pueblo Tribes — Their Pottery — Superiority of the Ancient pottery — Conclusion, Page 414

(Shapiibi^ XII.

THE PREHISTORIC AMERICANS.

Different views on this Subject — Modern System of Government — Ancient System of Government — Tribal Government universal iu North America — The Indians not Wandering Nomads — Indian houses Communal in character — Indian Methods of Defense — Maudan Villages — Indians sometimes erected Mounds — Probable Government of the Mound Builders — Traditions of the Mound Builders among the Iroquois — Among the Delawares — Probable fate of the Mound Builders — The Natchez Indians possibly a remnant of the Mound Builders — Their early Traditions — Lines of resemblance between the Pueblo Tribes and the Mound Builders — The origin of the Indians — America Inhabited by the Indians from a very early time — Classification of the Indian Tribes — Antiquity of the Indian Tribes, ........ 483

(sHAPIiBI^ XIII.

THE NAHUA TRIBES.

Early Spanish discoveries in Mexico — The Nahua tribes defined — Climate of Mexico — The Valley of Anahuac — Ruins at Tezcuco — The Hill of Tezcocingo — Ruins at Teotihiiacan — Ancient Tulla — Ruins in the Province of Querataro — Casa Grandes in Chihuahua — Ancient remains in Sinaloa — Fortified Hill of Quemada — The Pyramid of Cholula — Fortified Hill at Xochicalco— Its probable use — Ruins at Monte Alban — Ancient remains at Mitla- — Mr. Bandelier's investigations — Traditions in regard to Mitla — Ruins ahmg the Panuco River — Ruins in Vera Cruz — Pyramid of Papantla — Tusapan — Character of Nahua Ruins, . . . ■ . 517

©HAPIIEI^ XIU.

THE MAYA TRIBES.

The geographical location of the Maya tribes — Description of Copan — Statue at Copan — Altar at Copan — Ruins at Quiriga— Patinamit- — Utatlan^ — Description of Palenque — The Palace at Palenqne^The Temple of the Three Inscriptions — Temple of the Beau-relief — Temple of the Cross — Temple of the Sim — Maler's Temple of the Cross — Significance of the Palenque crosses — Statue at Palenque — Other ruins in Tobasco and

Chiapas — Kuins in Yucatan — Uxmal — The Governor's House — The Nunnery — Room in Nunnery — The Sculptured Facades — Temple at Uxmal — Kabah — Zayi — Labna — Labphak — Chichen-Itza — The Nunnery — The CastUlo — The Gymnasium — M. Le Plongon's researches — The tradition of the Three Brothers — Chaac-Mal — Antiquity of Chichen- Itza, . Page 564

©HAPTEP^ XU,

THE CULTURE OF THE CIVILIZED TRIBES.

Different views on this question — Reasons for the same — Their architecture — Different styles ot houses — The- communal house — ^The tecpan — The teocalli — State of society indicated by this architecture — The gens among the Mexicans — ^The phratry among the Mexicans — The tribe — The powers and duties of the council — The head chiefs of the tribe — The duties of the " Chief-of-men " — The mistake of the Spaniards — The Confederacy — The idea of property among the IMexicans — The ownership of land — Their laws — Enforcement of the laws — Outline of the growth of the Mexicans in power — Their tribute system — How collected — ^Their system of trade — Slight knowledge of metallurgy—Religion — Quetzalcohuatl— Huitzilopochtli — Mexican priesthood — Human sacrifice — The system of Numeration — The calendar system — The Calendar Stone — Picture-writing — Landa Alphabet — Historical outline, 667

ANCIENT PERU.

First knowledge of Peru — Expeditions of Pizarro — Geography of Peru — But a small part of it inhabitable — The tribes of ancient Peru — How classified — Sources of our knowledge of Peru — Garcillaso De La Vega — Origin of Peruvian civilization — The Bolson of Cuzco — Historical outline — Their culture — Divided into phratries and gentes — Government — Efforts to unite the various tribes — Their system of colonies — The roads of the Incas — The ruins of Chimu — The arts of the Chimu people — The manufacture of Pottery — Excavation at Ancon — Ruins in the Huatica Valley — The construction of a Huaca — The ruins at Pachacamac — The Valley of the Canete — The Chincha Islands — Tiahuanuco — Carved gateway — The Island of Titicaca — Chulpas — Aboriginal Cuzco — Temple of the Sun — The Fortress — General remarks, . 761 t t LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, f e^

PAGE.

1. Pyramids and Sphinx, .... 29

2. Paleozoic Forest, 33

3. The Pterodactyl, 36

4. Ichthyosauri, 38

5. The Labyrintliodon, 39

6. The Paleotheriura, 42

7. Miocene ]\Iamraals, 46

8. Cut Bones of a Whale, .... 57 , 9. Mastodon, 60

10. Map of Europe, 63

11. Scratched Stone, 70

12. Interglacial Bed, 74

13. Paleolithic Flints, 80

14. Flint Implements, 82

15. Section of Gravel-pit, 83

16. Paleolithic Flint, England, . . 86

17. Flint Flakes, 88

18. Spear-head Type, 89

19. Hatchet Type, 89

20. Neanderthal Man, ...... 93

21. Gailenreuth, 101

22. Spear-head, Lower Breccia,

Kent's Cavern, 106

23. Spear-head, Cave-earth, Kent's

Cavern 107

24. Flake, Cave-earth, Kent's Cav-

dle, Kent's Cavei-n, .... 108

26. Robin Hood Cave, 109

27. Horse incised on Piece of Rib, 110

28. Bone Implements, Cresswell

Crags, Ill

29. Bone Impl(Mnents, Dordogne

Caves, ll-T

30. Rock Shelter, Bruniquel, . . .120

31. Whale and Seal incised on Bone, 12^2

32. Cave-bear incised on Slate, . . 124

33. Glove incised on Bear's Tooth, 126

34. Reindeer grazing, 127

35. Group of Reindeers, 128

37. 38. 39.

PAGE.

Man, and other Animals, . . . 128 Fish incised on Bear's Tooth, . 129

Ibex, 129

Mammoth, La Madeline Cave,

France, 130

Reindeer carved on Dagger

Handle 131

Flower on Reindeer's Horn, . 132 Ornamented Reindeer Horn,

use unknown, 133

Eskimo Art, 136

The jMammoth, 138

Antarctic Ice-sheet, 145

Earth's Orbit, 150

Lake Village, 177

Foundation Lake Village, • . .181

Irish Cranogs, 181

Fortified Camp, Cissbury, . . . 183

Neolithic Axes, 186

Neolithic Weapons, 188

Ax in Sheath, 189

Hafted Hatchet in Sheath, . . 189 Sheath with two Hatchets, . . 190 Chisels in Sheath, ...... 190

Horn Hoe, 190

Miner's Pick, ... 195

Polishing Stone, 197

Neolithic Boat-making, .... 198

Neolithic Cloth 199

Spindle Whorl, 200

AVeaver's Comb, 200

Chambered Burial Mound, ■ . 201

Dolmen, England, 201

Dolmen, France, ...... 202

Dolmen once covered with

Earth, 202

Menhir, 203

Stone Circle, England, .... 203 Chambered Tomb, France, • • 204 Bronze Axes, first Form, . . . 227 Bronze Axes, second Form, . . 228

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

73. Bronze Axes, third Form, . 228

76. Bronze Knives, 229

77. Crescent, use unknown, . . . 230

78. Bracelet, 230

80. Bronze Pendants, 231

81. Necklace and Beads, .... 232

82. Ornamental Designs, .... 233

83. Bronze Sickle, 233

84. Clay Vessel and Support, . . 234

85. Bronze Weapons, 234

87. Burial Mound, 239

88. Avebury Eestored, 240

89. Stonehenge Restored, .... 242

90. Ancient Tower, Scotland, . . 243

91. Ornaments, -250

92. Gold Ornament, 250

94. Ornamental Sword-sheath, . 251

95. Lance-head and Javelin, . . . 252

96. Shields, 252

97. Gallic Coins, 253

98. Imaginary Section of Table

Mountain, 269

99. Calaveras Skull, 271

100. Implement found in Loess,. . 287

101. Spear-shaped Paleolithic Im-

plement, 293

102. Paleolithic Implement, Argil-

lite, 294

103. Stone Implement, 306

104. Mound Prairie, • 314

105. Mound and Circle, 315

106. Altar Mound, 317

107. Plan and Section of Altar, . . 317

109. Burial Mounds, 323

110. Grave Creek Mound, 324

111. Cro.s.s-section St. Louis Mound, 325

112. Terraced Mound, 327

113. Elevated Square, Marietta, . .328

114. Cahokia Mound, 330

llo. Temple Mound inclosed in a

Circle, 333

116. Ktowali Mound, Georgia,. . .335^

117. Hill Mounds 337*

118. Miamisburg Mound 338

119. Efligy Mounds 340

PAGE.

20. Elephant Mound 341

21. Emblematic Mounds, .... 341

22. Grazing Elks— Fox in the dis-

tance, 342

23. Eagle Mound, 343

24. Hawks and Buffaloes, .... 344

25. Goose and Duck, 345

27. Salamander and Muskrat, . . 346

28. Man-shaped Mound 346

29. Emblematic Mound Inclosure, 347

30. Bird Mound surrounded by a

Stone Circle, ,351

31. The Big Serpent Mound, ... 352

32. The Alligator Mound, .... 356

33. High Bank Works, 359

34. Square and Circle Embank-

ment, 362

35. Square inscribed in a Circle, . 363

36. Circle and Ditch 363

37. Mound Builders' Works, New-

ark, Ohio, 365

38. Eagle Mound, 366

39. Gateway of Octagon, .... 367

40. Observatory Mound, 368

41. Works at Marietta, Ohio, . . 370

42. Graded Way, Piketon, Ohio, . 371

43. Fortified Hill, Hamilton, Ohio, 374

44. Fort Ancient, Ohio, 376

45. Fortified Headland, 380

46. Inclosure, Northern Ohio, . . 380

47. Square Inclosure, Northern

Ohio, 381

48. Sacrificial Pentagon, 383

49. Festival Circle, 384

50. Crescent Works 385

51. Triangular Works, 385

52. Arrow Points 390

53. Ax found in a Mound, .... .391 .")4. Weapons of Stone from Tennessee, 392

.55. Copper Ax, 393

56. Cop[)er Piracelets, 394

57. Ancient IMine, ISIichigan, . . . 39t> .58. Sculptured Face, 399

59. Face of a Female 399

62. Birds on Pipes, 401

63. Group of Clay Vessels, . . . 404 04. Howls with Hunuin Faces, . ■ 405

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

165. Water Cooler, 406

166. Pottery Vessels, 407

167. Agricultural Implements, . . 409

V 169. Map of the Pueblo Country, . 415

171. Ground Plan, 422

173. Old Zuni 423

174. Inscription Eock, 425

176. Watch Tower, 433

177. Ruins at Aztec Springs, . . . 436

178. Ruins in the McElmo Canon, 438

179. Tower on the Rio Mancos, . . 441

180. Ruins in the Havenweep

Canon, 445

181. Two-storied House in the

Mancos Canon, 447

182. View of the Cliff in which the

House is Situated, 448

183. Plan of the House, 449

184. Doorway of the House, . . . 450

185. Room of the House, .... 450

186. Cliff Town, Rio Mancos, ... 454

187. Caves Used as Houses, Rio

Mancos, 456

188. Ruins in the^an Juan Canon, 457

189. Cave Town, 458

190. Battle Rock, McElmo Canon, . 461

191. Restoration of Pueblo Bonito, 467 '192. Plan of Pueblo Bonito, . . .469

193. Different Styles of Masonry, . 470

194. Room in Pueblo Bonito, . . . 471

195. Casa Grandes, on the Gila, . 475

196. Indented and Corrugated

Ware, 478

197. Painted Ware, 480

198. Long House of the Iroquois, . 492

199. Stockaded Onondaga Village, 493

200. Pomeiock, 494

201. Mandan Village, 495

202. Ruins near the La Platte, Val-

ley of the San Juan, . . . 510

203. Stone Mask, found in Tennes-

204. Map of Mexico, ■ • 518

205. Bas-relief, Tezcuco, 523

206. Montezuma's Bath, 524

207. Aqueduct, Tezcoeingo, . . . 525

208. Teotihuacan 527

PAGB.

209. Casas Grandes, 535

211. Pyramid of Cholula, .... 543

212. Xochicalco, 548

213. Enlarged View of the Ruins, 549

214. Wall at Mitla 553

215. Ornamentation at Mitla, . . . 554

216. Hall at Mitla, 555

217. Papantla, 561

219. Map of Central America, . . 565

220. Ruins of Copan, 568

221. Statue, Copan, 571

222. Statue, Copan, 574

223. Hieroglyphics, Top of Altar, . 575

224. Bas-relief, East Side of Altar, 576

225. Portrait, Copan, 577

v226. Plan of Palenque, 587

227. General View of Palace, Pa-

lenque, 591

228. Cross-section of Palace, Pa-

lenque, 593

229. Trefoil Arch, 594

230. Entrance to Principal Court, 595

231. Stone Tablet, 596

232. Palace, Palenque, 597

233. Ruined Temple of the Three

Tablets, 598

234. Elevation Temple of the

Three Tablets, 600

235. The Beau-relief, 601

236. Temple of the Cross, .... 602

237. The Cross, 606

239. Maler's Cross, 609

240. Statue, Palenque, 612

241. Bas-relief, on the left hand of

the Altar of the Cross, . . 614

242. Plan of Uxmal, 620

243. The Governor's House, Uxmal, 623

244. Two-headed Monument, Ux-

246. Ground Plan, 628

247.. Figure Over the Doorway, . . 630

248. Ornament Over the Doorway, 631

249. Elephant's Trunk, ".631

250. Plan of Nunnery, 633

251. Room in Nunnery, ..... 636

252. Facade, Southern Building, . 637

253. Fapade, Eastern Building, . . 638

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

254. Serpent Facade, "Western

Building, 639

255. Temple, Uxmal 641

256. Arch, Kabah, 646

258. Plan of Zayi, 649

259. Gateway at Labna, 651

260. Castillo, Chichen-Itza, .... 655

261. Gymnasium at Chichen-Itza, 657

263. Building at end of Gymnasium,660

264. Painted Stucco Work, .... 661

265. Queen Consulting the H-men, 662

267. Bearded Itza, 665

268. Arizona Ruin, 666

269. Tribute Sheet, 700

270. Yucatan Axes, 707

271. Carpenter's Ax, 708

272. Mexican Carpenter, 708

273. Copper Tool 708

274. Huitzilopochtli, 717

275. Mexican Numeration Signs, . 723

276. Jlaya and Mexican Day Signs, 725

277. Maya Months, 727

278. Calendar Stone 738

279. Sign of Rain, 741

280. Sign of a Cycle, 742

281. Indian Picture-writing, . . . 743

282. Chapultepec, 744

284. Historical Sheet 746

285. Chilapi Tribute, 747

286. Child- training, 748

287. Migration Chart 749

288. Landa Alphabet, .750

290. Maya Picture-writing 751

291. Hieroglyphics, Tablet of the

PAGE.

292. Map of Peru, 763

293. Fortress, Huatica Valley, . . 768

294. Ruins at Pachacamac, .... 774

295. Relics from G uano Deposits, . 783

296. Burial Towers, 788

298. Section of Palace Walls, . . .791

299. Ornamentation on Walls, . . 793

300. Adobe Ornament 793

301. Gold and Silver Vases, ... 794

302. Bronze Knives and Tweezers, 794

304. Water-jars from Ancon, . . . 795

305. Cloth Found in Grave, . . . 79&

306. Wall in Huatica Valley, . . .797

307. Burial Mound, or Huaca, . . 798

308. Fortress Mound, 800

309. Temple Wall 801

310. Fortress, Huatica Valley, . . 801

311. General View of Pachacamac, 803

312. View of the Temple, .... 805

313. Relics from Graves at Pach-

acamac, 806

314. Relics found Buried in Guano

Deposits, 807

315. Prehistoric Pottery-ware, . . 808

316. Silver Cylinder-head, .... 809

317. Terrace Wall, Tiahuanuco, . 810

318. Method of Joining Stones,

Tiahuanuco, 811

319. Gateway, Tiahuacuno, ... 812

320. Ruins on the Island of Titi-

caca, 813

321. Ruins, Island of Coati, ... 814

322. Burial Tower 814

323. Terrace Wall at Cuzco, . . .815

324. Temple of the Sun 816

325. Fortress Wall 818

326. Section Fortress Wall, . . . .819

327. Quippos 820

^ FULL-PAGE ENGRAVINGS. ^

PAGE.

1. Cliff Houses, Rio Mangos CAnon, . . Frontispiece.

2. Engraved Title Page.

3. Paleozoic Forest 33

4. Rock Shelter at Bruniqxiel,. 119

5. Antarctic Ice Sheet, 145

6. Lake Village, Switzerland, 177

7. Pueblo of Zuni, 420

8. Cliff-town, Rio Mancos, 453

9. Restoration of Pueblo Bonito, 467

10. Painted Pueblo Pottery, 480

11. Pyramid of Cholula, 543

12. CoPAN. Statue, 571

13. General View op Palace, . . . . . . 591

14. Bas-relief on the left-hand of the Altar of the Cross, 614

15. Plan OF UxMAL, 620

16. The Governor's House, Uxmal, 623

19. Castillo, Chichen-uza, 655

20. Tribute Sheet, 700

21. Huitzilopochtli 717

\ 22. Calendar Stone, 738

^ 23. Historical Sheet, 746

24. Pachacamac, 803

*

'o strong are the barriers round thy dark domain-

-^{r-' And fetters, sure and fast,.

I Hold all that enter thy unbreathing reign.

Far in thy realm, withdrawn, Old empires sit in sullenness and gloom;

And glorious ages, gone, Lie deep within the shadow of thy womb.

Full many a mighty name Lurks in thy depths, unuttered, unrevered :

With thee are silent fame, Forgotten arts, and wisdom disappeared.

W. C. BRYANT.

IMS:

THE