Diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and swine

Front matter

Class

0^

Book > H"-

Preface

No apology seems called for in presenting to English-speaking veterinary surgeons and students a treatise on the diseases of cattle. To those entrusted with the onerous task of preventing or curing disease in cattle, sheep and swine the scantiness of permanent literature dealing with the subject must always have proved a matter of some embarrassment, while to teachers and students alike the want of a concise and modern text-book has long been a difficulty of the first order. It is hoped that the present volume may go some way towards remedying this state of affairs.

As on previous occasions, the writer has freely availed himself of foreign sources of information. Two years ago he purchased the literary rights in Professor Moussu^s " Maladies du Betail,^' which had even then attained an European reputation, and which forms the backbone of the present volume. To obtain further information, the more important German treatises have been laid under contribution, while all accessible English, American, and Colonial literature of recent date has been referred to. (The references practically extend up to the moment of writing — the latest being June, 1905.) In this way the work may in some degree claim to have assumed an international character. The extent of the additions is indicated by an increase in the number of illustrations of 140, and of the text of nearly 50 per cent.

Professor McQueen has performed the greatly- valued service of reading proof-sheets and advising the writer as the book passed through the press.

To Dr. Salmon, of the United States Department of Agriculture, special thanks are due for his generous permission to quote from the annual reports of that body.

Other acknowledgments will be found in the text.

VI PREFACE.

Once again the writer, who on this occasion chances also to be the President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, appeals for lenient judgment on work performed under no common stress of duties, professional and political.

JNO. A. W. DOLLAR.

Contents

CHAP

PAGE

Section I. Diseases Of The Oegans Of Locomotion

Methods of Examination 1

I. DISEASES OF BONES 3

General Diseases 4

Eachitis • . . . 4

Local Affections . • .20

Detachment of the horns 23

Eissuring of the horns 24

Exostoses 27

Spavin in the ox. . . . . . . . . .27

Suppurating ostitis ......... 29

II. DISEASES OF THE FOOT ......... 31

Congestion of the Claws . . . . . . . .31

Contusions of the sole . . . . . . . .31

Pricks and stabs in shoeing ........ 36

Picked-up nails, etc. ("Gathered nail") . . . . .37

Inflammation of the interdigital space (Condylomata) ... 38

Canker 40

Panaritium — Felon — Whitlow , , . . . . .41

Foot rot 43

III. DISEASES OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES AND OF THE

AETICULATIONS 45

I. Synovial Membranes and Articulations .... 45

Inflammation of the patellar synovial capsule . , , , 45

VIU

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

III. Diseases Of The Synovial Membbanes And Of The

A^TlCVLATlOl^^S—conthiued.

I. Synoyial Membranes and Articulations — continued.

Distension of the synovial capsule of the hock joint Distension of tendon sheaths in the hock region Distension of the synovial capsule of the knee joint Distension of the synovial capsule of the fetlock joint Distension of tendon sheaths

Distension of tendon sheaths in the region of the knee Distension of the bursal sheath of the flexor tendons Traumatic synovitis — " Open synovitis"

Traumatic tendinous synovitis Traumatic articular synovitis — Traumatic arthritis • — ' ' Open arthritis "

II. Strains or Joints

Strain of the shoulder

Strain of the knee

Strain of the fetlock

Strain of the stifle joint

Strain of the hock joint . . .

III. Luxation of Joints Luxation of the femur Luxation of the patella Luxation of the femoro-tibial articulation Luxation of the scapulo-huraeral joint

lY. Hygromas

Hj^groma of the knee ....

H^^groma of the haunch

Hygroma of the trochanter of the femur

Hygroma of the stifle

Hygroma of the point of the hock

Hygroma of the point of the sternum .

(Biceps femoris)

lY. DISEASES OF AiUSCLES AND TENDONS

Eupture of the external ischio-tibial muscle Eupture of the flexor metatarsi .

Parasitic Diseases of Muscles Cy^sticercus disease of the .pig Beef measles .....

Trichiniasis — Trichinosis

Y. EHEUMATISM

Articular rheumatism Muscular i^heumatism

Infectious Forms of Eheumatism or Pseudo-rheumatism Infectious rheumatism in j^oung animals . . . .

Infectious pseudo-rheumatism in adults ....

Scurvy — Scorbutus .

CONTENTS.

IX

Section II. Diseases Of The Digestive Appaeatus

Semiology of the Digestiye Apparatus

I. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH

Stomatitis ......

Simj)le stomatitis ....

Catarrhal stomatitis in sheep Necrosing stomatitis in calves Mycotic stomatitis in calves .

Ulcerative stomatitis in sheep General catarrhal stomatitis in swine Ulcerative stomatitis in swine Mercurial stomatitis

Glossitis ......

Superficial glossitis Acute deep-seated glossitis , Chronic glossitis ....

PAGE 106

130 130 131 132

II.

DISEASES OE THE SALIVAEY GLANDS, TONSILS AND PHAEYNX .134

Parotiditis (Parotitis) .....

Acute parotiditis .....

Chronic parotiditis —Parotid fistula Inflammation of the submaxillary salivary gland Tonsilitis in pigs ......

Pharyngitis .......

Pseudo-membranous pharyngitis in cattle

Pseudo-membranous pharyngitis in sheep Pharyngeal polypi '

III. DISEASES OF THE CESOPHAGUS

CEsophagitis ......

Stricture of the oesophagus ....

Dilatation of the oesophagus

Oesophageal obstructions ....

Euptures and perforations of the oesophagus

IV. 145 148 149 152 157

DEPEAVED APPETITE— THE LICKING HABIT— INDIGESTION 158

Depraved appetite in the ox. . . . . . . .158

Depraved appetite in calves and lambs . . . . .160

Colic in the ox 162

Colic due to ingestion of cold water — Congestive colic . . 162 Colic due to invagination . . . . . . .163

Colic as a result of strangulation . . . . , .167

Diseases of the stomach . . . . . . . .169

CONTEiNTS.

CHAP. PAGE

IV. DEPEAVED APPETITE— THE LICKING HABIT— INDIGESTION

— continued.

Indigestion — contin ued.

Impaction of the rumen — Indigestion as a result of over-eating . . . ' . . . . . . .175

Impaction of the omasum (third stomach) Abomasal indigestion ......

Acute gastric indigestion in swine

GASTEIC

-Gastritis

COMPAETMENTS

Y. INFLAMMATION OF THE

Eumenitis — Eeticulitis- Acute gastritis Catarrhal gastritis in swine Ulcerative gastritis Chronic tympanites

Gastric disturbance due to foreign bodies Tumours of the gastric compartments

VI. ENTEEITIS ......

Acute enteritis ....

Hsemorrhagic enteritis

Chronic enteritis (Chronic diarrhoea)

Dysentery in calves

Diarrhoeic enteritis in calves

YIL POISONING

Poisoning due to food .

Poisoning by caustic alkalies

Poisoning by caustic acids .

Poisoning by common salt .

Poisoning by the nitrates of potash and soda

Poisoning by tartar emetic .

Poisoning by arsenic .

Phosphorus poisoning .

Mercurial poisoning

Lead poisoning : Saturnism .

Copper poisoning .

Carbolic acid poisoning

Poisoning by aloes

Iodoform poisoning

Iodine poisoning : iodism

Strychnine poisoning ,

List of plants poisonous to stock

Colchicum poisoning .

Poisoning by annual mercury

Poisoning by bryony .

Poisoning by castor oil cake

Poisoning by cotton cake

Poisoning by molasses refuse

Diseases produced by distillery and sugar factory pulp

YIII. PAEASITES OF THE DIGESTIYE APPAEATUS .

Gastro-intestinal strongylosis in sheep

Lumbricosis of calyes .,,,,,.

CONTENTS. XI

CHAP. PAGE

VIII. PAEASITES OF THE DIGESTIVE A-PFAUATVS—contmued.

Strongylosis of the abomasum in the ox . . . . .268 Parasitic gastro-enteritis, diarrhoea, and anaemia in cattle, sheep

and lambs 268

Intestinal coccidiosis of calves and lambs (Psorospermosis, haemor-

rhagic enteritis, bloody flux, dysentery, etc.) . . . .271 Intestinal helminthiasis in ruminants . . . . . .275

IX. DISEASES OE THE LIVER 279

Congestion of the liver 280

Nodular necrosing hepatitis . . . . . . .280

Cancer of the liver and bile ducts . . . . . . 282

Suppurative echinococcosis ........ 288

Cysticercosis . , . . . . . , . .290

Section III. Eespikatory Apparatus

I. EXAMINATION OE THE EESPIEATOEY APPAEATUS . .311

IL NASAL CAVITIES 319

Simple coryza 319

Gangrenous coryza . . . . . . . . .320

Tumours of the nasal cavities ....... 325

Purulent collections in the nasal sinuses. Nasal gleet . . 326

Purulent collections in the frontal sinus . . . . . 327

Purulent collections in the maxillary sinus ..... 329

CEstrus larvse in the facial sinuses of sheej) ..... 330

III. LAEYNX, TEACHEA AND BEONCHI 333

Acute laryngitis 333

Pseudo-membranous laryngitis . . . . . . 333

Tumours of the larynx . . . . . . .335

Bronchitis . . • 336

Simple acute bronchitis ....... 337

Chronic bronchitis . . . . • . . .337

Pseudo-membranous bronchitis ...... 339

Verminous bronchitis in sheep and cattle (Plusk, hoose, etc.) 340

IV. LUNGS AND PLEUE^ 343

Pulmonary congestion . . . . . . . . .343

Simple pneumonia ......... 343

Pneumonia due to foreign bodies — Mechanical pneumonia . . 347 Pneumonia due to the migration of foreign bodies from the reticulum .......... 348

Pneumomycosis due to Aspergilli ' . . . . . .350

Gangrenous broncho-pneumonia due to foreign bodies . . 351

Infectious broncho-pneumonia ....... 354

J^roncho-pneumonia of sucking calves ,,.,., 396

Xll

CONTENTS.

CHAP. PAGE

ly. LUNGS AND TI.'EVnM— continued.

Sclero- caseous bronclio -pneumonia of sheep .... 858

Pulmonary emphysema . . . . . . . .359

Diseases of the pleura . . . . . . . .861

Acute pleurisy 361

Chronic pleui'isy . . . . . . . . . 362

Hydro-pneumo-thorax and pyo-pneumo-thorax . . . 366

Y. DISEASES OF STEUCTURES ENCLOSED WITHIN THE MEDI- ASTINUM . 368

Tumours of the Mediastinum ....... 369

SECTION lY.

THE OKGANS OF CIKCULATION.

Semiology of the Oegans of Circulation

CAEDIAC ANOMALIES

Ectopia of the heart

II. PEPICAEDITIS

Exudative pericarditis due to foreign bodies Chronic pericarditis ....

Pseudo -pericarditis ....

III. ENDOCARDITIS

ly. DISEASES OE BLOOD-YESSELS

Phlebitis

Accidental phlebitis ....

Internal infectious phlebitis (Utero- ovarian Umbilical phlebitis of new-born animals Umbilical phlebitis or omphalo-phlebitis

Y. DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

Septicaemia of new-born animals

Takosis : a contagious disease of goats

Blood-poisoning (Malignant oedema) in sheep and lambs in

Zealand .....

Piroplasmosis ....

Bovine piroplasmosis in France

Ovine piroplasmosis Diseases produced by trypanosomata Louping-ill ....

Suggested measures for prevention Braxy . . . . •

Bilharziosis in cattle and sheep .

Heat stroke — Over-exertion phlebitis)

New

374 374

389 390

396 396 398 399 402

406 412

CONTENTS. Xlll CHA?. PAGE

YI. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 444

The lymphogenic diathesis ......... 448

Caseous lymphadenitis of the sheep ...... 453

Goitre in calves and lambs ........ 453

Section V. Nervous System

Cerebral congestion ......... 456

Cerebral Tumours ......... 459

Insolation 460

Post-partum paralysis — Milk fever — Mammarj^ toxaemia — Parturient apoplexy — Dropping after calving . . . . -^61

Coenurosis (Gid, sturdy, turn-sick) ...... 467

SECTION YI.

DISEASES OF THE PERITONEUM AND ABDOMINAL

CAVITY.

I. PEEITONITIS 478

Acute peritonitis . . . . . . . . . . 478

Chronic peritonitis . . . . . . . . . 481

Ascites . • 483

Peritoneal cysticercosis . . . . . . . .485

Congenital hernise . . 487

Perineal hernia of young pigs . ... . . . 487

Umbilical hernia ......... 488

Acquired hernise .......... 489

Hernia of the rumen 490

Hernia of the abomasum ........ 493

Hernia of the intestine . . . . . . . . 494

Treatment of hernise . . . . . . . . . 495

Diaphragmatic hernia . . . . . . . . . 496

Eventration . . 499

Eistulae of the digestive apparatus ...... 500

SECTION YII.

GENITO-UEINAEY REGIONS.

Diseases of the Urhstaiiy Apparatus 502

1. POLYPI OF THE GLANS PENIS AND SHEATH . . .506

Inflammation of the sheath ........ 506

Persistence of the urachus ........ 508

XIV

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

II. DISEASES OF THE BLADDEE

Acute cystitis ....

Chronic cystitis ....

Urinary lithiasis. Calculus formation

Calculi in bovine animals

Urinary calculi in sheep Paralysis of tlie bladder Eversion of the bladder Hsematuria . . .

III. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS

Congestion of the kidneys

Acute nephritis .

Chronic nephritis .

Hydro -nephrosis .

Infectious pyelo-nephritis

Suppurative nephritis and perinephritis

The kidney worm {ScJerostoma pingmcola) of swine

IV. GENITAL APPAEATUS

Acute vaginitis

Contagious vaginiti

Croupal vaginitis

Chronic vaginitis Metritis

Septic metritis

Acute metritis

Chronic metritis Epizootic abortion in cows Salpingitis — Salpingo -ovaritis Torsion of the uterus .

Tumours of the uterus .

Tumours of the ovary .

Genital malformations .

Imperforate vagina Nympho-mania .

V. DISEASES OF THE MAMMAEY GLANDS

Physiological anomalies Wounds or traumatic lesions

Chaps and cracks .

Milk fistulse .

Inflammatory diseases .

Congestion of the udder Mammitis

Contagious mammitis in milch cows

Chronic mammitis

Gangrenous mammitis of milch ewes

Gangrenous mammitis in goats

CONTENTS.

XV

CHAP.

y.

yi.

DISEASES OF THE MAMMAEY GT.A'NBS— continued.

Cysts of the udder .........

Tumours of the udder .........

yerrucous papillomata of the udder ......

DISTUEBANCE IN THE MILK SECEETION AND CHANGES • IN THE MILK

Microbic chanses in niilk. Lactic ferments ....

yil. MALE GENITAL OEGANS Tumours of the testicle Accessory glands of the genital apparatus

PAGE

585 585 586

587 588

594 594

SECTION YIII.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS

CONNECTIYE TISSUE.

I. ECZEMA

Acute eczema . . .

Chronic eczema .....

Sebaceous or seborrhoeic eczema .

Eczema due to feeding with potato pulp Impetigo in the pig ....

Acne in sheej) .....

II. PHTHIEIASIS

ScAEiES— Scab— Mange dip

Scabies in sheep .

Sar Coptic scabies Psoroptic mange — Sheep scab The tobacco and sulphur Lime and sulphur dips Arsenical dips Carbolic dips .

Chorioptic mange — Symbiotic mange- Mange in the ox .

Sarcoptic mange Psoroptic mange Chorioptic mange Mange in the goat Sarcoptic mange Chorioptic mange Mange in the pig .

Demodecic mange

Demodecic m.qno:e

Demodecic mange in the ox in the goat Demodecic mange in the pif Non-psoroptic forms of acariasis Hypodermosis in the ox (warbles)

Eoot scab

Xvi CONTENTS.

CHAP. PAGE

III. EINGWOEM 649

Eingworin in the sheep, goat, and pig ...... 653

Urticaria in the pig . . . . . . . . .656 y. SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA 659

SECTION IX.

DISEASES OF THE EYES.

Foreign bodies . . . . . . . . . . 661

Conjunctivitis and keratitis ........ 662

Verminous conjunctivitis , , . . . - . . . 662

Verminous ophthalmia of the ox . . ■ . . . . . 663

SECTION X.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

Cow-pox — Vaccinia .......

Cow-pox and human variola— Preparation of vaccine

Tetanus

Actinomycosis . ...

Actinomycosis of the maxilla Actinomycosis of the tongue .

Actinomycosis of the pharynx, parotid Tuberculosis . . . .

Tuberculosis of the respiratory apparatus

Tuberculosis of the serous membranes

Tuberculosis of lymphatic glands .

Tuberculosis of the digestive tract

Tuberculosis of the genital organs

Tuberculosis of bones and articulations

Tuberculosis of the brain

Tuberculosis of the skin

Acute tuberculosis — Tuberculous septicaemia Swine fever — Verrucous endocarditis and pneumonia of the pig

Swine fever . . . . . . . ■ .

Verrucous endocarditis of the pig .....

Pneumonia of the pig .......

Hsemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle .....

SECTION XL

OPEEATIONS.

I. CONTEOL OF ANIMALS 720

Control of oxen 720

Partial control 720

Control of the limbs . . . . , . . .720

CONTENTS.

XVll

CHAP.

I. CONTROL OF ANlMAIjS—contmued.

Control of oxen — continued.

General control

Control by casting Control of sheep and goats Control of pigs Anaesthesia .

II. CIRCULATOEY APPAEATUS

Bleeding

Bleeding in sheep .

Bleeding in the pig Setons, rowels, plugs, or issues

III. APPAEATUS OP LOCOMOTION

Surgical dressing for a claw ....

Amputation of the claw or of the two last phalanges

lY. DIGESTIYE APPAEATUS

Ringing pigs

CEsophagus .......

Passing the probang ....

Crushing foreign bodies in the oesophagus

CEsophagotomy .....

Sub-mucous dissection of the foreign body Eumen .......

Puncture of the rumen ....

Grastrotomy .......

Laparotomy .......

Inguinal hernia in young pigs

Imperforate anus .....

Prolapsus and inversion of the rectum .

Y. EESPIEATOEY APPAEATUS ....

Trephining the facial sinuses

Trephining the horn core ...

Prontal sinus

Maxillary sinus .....

Tracheotomy . . . . , .

YI. GENITO-UEINAEY OEGANS ....

Urethrotomy in the ox . . .

Ischial urethrotomy ....

Scrotal urethrotomy ....

Passage of the catheter and urethrotomy in the i Passage of the catheter in the cow Castration .......

Castration of the bull and ram

Bistournage .

Martelage

Castration by clams D.C.

722 723 725 725 726

727 727 728 728

730 730

745 745 745 745 746

XVlll

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

VI. Castration — continued

Castration by torsion Castration with the actual cautery Castration by the elastic ligature .

Castration of the ram .

Castration of boars and young pigs Castration of cryptorchids Female genital organs .

Castration of the cow .

Castration of the sow .

Suture of the vulva Trusses ....

Section of the sphincter of the teat Dilatation of the orifice of the teat Ablation of the mammae

DISEASES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS AND SWINE.

Section I. Diseases Of The Organs Of Locomotion

METHODS OF EXAMINATION>

Accidental and local diseases of the apparatus of locomotion are matters of less m'genc}^ in the case of cattle than in that of the horse. On the other hand, general affections, such as rheumatism and osseous cachexia, demand a larger share of attention, and are of the utmost importance.

As the accurate diagnosis of any disease demands careful and systematic examination, the practitioner usually observes a certain order in his investigations, as indicated below : —

(1.) Inspection, from the side, from the front and from behind, reveals the existence of deformities of bones, limbs, muscles and joints, articular displacements, and irregularities of conformation or of gait.

By inspection of an animal as it walks various forms of lameness, and their particular characteristics, are rendered visible.

(2.) Palpation and pressure ^Yill detect changes in local sensibility, the softness or hardness of tissues, the existence of superficial or deep fluctuation, oedematous s^yelling, and abnormal gro^Yths like ring-bones and exostoses, as well as the exact character of articular enlargements.

(3.) Percussion is of little value in examining tlie apparatus of locomotion. Nevertheless, percussion of the claws, and of certain bones of the limbs, or of flat bones, may afford valuable information in cases of laminitis, ostitis, and periostitis. Percussion along the longitudinal axes of the limb bones is also useful in diagnosing intra-articular fractures, sub-acute arthritis, osteomyelitis, etc.

(4.) The gait. Lame animals should be made to move, in order to assist both in discovering the cause, and in estimating the gravity of the condition. Sometimes it is advisable to turn the animal loose, but most frequently it is moved in hand, either in straight lines or in circles.

D.C. B

2 . DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION.

Information so obtained should always be supplemented by local manijDulation and by passive movement, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation of the joints.

A knowledge of the characteristics of normal movement in any given joint, renders it comparatively easy to detect abnormality, such as increased sensibility, articular crepitation or friction, and to diagnose fractures with or without displacement, ruptures of tendons or ligaments, etc.