Athletics and manly sport

Front matter

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7 •7''

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress

Contents

ETHICS a:n^d evolution of boxing.

Page

I. Has Boxing a Real Value ? . . . .1

Appendix

The Illustrations 88

Rules of the Ring .... . . 89

London Prize-Ring Rules, as Revised by the British Pugilistic Association .... 90

Marquis of Queensberry Rules Governing Contests for Endurance . . . . . .95

American Fair- Play Rules to Govern Glove Contests 96

VI CONTENTS.

THE TRAINING OF ATHLETES TESTED BY

EVERY-DAY LIFE.

Page

I. Is Training Injurious ? . . . . . 101

IL The Evils of Improper Training . . . 106

III. Muscular Power Secondary to Respiratory Power, 111

IV. The Food of Athletes in Training . . 114 V. A Day's Food and Exercise in Training . . 125

VI. Various Exercises and How to Practise Them . 131

VII. The Curse of the Closed Windows . . . 137

VIII. Exercise for City Dwellers and School Children, 143

IX. Corpulence, Diet, and Sleep . • . .152

X. Hints for Training and Good Health . . 161

ANCIENT IRISH ATHLETIC GAMES, EXERCISES, AND WEAPONS.

I. The Museum of the Royal Irish Academy . 169

II. The Most Ancient Weapon Used in Ireland . 174

III. The Weapon-Feats of Cuchullin . . .185

IV. Military Athletes of Ancient Ireland . . 1S9 V. Hurling: The Chief Game of Ancient Ireland . 195

VI. The Ancient Games at Tailten and Carman 202

VII. An Heroic Combat in Ancient Ireland . . 215

VIII. A Glance Backward and Forward . . 236

CANOEING SKETCHES.

Down the Susquehanna in a Canoe . 261

Down the Delaware River in a Canoe . . 303

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

" The Boxer ^' .... Fkontispiece

Engraved, by permission, from the statue by John Donoghiie.

Page A Paddle by Moonlight 241

At the Mouth of the Rivek 256

On the DELA^\ ake Rivek 290

MOSELEY ox A RoUGH DESCENT 308

At the Foot of Great Foul Rift .... 332

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

ETHICS AND EVOLUTION OF BOXING.

The Usual and Wrong Way to Strike a Round Blow . 8

Round Blow ....... 9

Ducking the Round Blow . . . . . .10

Greek Boxers With Cestus ..... 13

Raw-Hide Cestus from Herculaneum . . . .15

The Round Cestus . . . . . . 16

(vii)

Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

A Straight Cross-Counter . . . . . .28

'* Wastes His Forces on the Wind" .... 30

A Round Blow Missed ...... 53

Cross- Buttock ....... 57

Cross-Countered . . . . . . .61

Upper-Cut, as Sullivan Strikes It . . . .62

Upper-Cut, Old-Fashioned . . . . .63

Clinch m

Good Position of Guard . . . . . .67

Straight Counter . . • . . • 73

Cross-Counter . . . . . . .81

Ducking a Lead with the Left .... 83

ANCIEXT IRISH WEAPONS.

No.

1. Firbolg Craisech . . . . .176

2. Tuatha de Danann Sword . . . . 176

3. Ancient Bronze Sword ..... 177

4. Lia Lamha Laicli, or Champion's Hand- Stone . 178

5. Tuatha de Danann Sword - • . . 179

6. " ''''.. . • 179

11. '' '' ''.... 181

12. " '' *'.... 181

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

IX

No.

la.

14. 15.

10. 17.

Tiiatha de Danann Battle-Axe, or Celt

Firbolg Battle-Axe Ancient Irish Seal Manais, Tuatlia de Danann Spears

Bronze Mace ......

Stuic, or Irish War Horn ....

Lic-Tailme, or Sling-Stone ....

Military Forks ......

Ancient Chessman .....

Craisech, Avith Firbolg Fastening and Tnatha de Danann Point ......

a u i'. '.^ ii. u u

Firbolg Fiarlanna, or Curved Pointless Blade Broad Green Spear . . . . •

Firbolg Dagger, Called Colg . • . .

Manais, or Broad Thrusting Spear .

Slegh, Sharp -pointed Tuatha de Danann Spear

Ancient Bronze Shield

CORRECTIONS.

Page 25, fourth line — read "were" instead of "was." Page 71, fifth line — read "defeated" instead of "captured." Page 110 — read " Breakfast at 8 a. m.," instead of "8 p. m." Page 100, eighth line — omit the words "all-round."

INTRODUCTION,

This book is not intended as a mere manual for the special use of skilled professional or amateur athletes, though necessarily many of its details refer particularly to these classes. Its main purpose is to bring into consideration the high value, moral and intellectual as well as physical, of those exercises that develop healthy constitutions, cheerful minds, manly self-confidence, and appreciation of the beauties of nature and natural enjoyment. Nevertheless, these lines of Bunyan tell my preliminary experience : —

" Some said, John, print it ; others said, Xot so ; Some said. It might do good ;. others said, Xo.'*

So long as large numbers of our young people, of both sexes, are narrow-chested, thin-limbed, their muscles growing soft as their fat grows hard, timid in the face of danger, and ignorant of the great and varied exercises that are as needful to the stron<2: body as letters to the informed mind, such books as this need no excuse for their publication.

Many will say : " the time for this sort of thing is

(xi)

Xli INTRODUCTION.

past ; the world has grown too intelligent for these idle games and exercises; we, who know what life is, know that athletic sports are only symptoms of questionable tastes."

The j)ride of knowledge is bad, but the pride of ignorance is worse ; together, tliey are almost hopeless. The truth is, there is more need to-day for physical development, for play, for sport, for athletic exercises and amusements of all kinds, than there was during the Greek Olympiads, or at any other period of human history. Strange, that this obvious truth should call for public statement. " On old and young," says a great modern philosopher, "the pressure of modern life puts a still increasing strain. In all businesses and professions, intense competition taxes the energies and abilities of every adult; and, with a view of better fitting the young to hold their place under this intenser competition, they are subject to a more severe discipline than ever before."

" We have not holidays enough," says an eminent American physician. " Five days a year is our allowance, a scanty one indeed, tlwit seems ridiculous to our quieter neighbors across the water, who, needing rest less than we, get four times as much. But there is no time for relaxation ; we must only do our best to brace up and stand the drive."

INTRODUCTION. XIU

What parent, who has observed the endless studies of his children, at school during the day, and at home in the evening, with little time and opportunity for vigorous play, and has not inwardly feared that it was too much for the boy or girl ? His fears are real warnings : they are true. The studies are too much, unless offset by a proportionate amount of play and vigorous exercise. They prevent the children from developing; and they also })revent them from learning.

It IS a physiological law, pointed out by Lewes in his " Dwarfs and Giants," that there is an antagonism between growth and development — by growth meaning increase of size^ by development increase of structure.

The question is not only a question of bulk, but also a question of quality. A soft, flabby flesh makes as good a show as a firm one ; but though to the careless eye, a youth of full flaccid tissue may aj^pear the equal of one whose fibres are well-toned, a trial of strength will prove the difference. Obesity in adults is often a sign of feebleness.

There is a corresponding radical difference between true education and the memorizing of facts. The meaning of the word tells its own story — e-ducalion — the di-awing-out of what is in the child, not the

XIV INTRODUCTION.

cramming undigested facts into the helpless young memory. The cruelty of it! AVere food forced into the body as facts are into the mind, so as to joroduce violent dyspepsia, parents would be compelled to stop. But they will not see the consequent mental dyspepsia and its vile train of intellectual, moral, and physical abnormalties. Improper education stores up useless knowledge as unhealthy livdng stores up stolid fat, instead of turning it into vigorous muscle.

'' By accelerating the circulation of the blood," says a scientific authority, '' it facilitates the performance of every function; and so tends alike to increase health when it exists and to restore it when it has been lost." For this changeless reason, the same to-day as a thousand years ago or a thousand years hence, play is a necessity of human nature ; and for this reason also play is superior to any regulated form of uninteresting gymnastic exercise. Play is the gymnastics of nature ; and that artificial exercise is best which comes nearest to it in interest and amusement. "An agreeable mental excitement has a highly invigorating influence."

Play also makes an equable distribution of action to all parts of the body ; the action of gymnastics, falling on special parts, produces fatigue, and if constantly repeated, leads to disproportionate development.

INTRODUCTION. XV

"Consider the fact," says Herbert Spencer, "from any but tlie conveational point of view, and it will ^eem strange that while the raising of first-rate bullocks is an occupation on which men of education willingly bestow much time, inquiry, and thought, the bringing up of fine human beings is an occupation tacitly voted unworthy of their attention. Mammas who have been taught little but languages, music, and accomplishments, aided by nurses full of antiquated prejudices, are held competent regulators of the food, clothing, and exercise of children. Meanwhile the fathers read books and periodicals, attend agricultural meetings, try exj^eriments, and engage in discussions, all with the view of discovering how to fatten prize pigs ! Infinite pains will be taken to produce a racer that sha^l win the Derby : none to produce a modern athlete. Had Gulliver narrated of the Laputans that men vied with each other in learning how best to rear the offspring of other creatures, and were careless of learning how best to rear their own offspring, he would have paralleled any of the other absurdities he ascribes to them."

There is character as well as strength in muscle ; and little of either in flabbiness or lard. Take the colloped fat from the under-chin and jowl of a young man, and

Xvi JNTRODUCTIOX.

put it on his arms, trunk, and legs in the shape of firm muscle, and, other things being equal, you improve lii. moral as well as his bodily health.

All who are trained in athletics know the value of the " second wind." Powerful athletes are in danger till this is reached ; but he who has obtained his " second wind " in a contest can go on as long as his muscular power lasts. It is worth remembering that there is a moral as well as a physical ''second wind;" and that many who go down at the first trials would have held on to a virtuous and happy end had the failino- character been sustained at the period of early

■weakness.

Fatness and softness are merely sensuous expressions, or symptoms of disease. They are non-conductors of spiritual messages, stopping or deadening the finer currents of enjoyment, as an insulator stops

electricity.

The motive-centre of a thinker is the brain ; of a philanthropist, the heart ; of a sensualist the belly. In the latter class, a kindly or beautiful or devotional aspiration enters the mind and wanders aimlessly through the flabby muscles, straying off the nerve at will, for the tissues have not stxflicieTit consistency to hold it on the line, until it sinks gradually but surely toward the marshy and forbidden wastes of

IXTRODUCTIOX. XVU

appetite, and is drowned, like a belated traveller, in the weedy morasses of the gastric-centre.

To place manly sport in its proi:>er relation to the [)eople, we must save athletics from the professional athletes, and from the evil association of betting and gambling, that stunts, encumbers and disgraces almost all kinds of oi)en-nir exercise.

The very fact that professionals and gamblers fasten on a sport, is the highest proof of its value to the people : your worm never selects an inferior apple. The popular desire is the very stock in trade of the professional gambler. There is only one way in which this reform can be thoroughly made, namely, by the recognition of atliletic training as a necessary and admirable part of general education. This will remove at once the flavor of disrepute which at present attends a taste for manly sport.

All healthy young people are fond of physical exercise ; and proper instruction is as necessary here as in the intellectual departments of school and college, and will as surely result in benefit to the individual and the state. ^

I desire to express my thanks to several persons who have assisted me in the preparation of this book,

XVUl INTRODUCTION.

especially to Dr. Francis A. Harris, of Boston, for his invaluable paper on the physiology of athletic training ; to the Hoston Herald^ for its enterprising publication of the article on boxing, the plates of which The Herald generously presented to me ; to my friend, John Donoghue, the sculptor, for permission to engrave his great statute of " The Boxer ; " and to the Editor of Outing^ for the use of several illustrations from that interesting^ magfazine.

John Boyle O'Reilly.

ETHICS AND EVOLUTION OF BOXING.

HAS BOXING A REAL VALUE?

''Both amoDo- the Greeks and Romans," savs an eminent authorit}^ ''the practice of pugilism was considered essential to the education of their youth, from its manifest utility in strengthening the body, dissipating all fear, and infusing a manly courage into the system."

The Greeks and Romans kept boxing in its proper relation to every-day life ; not as a brutal exhibition of skill or strength, but as a healthy exercise to invigorate the body, expand the chest, strengthen and quicken the muscles, and render mind and body free, supple, strong, and confident.

" There is nothing that interests me like good boxing," said Sir Robert Peel. "It asks more steadiness, self-control, ay, and manly courage, than any other exercise. You must take as well as give, — eye to eye, toe to toe, and arm to arm."

Z ETHICS OP^ ROXTXG AND MANLY SPORT.

Mr. Evelyn Denisoii, once speaker of the House of Commons, describing an interview with Lord Althorp, the minister AAho led the British Commons wdien the Reform Bill was passed, says : ''Lord Althorp became eloquent; he said that his conviction of the advantages of pugilism was so strons: that he had seriously been considerinowhether it was not a dut}' that he owed to the public to go and attend every prize fight which took place, and thus to encourage the noble science to the extent of his powder."

"We are the Romans of the modern world," says the illustrious "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," speaking of Americans — "the great assimilating people. Conflicts and conquests are, of course, necessary accidents with us, as with our prototypes. And so we come to their style of weapon. . . . The race that shortens its w^eapons lengthens its lioundaries. CoroUary : It was the Polish lance that left Poland at last with J nothino' of her own to l)ound.

" ' Dropped from her nerveless grasp the shattered spear! '

" What business," continues Dr. Holmes, "had Sarmatia to be fighting for liberty with a fifteenfoot pole between her and the breasts of her enemies? If she had but come to close quarters, there might have been a chance for her.'

HAS BOXING A REAL VALUE? 3

To these famous and wise men might be added a long list of others, equally distinguished, who appreciated the personal and national value of generations trained to manly exercises, their bodies developed, and their minds calmly confident in the ready power of self-defence.

Take an eminent man of a contrary opinion, and see how few will l)e ready to agree with him ; how many will feel shocked at his w^ord, as the expression of a false and injurious doctrine. Sydney Smith, who liked almost everything that w^as good, ])y some queer mental perversion, despised and detested manly"exercises. *^ There is a manliness in the athletic exercises of public schools," he says, '^Avliich is as seductive to the imagination as it is utterly unimportant in itself. Of what importance is it in after life whether a boy can play well or ill at cricket, or row a boat with the skill and precision of a waterman? If our young lords and esquires were hereafter to w^restle together in public, or the gentlemen of the bar to exhibit Olympic games in Hilary term, the glory attached to these exercises at public schools would be rational and important. But of what use is the body of an athlete, wdien w^e have gooa Jaws over our heads, or when a pistol, a postchaise, or a porter, can be hired for a few shillings ? A gentleman does nothing but ride or walk, and yet such a ridiculous stress is laid upon the manliness of the exercises customary at public schools."

How many will say that this is sound doctrine for a man or a community? It is of little importance, perhaps, whether or not a grown man can play cricket or row a boat ; but it is of very great importance, no matter how cheap pistols or postchaises may be, that, in case he were called on, for personal or patriotic duty, to swim or climb for a life, to fight for a child or a woman, to defend his country in the field, he should ))e ready with a strong body, a stout heart, and a trained hand and mind to raise him over difficulty and dano;er.

In speaking of boxing, it is not necessary to apologize for prize-fighting or prize-fighters. It is enough to study the growth and worth of boxing as a healthy and manly exercise. But even for the prize-ring, much might be said to show that to it alone is due whatever is known of order and fair play in a personal encounter.

" The rules of the ring" are the condensed opinions of fiiir-minded men as to what is to be and is not to be allowed in a personal fight, whether public or private (except the London Eing Eules, for which see pages 7 and 89). Every unfair method is condemned ; and, no matter how rough the crowd at a personal conflict, a foul blow, or a

IMPROVEMENT IN MODERN BOXING. 5

cruel advantage, is sure to be shouted down as cowardly and disgraceful.

II. Improvement In Modern Boxing

The chief reason Avhy boxing has fallen into disrepute is the English practice of prize-fighting Avith bare hands, and under improper rules.

The American champion, Sullivan, has done more than attempt to defeat all pugilists who came before him : he has made a manly and most creditable effort to establish the practice not only of sparring, but of fighting, with large gloves ; and secondly, he has made the round blow ''scientific." He also has insisted, whenever he could, that contests should be ruled by three- y minute rounds of fair boxing.

The adoption of gloves foj' all contests will do more to preserve the practice of boxing than any other conceivable means. It will give pugilism new life, not only as a professional boxer's art, but as a sreneral exercise. The brutalities of a fio:ht with bare hands, the crushed nasal bones, maimed lips, and other disfigurements, which call for the utter abolition of boxing in the

G ETHICS OF BOXING AND MANLY SPORT.

interests of humanity, at once disappear when the contestants cover their hands with large, softleather gloves.

There is no loss in the quality of the contest either, as those who have seen both kinds of boxing A\ ill testify. All that is worth noting and testing of courage, temper, strength, tenacity, endurance, force, rapidity, precision, foresight, can l)e as completely proven, or rather can be better or more plainly proven, in a glove contest than in a bare-handed fight.

Such a change as is here contemplated w^as never dreamt of even ten yeavs ago. British boxinir was a lamentable exhibition at all times; but for twenty-five years past it has been sinking lower and lower in disrepute. The greatest and manliest physical exercise has been, for this reason, in danger of complete extinction.

^' Surely a precious tiling: one worthy note, Should thus be lost forever from the earth."

It is hoped that the recent bare-handed tight between Sullivan and Mitchell in France will be the last of its brutal kind.*

This fight contains in itself a complete illustra-

*The men fought near Chantilly, France, on March 10, 1888, for £500 and the championship of the world. The rules were those of the London Prize King. The fight lasted three hours and eleven minutes, in which time 39 regular rounds, and

IMPROVEMENT IN MODERN BOXING. 7

tion of the very worst features of English prizefio'htino'. The London Eino- Eules, under which this contest was conducted, enabled the inferior man to escape, and might easily have made him the victor. These rules (see page 89, Appendix) were apparently meant to prevent, not to insure, fair and manly boxing. Had Mitchell been compelled to stand up and fight for three-minute rounds, and had he been prevented from falling to escape danger, there would have been a fair test of both men's al)ility. Again, had Sullivan kept to his natural style of fighting, with a masterful spirit compelling his opponent, mstead of adopting a slow and watchful method, it would have been far better for him. In fact, everything was against Sullivan, and in favor of the gamblers who evidently ruled the contest. He was overtrained (see pages 108-9 for efiect of over-training). He had lost forty pounds in about six weeks, most seriously aftecting the weight of his blows ; and four or five irregular, were fouglit. After five or six rounds, diu'ing wliicli he was knocked down literally every time he stood up, Mitchell adoi^ted a system of running away and falling to escape blows. A cold rain was falling, and Sullivan became chilled, and in the thirty-fifth round he had a fit of ague. He was overtrained; he had hurt his right hand; he was too heavy to plough through the nuid after his running adversary, whom he could not catch; so he agreed to end the contest by a draw\

ETHICS OF BOXING AND MANLY SPORT.

in this reduction not only had he sacrificed nervous force to muscular power, but he had lost the necessary fat to keep him from getting chilled in the slow fight ensured by the London Rules.

In America, Sullivan's example has done much to bring glove contests into professional practice ; and when the man's faults are rehearsed, it is only fair that this should be remembered. In other respects it is beyond doubt that he is one of the most remarkable boxers in the whole history of the exercise. (See page 75 for analysis oi nis method of fi2:htinof, which of course is a study of the man when at his best.)

Sullivan's second achievement is, undoubtedly, the crystallization of the round blow. This is one of the 2:reatest additions ever made to the pugilism of the ring. The round blow, safely delivered, is the most powerful and effective of all blows.

\ Sullivan did not invent the round blow. It is as old as boxing ; indeed it is one of the natural movements of human attack. It was the leading blow of the Greeks with the brutal cestus, or armed glove. It is the very blow that a strons^, awk-

THE USUAL, AND

WRONG, WAY TO

STRIKE A ROUND

BLOW.

of hii

IMPROVEMENT IN MODERN BOXING. 9

ward, ignorant man woulcl strike, and thereby disable himself — for the round blow, wrongly delivered, is far more terrible to the o-iver than to the receiver.

Formerly, boxers delivered the round blow almost with a straight-arm swing, some with the front knuckles leading, and some with the back, and some again with the thumb knuckle, or with the palm or ''heel of the fist." But most of llOl^D BLOW.

these came oft* with sprained joints or broken wrists, while their opponents easily escaped the slow swing by ''ducking," or threw up the elboW at an acute angle and smashed the delicate bone of the striker's forearm.

The secret of striking the round blow safely lies in the position of the knuckles. Just as in

10 ETHICS OF BOXING A^TD MANLY SrORT.

true cutting: with a sword, the elbow and knuckles are the test. Ask an unskilled man to make the '•cut one" with a sabre (from right to left, horizontally), and he will, assuredly, cut ii^itli the back of the sivord for two-thirds of the distance. Simply because he keeps his elbow and his knuckles turned up instead of down. And so with all sword-cuts. So, too, with the round blow in boxing. An unskilled boxer v>^ill swing

DL•CKI^■G THE KOU^D BLOW the hand obliquely upward, with the palm downward or toward his body. Instead, the elbow must be slightly raised, the back of the hand turned toward the body. This brings the sti'iking joints of the hand square in the lead.

A good l)oxer, in striking the round blow, instead of loosening body and arm, gathers himself into a

ANTIQUITY OF BOXIXG. 11

heap of muscularity and begins his blow where all l)lows ought to begin, from the solidarity of the ri<>'ht foot. He l^ends the risfht arm into an obtuse angle, the elbow slightly raised from the side, and throws the entire weight of l)ody and momentum of released biceps into the blow.

Therefore, it may be said, that the last few years have witnessed a greater permanent advance in boxing than any period since the time of John Broughton, who was the British champion from 1734 to 1750, and who has been, though not very truly, called ^'the founder of the modern art of self-defence."

TTI.

ANTIQUITY OF BOXIXG.

British and Irish athletes have done nuich for boxing ; but an examination of the whole field would lead to the conclusion that ''the modern art of self-defence" is not so modern as some people think.

Boxino; is the only art of attack and defence Avhich we have as an unl)roken inheritance from the ancients.

Every weapon used by men has been changed in use and shape within one thousand, much less two thousand years. The pike, the bow, the mace, the axe, are abandoned. The only ancient weapon that has not been thrown aside is the sw^ord ; and that has been doubled in length, and used in quite other ways than the Greek and Roman use.

There is a close relationship between the history of the sword and that of boxino;.

Both Greek and Roman used the short sword (average of about twenty inches) undoubtedly as a stabbing weapon — as distinct from a cutting w^eapon. The only weapon obviously used for cutting among the ancients was the curved sword of the Lacedaemonians and the Irish, specimens of which can be seen in the Royal Irish Academy Museum, and which almost exactly resembled the present scimetar of the Persians.

All the gladiatorial sword fights of the Romans were with the short, straight sword, like a Scottish claymore ; and when the hapless loser threw up his hands and the people shouted ^'Hoc Habet! " (''He has got it \ ") they knew that the victor had driven his straight weapon between his opponent's ribs.

But with the northern conquest of Rome the use of the straight sword, or rather the use of the point as the principal means of attack, practically disappeared for over a thousand years, and when

ANTIQUITY OF BOXING.

it came again, it was in tiie long, light rapier play of the Italian and French schools of fence.

Bat all this time the boxing skill of Greek and lionian must have come traditionally and practically down from fother to son, the only change being in the dropping of the hand-weights and bandages.

GREEK BOXERS WITH THE TESTUS.

When Pollux obtained the boxing victory at the ^ Pythian games, he wore gloves or leathern bandages filled with lead and iron. When Sullivan defeats his man, he uses soft gloves filled with curled hair. This is the chano-e of time and ^ judgment. The latter is the better test. A chance blow from the heavy cestus cracked a man's skull or broke his arm. There are no chance blows in a first-rate modern fio-ht with li'loves.

But, so far as we can find, the " set-to " of the Greek and Roman boxers was not unlike modern pugilism. The records are rather v^ague as to the ancient manner of aivino; and ofuardino; blows, but there are some writings and numerous drawings and carvings showing that the position and action of the engaged boxers were precisely then as they are to-day.

In a Greek drawing' of ])oxers with the cestus now before me, one of the men stands in a most approved modern attitude, the left foot and hand advanced, the left arm slightl}^ bent, and the right arm held across the lower chest, just as a careful boxer of to-day covers ''the wind" or " the point."

The Greeks were the first boxers. Pugilism appears to have been one of the Cxarliest distinctions in play and exercise that appeared between the Hellenes and their Asiatic fathers. The unarmed personal encounter was indicative of a sturdier manhood. The suppleness and adroitness of the Oriental were supplanted l)y the heavier build and more direct attack of the European.