Madame Du Barry

Front matter

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;i y?

CHAPTER I Page i VIII „ 100

IX „ no

XVII .249

XVIII ,,269

XXII » 334

„ XXIII » 35°

XXIV , 365 xi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Madame du Barry and her Hindoo page, Z,3.va.oT, from the

painting by Drouais Fromhpkce

Louis 'KM ., from an engraving by Bonnet, after the painting

by Louis Michel Van Loo To face page 8

Etienne Fran9Qis de Choiseul, Due de Choiseul-Stainville,

from the painting by 'Lom%yi\ch.e[YiLn'Loo ,, 46

"The Vestal," Daughter of Louis X.V,,froi}i the painting

by Nattier ,, 66

Madame du Barry as Europa, yrora a painting in the South

Kensington Museum by an unknown artist „ 92

Marie Antoinette, Dauphine de Ftance,from an engraving

by Croisey „ 1 30

Louis Auguste, Dauphin de France fLouis XVL), from

an engraving by ]6hznn YA\9ii }i{d\d ,, 134

Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Conde, fi'om an

engraving by Cathelin, after the painting by Le Noir ,, 156

Gustavus IIL, King of Sweden, from a lithograph by

Motte „ 182

Supper given by Madame du Barry to Louis XV. in the Pavilion of Louveciennes, from the water-colour by Moreau le jeune „ 200

xiii

LIST OF ILLUiSTRATIONS

Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, Queen of Hungary j

and Bohemia, yroOT the painting by Von Meytens To face page 220 ^

Madame Louise de France, Daughter of Louis 'KY.,from

the painting by Nattier „ 242

Madame Adelaide de France, Daughter of Louis XV.,

from the painting by Nattier „ 260

Joseph IL, Emperor of Germany, from an engraving by

C. G. Schultze, after the painti?ig by Kymli „ 288

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, /"«»/ an engraving by

Bartolozzi, after the miniature by P. Violet „ 322

Madame du Barry, yrtf« an engraving by Conde, after the

miniature by Cosway „ 366 y

CHAPTER I

The death of Madame de Pompadour followed by an inter- ^'' regnum — Duel between the Duchesse de Gramont and the

Marquise d'Esparbes for possession of the King's heart — Short-lived triumph and exile of the latter — Madame de Seran — Interview between her and Louis XV. — A platonic liaison — Choiseul and Madame de Seran — Temporary reformation of the King — Death of the Queen.

After the death of Madame de Pompadour, on April 15, 1764, there was an interregnum of more than four years at Versailles. It must not be supposed, however, that such a condition of affairs was in any way due to lack of enterprise on the part of the ladies of the Court, many of whom ardently coveted the post vacated by the famous marchioness ; and, indeed, for some months, Versailles was a perfect hot-bed of intrigue and conspiracy.

Of the numerous candidates, the chances of two were, by common consent, acknowledged to be far superior to those of their competitors, insomuch that, after a while, the latter decided to stand aside and leave them in undisputed possession of the arena.

The two ladies in question were the Duchesse de Gramont,^ sister of the all-powerful Minister, the Due de

' Beatrix de Choiseul-Stainville, born at Luneville in 1730, guillotined in 1793. In 1759, she had married the Due de Gramont, but, three months later, unable to endure the " crapulous " life led by her husband, separated from him and went to live at her brother's house,

Choiseul, and the Marquise d'Esparbes, both of whom had been intimate friends of Madame de Pompadour, and, therefore, considered that they had special claims to succeed her. The duchess was not beautiful and a little masculine in appearance, proud, overbearing, and "spiteful as the devil," but intelligent, witty, and (according to Lauzun) " desirable." The marchioness is described as short and red-haired, " with a somewhat misshapen nose " ; but these blemishes were atoned for by a dazzling complexion and shapely white hands, of which she was so proud that she was in the habit of having them bled, in order to preserve their transparency.

Urged on by her brother, and encouraged by his clients, who saw in her elevation a sure guarantee of the continuance of their patron's favour, Madame de Gramont appears to have underrated the difficulties of her task, and, believing success assured, to have conducted her wooing in too masterful a manner. The result was that Louis XV., whose heart always yielded more readily to a prolonged siege than a direct assault, became alarmed, was at pains to avoid dangerous tete-a-tetes with the lady, and, finally, decided to ensure his escape by accepting the favours which Madame d'Esparbes was so anxious to bestow upon him — favours which, it may be mentioned, had already been enjoyed by several of his subjects, the aged Richelieu and the youthful Lauzun among the number.

Matters had actually progressed so far that Madame d'Esparbes was on the point of being " proclaimed " at Marly, where a splendid suite of apartments had been allotted her, when Choiseul, who was absolutely determined that, if his sister were not to be promoted to the

where scandalous tongues declared that she occupied a somewhat equivocal position.

vacant post, no one else should occupy it, contrived to dash the cup of happiness from her lips.

Meeting her one day on the grand staircase, surrounded by a crowd of courtiers, he took her by the chin, and exclaimed in a patronising tone : " Well, little one, how are your affairs progressing ? "

Poor Madame d'Esparbes, utterly taken aback by such extraordinary behaviour, was unable to say a single word by way of retort, and could only look supremely foolish ; while her enemy walked away, chuckling over her discomfiture, and related the incident to every one whom he chanced to meet,

" The women who do not love the duke (and they are many) are disgusted at the cowardice displayed by Madame d'Esparbes," writes Prince Xavier of Saxony, " and regard her as a simpleton and a prude, protesting that, in her place, they would have applied two good blows to the ministerial cheeks, to teach him to give himself the air of taking ladies by the chin."

This public insult put an end, nevertheless, to the hopes of Madame d'Esparbes. For a grande mahresse, she was sadly deficient in aplomb ; and this proved her undoing. Louis disliked scandal and ridicule ; and, finding that he must choose between a woman who was the laughing-stock of his Court and a Minister whose services he at that time deemed indispensable, did not hesitate to decide in favour of the latter. And so it happened that the next communication which poor Madame d'Esparbes received from her royal lover was not a poulet, but a lettre de cachet, coldly informing her that it was his Majesty's pleasure that she should retire to her father-inlaw's country-seat, near Montauban.

After the departure of Madame d'Esparbes, the King 3 appears to have diverted himself with the inmates of the Parc-aux-Cerfs,^ varied by an intrigue with a Mademoiselle de Luzy, an actress who excelled in souhrette parts, and what Is believed to have been a liaison of a platonic character with the Comtesse de Seran.

The Comtesse de Seran, who is described by Marmontel as " beautiful as the goddess of Love, and still more interesting by her kindness and native innocence than by the lustre of her beauty," was a young lady of twenty married to a very worthy gentleman of ancient family, but of an ugliness so appalling (" red-haired, ill-made, with only one eye, and a cataract in that ") that, when he was presented to her as her future husband, " she turned pale with horror, and her heart revolted against him with disgust and repugnance."

Madame de Seran aspired to be one of the ladies of the Duchesse de Chartres ; but, as there was some little difficulty in the way, owing to a doubt as to the exact length of her pedigree — only those who could trace their nobility back four hundred years were eligible for the post — the matter was referred to Louis XV., who, " after listening with more attention to the praises of her beauty than the proofs of her noble blood," gave his consent, on condition that, after being presented, she should come and thank him in person.

We will let Marmontel, the countess's confidant, relate what followed :

" The rendezvous was in the King's private apartments; the lady went, trembling exceedingly. Her

' For a full account of this mysterious establishment, see Memoires de Madame du Hausset (edit. 1825), p. gi^/j^j'.; M. Le Roi's Curiosites historiques, p. 230 et seq., and chapter xi. of the author's " Madame de Pompadour" (London, Harpers ; New York, Scribners, 1902).

friends were on the tip-toe of expectation; the young countess was to be omnipotent; the King and the Court were to be at her feet ; while all her friends would be loaded with favours. The company awaited the young sovereign ; they counted every minute ; they died with impatience to see her arrive, and yet they were glad at her being so long in arriving.

" At last she does arrive, and gives us an account of all that had passed. A page of the Bedchamber awaited her at the gate of the chapel, and she ascended by a secret staircase into the private apartments. She had not long to wait for the King. He had accosted her with an agreeable air, had taken her hands, had pressed them respectfully, and, observing her apprehension, had encouraged her by gentle words and looks full of kindness. He then made her sit opposite to him, congratulated her upon the success of the appearance she had made, and said that every one was agreed that no one so handsome had ever been seen at his Court."

" ' Then,' said she, ' it must be true. Sire, that happiness makes us beautiful, and, in that case, I should be still happier now.'

" ' Accordingly you are so,' said he, taking my hands and gently squeezing them in his, which were then trembling.

" After a moment's hesitation, in which his looks alone spoke, he asked me what position 1 should be most ambitious to obtain.

" I answered, ' The place of the Princesse d'Armagnac' (She was an old friend of the King, who was lately dead.)

" ' Ah ! ' said he, ' you are very young to supply the place of a friend who was present at my birth, who held me upon her knees, and whom I have loved from my 5 cradle. Time, Madame, is necessary to obtain my confidence. I have been so often deceived.'

" ' Oh ! ' said I, ' I will not deceive you ; and if time only is required to deserve the exalted title of your friend, I have that to give you.'

" This language from a person only twenty surprised, but did not displease him. Changing the subject, he inquired if 1 thought his private apartments furnished with taste.

" ' No,' said I, ' I should prefer them blue,' and as blue is his favourite colour, he was flattered by the reply. I added that in every other respect they appeared to me charming.

" ' If you like them,' said he, ' I hope you will sometimes be so good as to come, every Sunday, for instance, at the same hour as now.'

" I assured him that 1 would avail myself of every opportunity of paying my court to him, upon which he left me and went to sup with his children. He made an appointment for this day week, at the same hour. I give you all warning, therefore, that I shall be the King's friend, and that I will never be anything more."

The expectant friends, we may suppose, did everything possible to turn the lady from her resolution ; but, according to Marmontel, she adhered to it firmly, and though she paid the King weekly visits, finding on the first occasion that the salon furniture had been changed to blue, and corresponded with him in the intervals between their meetings, the connection never went beyond the bounds of friendship. " The King at his age," he writes, " was not sorry to have an opportunity of tasting the charms of a sentimental union — the more flattering and agreeable that it was new, and that it sensibly afi^ected 6 him without endangering his vanity." The writer adds that he was " an ocular witness of the purity of this connection," as Madame de Seran was in the habit of communicating to him his Majesty's letters and her replies.

The mystery of the private meetings between the King and the lady did not escape the watchful eyes of the Court, which was naturally but little inclined to share Marmontel's view of the matter. Choiseul was furious, and, in accordance with his determination to keep at a distance from the King every woman who was not devoted to himself, prepared to crush Madame de Seran, as he had crushed Madame d'Esparb^s. The countess, however, warned of his designs, hastened to undeceive him. She was acquainted with La Borde, the Court banker, one of Choiseul's staunchest allies, and requested him to arrange for her an interview with the Minister at his house and in his presence.

" Monsieur le Due," said she, " I have a favour to ask of you. You, I understand, speak very slightingly of me ; you believe me to be one of those women who aim at gaining possession of the King's heart and acquiring influence over his mind, which gives you umbrage. I might have punished you for the liberty you have taken, but I prefer to undeceive you. The King expressed a desire to see me, which I did not refuse to gratify ; we have had private conversations and have carried on a constant correspondence. You are aware of all this ; but the letters of the King will soon inform you of something which you do not know. Read them ; you will find an extreme kindness, but as much respect as tenderness, and nothing at which I have cause to blush. I love the King as a father ; I would give my life for him, but, King as he is, 7 he will never prevail upon me to deceive him, nor to degrade myself by granting what my heart neither will nor can bestow."

Thereupon, she handed to the duke his Majesty's letters, which contained such expressions as " You are only too admirable " ; " Permit me to kiss your hands " ; " Permit me, in absence at least, to embrace you," and so forth.

Choiseul read the letters, and, much relieved, " prepared to throw himself at the lady's feet to implore her forgiveness."

" The King is indeed in the right," said he ; " you are but too admirable. Now tell me what service can be rendered to you by the new friend you have attached for life.?"

The lady accepted an appointment for a M. de la Bathe, a young officer who was about to marry her sister ; but would take nothing herself from the King, except a little hotel situated at the back of the Oratory.^

About this time, Louis XV. would appear to have been seized with one of his periodical fits of remorse. As a rule, these attacks began with Lent, reached their climax in Holy Week, and ended at Easter ; but the present one was prolonged until after the death of the Queen in June 1768. "Advancing in years, worn out with pleasures," writes Mercy-Argenteau, the Austrian Ambassador, " he appeared to seek in the bosom of his family the tranquillity and happiness which disorders would not permit of; he visited the Queen regularly every evening, and

^ Mimoires de Marmontel (edit. 1804), iii. 64, et seq.

Cheverny says that the " little hotel " was, in reality, une belle maison, and scoffs at the idea that the King got nothing in return ; but then Cheverny was a scandal-monger.

Louis XV.

From an Eiigrtiv'ing h)^ Bonnf.t, tiff er the Pnint'ingby Loims Michei. Van Loo

17. 8tUOJ

'I '(^ ■sjsviwvj.-'

this princess, who for a long time had not enjoyed the least credit, obtained then many things which indicated that she would recover a certain ascendency over her husband's mind. At the same time, the King showed on several occasions a desire to put away from him too near temptations to a licentious life ; the number of inmates of the Parc-aux-Cerfs was reduced to two, one of whom, Mademoiselle Estain, requested permission to retire, and did, in point of fact, do so. The illness of the Queen supervened, and from the first her state was considered hopeless. Then every one believed that the King, already inclining towards a reformation in his morals, would, perhaps, in the event of widowhood, think of espousing a young and amiable wife, who would be able to assure him repose of conscience and happiness for the remainder of his days ; and this idea was firmly established in the public mind."^

Vain hope ! Scarcely had poor Marie Leczinska been laid in her grave than Louis fell again, and this time lower than he had ever yet descended.

^ Mercy to Kaunitz, November 9, 1768.

Chapter II

Genealogy of Jeanne B6cu — Her birth — Her baptismal certificate — Question of her paternity — Her mother, Anne Becu, brings her to Paris — M. Billard-Dumouceaux — The Couvent de Sainte-Aure — Education which Jeanne receives there — She returns to her mother — The coiffeur Lametz — She enters the service of Madame de la Garde — Labille's shop — A serious charge — Her first lovers — " Comte" Jean du Barry, surnamed the ^^ Roue" — His history — Jeanne becomes his mistress — And calls herself Mademoiselle de Vaubernier — Her life with the " Roue" — Her friends — Lauzun's account of his visit to their house — She becomes the fashion.

About the middle of the reign of Louis XIV., there lived in Paris a rotisseur, or roasting cook, named Fabien Bdcu. This B6cu, who is said to have been a singularly handsome man, had the good fortune to find favour in the eyes of a certain Dame de Cantigny, or Quantigny, who carried her infatuation so far as to marry him. Their wedded life, however, does not seem to have been of long duration, and, after bearing him a daughter, of whom nothing is known, the countess died, " leaving her affairs in great disorder." Fabien had perforce to return to the kitchen, and entered the service of the beautiful Madame de Ludres, who, for some months in the early part of the year 1677, disputed with Madame de Montespan the possession of the heart of k Grand Monarque. Worsted in the unequal contest, and unable to bear the cruel taunts and insults which her " thunderous and triumphant " rival heaped upon her, Madame de Ludres quitted the Court and retired to her country-seat, the Chateau de Vane, in Lorraine. Fabien accompanied his mistress, and, in 1693, married a fellow servant, a girl called Jeanne Husson, by whom he had seven children, three sons and four daughters. Of the sons, Charles, the eldest, became valet-de-chambre to Stanislaus Leczinski, ex-King of Poland, while his two brothers, Jean-Baptiste and Nicolas, took service with noble families in Paris. Of the daughters, two, Marie-Anne and Marguerite, married persons in their own station in life ; a third, H61ene, became femme-de-chamhre to Madame Bignon, wife of the librarian of the Bibliotheque du Roi ; while the fourth, Anne, who, with her sister H61^ne, inherited Fabien B6cu's good looks, settled at Vaucouleurs, a small town on the borders of Champagne and Lorraine, now in the Department of the Meuse.^

Anne B6cu was by occupation a sempstress, but inasmuch as she lived in a large and comfortable house, the neighbours entertained a shrewd suspicion that she had a more lucrative source of revenue than her needle — a suspicion which was confirmed when, on August 19, 1743, she gave birth to a natural daughter, who was baptized the same day, the acte de naissance being as follows :

"Jeanne, natural daughter of Anne B6cu, otherwise known as Quantigny, was born the nineteenth of August of the year seventeen hundred and forty-three and baptized the same day ; having for godfather Joseph Demange, and for godmother Jeanne Birabin, who have signed with me.

"Jeanne Birabine. L. Galon,

Vicar of Vaucouleurs.

Joseph Demange. "^

' M. Vatel's Histoire de Madame du Barry, i. i, et seq. ^ E. and J. de Goncourt's La Du Barry, p. 6.

Such was the origin of the future Comtesse du Barry, the last left-hand queen of France.

It will be observed that in the above certificate the name of the father is omitted, nor has the question of the child's paternity been settled to this day, notwithstanding the fact that it has given rise to interminable disputes between historians and a long and costly lawsuit.^ The majority of encyclopaedias and biographical dictionaries, including even some of comparatively recent date, agree in giving the little girl for father a certain Gomard de Vaubernier, a clerk in the Excise, an error the origin of which we shall presently explain ; but the theory which finds most favour with modern writers is that which ascribes the paternity to a Picpus monk,^ one Jean Jacques Gomard, in religion Frere Ange, with whom Jeanne B6cu was on very intimate terms in later years in Paris, and who is believed to have been at this time an inmate of a community established at Vaucouleurs, in the Rue de Chauss^e, the remains of whose house may still be seen.^

Some time between the spring of 1747 and the close of 1749, Anne B6cu, with her little daughter, removed from Vaucouleurs to Paris, where, as we have mentioned, two of her brothers and her sister H61ene were in service. This step was not improbably prompted by the fact that, in February of the former year, Anne had become the mother of a second child, a boy, who was baptized as

■■ See p. 342, Infra.

^ The Picpus monks, so called from the site of their chief monastery at the village of Picpus, near Paris, were Tertiaries, or members of the Third Order of St. Francis. They were not, strictly speaking, monks at all, but non-conventual members, who continued to live in society without the obligation of celibacy.

^ M. Vatel's Histotre de Madame du Barry, i. 5.

Claude,^ and was beginning to find herself regarded with disfavour by her neighbours. Soon after their arrival in the capital, Jeanne, who, even at this early age, showed promise of quite remarkable beauty, attracted the attention of a M. Billard-Dumouceaux,^ a rich financier and army contractor, and, according to Grosley, " the most amiable man in Paris," who constituted himself a kind of informal guardian to the child, and took both her and her mother to reside with him, the latter, apparently, in the capacity of cook. M. Dumouceaux was a patron of the arts, and himself a pastelist of some ability, which probably accounts for the fact that in the inventory of the Chateau of Louveciennes, the residence which Louis XIV. gave to the favourite, mention is made of a portrait of Madame du Barry as a child. M. Vatel is of opinion that this is a copy of a work executed for M. Dumouceaux by one of the artists who frequented his house.

When Jeanne was seven years old, through the influence of M. Dumouceaux or one of his friends, very possibly the Abbe Arnaud (who used to boast in after years of having dandled the future favourite of Louis XV. upon his knee), admission was procured for her to the Couvent de Sainte-Aure, in the Rue Neuve Sainte-Genevieve. This

' Nothing seems to be known about the subsequent career of this boy.

^ Pidansat de Mairobert and other contemporary biographers of Madame du Barry assert that this M. Dumouceaux was Jeanne's godfather, having been present at Vaucouleurs at the time of her birth and undertaicen the duty at the request of her father, Vaubernier, the Excise clerli, who was one of his subordinates. This is, of course, ridiculous, as we have shown that Joseph Demange was the parrain of Jeanne Becu and that Vaubernier was a myth ; and we mention it merely as an instance of the amount of credence to be placed in the testimony of these chroniclers.

«3 was a community which had been founded, about the year 1687, by Pere Gardeau, cure of Saint-Etienne-du-Mont, " to provide an asylum for young girls of his parish whom poverty had led into dissipation." But, in 1723, it had been changed to " an establishment for the education of youth, where they are instructed in Christian piety and in arts suitable for women," and thrown open to " all young people, born of honest parents, who may find themselves in circumstances in which they are in danger of ruin."^

The nuns, who followed, in a modified form, the regulations of Saint Augustin, and entitled themselves " adoratrices du sacre cceur de jSsus" numbered fifty-three, of whom ten were lay-sisters ; they provided accommodation for forty pupils, who paid from 250 to 300 livres a year and certain extras, and also admitted, at an annual charge of 500 livres, ladies who wished to use the convent as a temporary retreat.

On the whole, the life was not austere, but conventual habits were very strictly observed. The pupils rose at five ; at seven, they attended mass in a private chapel built for the use of the convent ; at eleven, they dined on plain but sufficient food ; and at nine, they retired to their dormitories. The costume was severe and simple. On the head each little girl wore a black woollen hood, with a band of coarse cloth bound tightly across the forehead, a plain frock of white Aumale serge, an unstarched veil, and shoes of yellow calf fastened with cords of the same. Playfulness, jesting, raillery, affectation, and even loud laughter were forbidden and punished. The curriculum, besides instruction in religious duties, included reading,

' Hurtaut's Dictionnaire de la mile de Paris et ses environs (Paris, \1T]), i. 413. Tableau de Vhumanit'e et de la bienfaisance, 1769, by Alletz, cited by M. Vatel.

writing, drawing, needlework, embroidery, and housekeeping."^

To this convent, then, Jeanne v/as sent, " with two pairs of sheets and six towels," and here she remained until she was fifteen ; at least we hear no more of her until the early part of 1759. Of her life there nothing is known, except that she would appear to have received a tolerable education. Her spelling and her grammar are ridiculed by writers like Pidansat de Mairobert, but, as M. Vatel very justly points out, in those days few ladies knew how to spell correctly ; and the grandes dames who reproached Richelieu with his infidelities wrote " Vous ne mhie flu''"^ " With the exception of the letters addressed to Henry Seymour,^ and which appear to have been dictated by ardent passion," he says, " her style is dull or, as she called it, terre-a-terre. What must be borne in mind from the letters verified as hers is that she received and retained a certain amount of intellectual culture, which could have been acquired only at Sainte-Aure. We find her expressing an opinion on Nero, whose cruelties she considered to have been exaggerated ; on Lovelace, &c. She read Cicero and Demosthenes, and had a great love for Shakespeare, translated, of course, since she professed herself unacquainted with the English language. She had learned how to draw, and founded a prize for the pupils

^ Constitution des religieuses de Sainte-Aure, suivant la rlgle de Saint- Augustin (Paris, 1786), cited by the Goncourts.

^ Madame de Pompadour, who was one of the most accomplished women of her time, never seemed able to distinguish between the possessive pronoun se and the demonstrative ce, and, like Louis XV., was in the habit of adding an s to the third person plural of verbs ; while the orthography of Madame Geoffrin, who kept a literary salon, was a thing to marvel at.

' See p. 294, et seq., infra.

at the School of Drawing opened by M. de Sartines. This little accomplishment ought also to be placed to the credit of the education she received at the convent."^

Nor were the years spent at Sainte-Aure without their effect upon Jeanne's character. The curriculum, as we have said, included instruction in household management ; and, even in the midst of her greatest prodigality, when she was squandering the public money with both hands on an army of jewellers, dressmakers, milliners, and bric-^- brac dealers, she never forgot the lessons of her childhood. She kept a daily account of her expenses ; she carefully checked every item in the bills of her tradesmen ; she exercised as keen a supervision over her household as the wife of any bourgeois ; and when in London, in 1792, we find her writing instructions to her steward to make jam of all the fruit grown at Louveciennes.

Again, as with Madame de Montespan, the traces of her early religious education remained ineffaceable, and throughout her life she manifested the most profound respect for the forms and ceremonies of the Church. She built a private chapel in her hotel at Versailles, another at Saint- Vrain, a third at Louveciennes, where the services were conducted by a Recollect, who came from Saint- Germain expressly for the purpose. She enriched the Church at Louveciennes by gifts of candles, pictures, and ornaments of all kinds. Banished to the Abbey of Pont-aux-Dames after the death of Louis XV., she speedily conciliated the abbess, Madame de Fontenille, who had been strongly prejudiced against her, and made so many friends among the nuns that her enemies accused her of a hypocritical simulation of devotion. Finally, in 1792, she gave shelter, at no small risk to herself, to the Abbe ' Hisioire de Madame du Barry, i. 27. 16 de Jorre, the Abb6 de Roche-Fontenille, nephew of the Abbess of Pont-aux-Dames, and a number of other persecuted ecclesiastics.