Story of one hundred years : A comprehensive review of the political and military events, the social, intellectual and material progress, and the general state of mankind in all lands. Embodying detailed and accurate accounts of all things of importance and interest, from 1801 to 1900, inclusive

Front matter

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSm

PROGRESS OF 1 HE CENTURY.

Preface

ROM 1 80 1 to 1900. It is a small part of the history of the world. It is the merest fraction, insignificant in extent, of the whole story of Time. Yet it surpasses in human interest all that had gone before. It has been well said that the Nineteenth Century is properly to be compared not with any other century but with all other centuries put together. And this estimate does not seem extravagant when we consider the marvelous progress which has been made by man in these one hundred years.

In all the thrilling interest of war and conquest, of heroic achievement, of daring adventure, the Nineteenth Century is more than the peer of any other. In scientific progress it easily outstrips all its eighteen predecessors, and the forty more that preceded them. In literature, music, art, it proves that the former times were not better than the later. And in social advancement, free institutions, elevation of the masses of the people, and general betterment of the condition of humanity, it so far outranks all other centuries as to seem almost an era in a new world. To tell the story of such an epoch is a task that may well fascinate the fancy and engage the highest endeavors of the historian. In many respects the story can never be fully told, for it is written only upon the hearts and souls of the human race. To tell all that could be told of the Hundred Years, in all its fullness, would require a whole library, and would need a lifetime to read. The present undertaking aims at no such thing as that. It aims at the production of a practical book, which in cost is within the reach of all, and in compass is within the power of all to read, and yet which in scope and detail covers the entire range of the century and includes every fact of real and lasting import.

In performing this task the historian must tell the story of his own land, in its progress from the estate of a puny handful of half-settled States to that of one of the greatest powers on the face of the globe. In so doing he must tell of great foreign and domestic wars, of territorial expansion, and of such inventive and industrial genius as the world has not elsewhere seen. He must tell of the mighty wars of the Old World, of the gradual emancipation ol nation after nation from absolutism to

14 PREFACE.

constitutional government. He must tell of the opening of the Dark Continent, and of the lands of Asia, and the settlement of the islands of the sea, and the extension into them of the arts of civilization. The rise and fall of empire, the transforming of the map of the world, are mere incidents in the progress of the mighty drama.

For the proper fulfilment of such a task it is necessary to draw upon all sources of information, to ransack libraries, documents, statistics, and a vast wealth of data wholly inaccessible to the average man ; and to glean therefrom the choicest grain of information and place it in practical and attractive form before the reader. The resources of pictorial art are likewise to be utilized, in the securing of present scenes of interest and the reproduction of old ones from the great galleries and treasure houses of art. The labor involved in such an undertaking is enormous. But the satisfaction in achieving it is likewise beyond all estimation.

The work is done, ended with the closing days of the century which it records. It is offered to the reader with an earnest hope that it will be found not unworthy of its exalted theme, and that it will assist the multitudes who may peruse it to form a more adequate estimate of the " closing cycle " than would have been possible without it.

Chapter I

Dawn of the New Century — Washington the National Capital — War with Tripoli — Ohio Admitted to the Union — Duel Between Hamilton and Burr — The Louisiana Purchase — Re-election of Mr. Jefferson — Trouble with England and France — The Embargo — Impressment of Seamen — Chesapeake and Leopard — The First Steamboat — Jefferson's Retirement 33

Chapter II

The Napoleonic Wars — Copenhagen — Alexandria — Reconstruction of France — War Renewed — England Threatened with Invasion — Emmett's Rebellion — - Napoleon Made Emperor — Ulm, Trafalgar and Austerlitz — Changing the Map of Europe — Jena and Auerstadt — Friedland — The Peninsular War — French Troops in Madrid — Victories of Napoleon 40

Chapter III

General Progress of the World — Independence of Hayti — Seizure of Toussaint — Bloody Independence — King Henry — Peruvian Revolution — Buenos Ayres — Disaster to the British — Storming of Buenos Ayres — Moving for Independence — Civil Dissensions — Success of the Revolution — Other Countries Revolt — Colombian Independence — Science and Literature — American Literature 52

Chapter IV

Madison Becomes President of the United States — Trouble with the Indians — The War of 1812 — American Disasters — -Victories at Sea — Invasion of Canada — Battle of Lake Erie — British Success at Sea — Chippewa and Lundy's Lane - — Lake Champlain — Burning of Washington — Talking of Peace — Battle of New Orleans — Hartford Convention — The Creek War — Close of Mr. Madison's Administration 68

Chapter V

Austria Against Napoleon — Napoleon's Divorce and Re-marriage — Wellington at Torres Vedras — Turn of the Tide in Spain — Quarrel with Russia — Marching to Moscow — Borodino — Destruction of Moscow — Horrors of the Retreat — Destruction of the Grand Army — Lutzen and Leipsic — Invasion of France — Napoleon's Return from Elba — Waterloo — Restoration of the

Bourbons — The Second Peace of Paris 79

Chapter VI

The War for Independence in South America -■—Simon Bolivar — Liberator and Dictator — La Puerta and San Marco — Republic of Bolivia — Revolution of Mexico — Hidalgo — Death of Hidalgo — Calleja — Russia and Turkey — Stories of the Years — Scientific Progress 9*

Chapter VII

James Monroe Becomes President of the United States — Acquisition of Florida — The Monroe Doctrine — Three New States — The Missouri Compromise — Treaties and Controversies — Lafayette — The Pension System — Revision of the Tariff — Re-election of Mr. Monroe 101

Chapter VIII

Treaty of Paris — Reaction in Europe — The Manchester Meeting — The Barbary Pirates — Disquiet in France — Rebellion in Spain — Revolution in Portugal — Naples and Sicily — Revolution in Piedmont — Congress at Carlsbad — The Greek Revolution — Independence Proclaimed — Turkish Atrocities — The Greek Constitution — The Destruction of Scio — Marco Bozzaris — Byron at Missolonghi — The Egyptian Fleet at Navarino 109

Chapter IX

Great Britain and the Indian Empire — The Mahratta War — Obrenovitch, Prince of Servia — Revolutions in America — The Triumph of Bolivar — The Republic of Colombia — Three Republics Organized — Death of Bolivar — Iturbide in Mexico — Treaty of Cordova — Iturbide Emperor — Fall of Iturbide — Liberia — "Byron is Dead" — Literature and Science — Trumbull's Paintings • — Steam Navigation — Death of Decatur 125

Chapter X

John Quincy Adams Becomes President of the United States — Trouble with Creek Indians — The Panama Congress — A Notable Anniversary — Political Movements — Election of General Jackson 140

Chapter XI

Fall of Louis XVIII — The War in Greece — Accession of Czar Nicholas I — Change of Russian Policy — Destruction of the Janissaries — Declaring for Greek Independence — Battle of Navarino — Russia Makes War on Turkey — Doings in Various Lands - 144

Chapter XII

Opening of the Erie Canal — Gas Lighting — Railroads — Arctic Exploration —

Early Strikes — Miscellaneous Events 155

CONTENTS.

Chapter XIII

Andrew Jackson Becomes President of the United States — Changes in Office — Nullification — South Carolina Yields — Georgia and the Cherokees — -National Bank — Removal of the Deposits — Black Hawk War — Seminole War — Jackson Re-elected — Foreign Affairs 160

Chapter XIV

Catholic Emancipation in England — Wellington Prime Minister — Catholic Emancipation Effected — End of the Greek Revolution — Russo-Turkish War — Troubles in France — Conquest of Algeria — Reaction in France — The Revolution Begins — Flight of the King — Belgian Revolution — ■ Unrest in Poland — Outbreak at Warsaw — Russians Routed — The Fall of Poland — Reform Law in England — Triumph of Reform — Doings in Various Lands — The Carlist War 171

Chapter XV

Spanish Attack upon Mexico — Usurpation of Bustamente — Defence of the Federal Constitution — Proceedings of Santa Anna — Texas Declared Independent — New Grenada, Venezuela and Ecuador — Personal Incidents — First Passenger Railway — Exploring the Niger — Copyright Reform — Obituary — Slave Insurrection — Events Abroad — Girard College Founded — Chastising Savage Sumatrians — The Cholera Epidemic — The Death Roll — Treaty with Russia — Rioting in the United States — Shooting Stars — Necrology — Great Fire in New York — Colt's Revolver 189

Chapter XVI

Martin Van Buren Becomes President of the United States — The Great Panic — ■ Continuance of the War in Florida — Internal Improvements — Difficulties in the State of Maine — Incidents of the Administration — Changes of Opinion Among the People — An Exciting Campaign 203

Chapter XVII

Accession of Queen Victoria — Insurrection in Canada — Suppression of the Insurgents — Indemnity in Canada — Outbreak in Acadie — Persian Invasion of Afghanistan — The Chartist Agitation — Attempt to Burn Sheffield — Marriage of Queen Victoria — The Opium War — Hostilities at Macao — Destruction of Chinese Fleet — Attempt to Assassinate Queen Victoria — Louis Napoleon at Boulogne — Remains of Bonaparte Brought Home — The British Princess- Royal — Turkish Affairs — Fall of Acre — Terms of Peace 208

I S CONTENTS.

Chapter XVIII

Regular Steam Navigation of Atlantic Begun — The "Great Western" — Regular Trips Begun — The "Great Britain" — A Fine Ship's Bad Luck — Origin of the Cunard Line — Antarctic Explorations — Wilkes's Expedition — "Erebus" and "Terror" — New Year's at Mount Sabine — Antarctic Volcanoes — The Icy Barrier — The Attempt Abandoned — Origin of Photography — Temperance Societies — Literary Progress 228

Chapter XIX

William Henry Harrison Becomes President of the United States — Death of Harrison — John Tyler Becomes President — Ashburton Treaty — Dorr's Rebellion — Saving Oregon — Anti-Slavery Agitation — General Jackson's Fine — Annexation of Texas — Treaty with China — The Texas Question — Incidents of the Administration — End of Tyler's Term 242

Chapter XX

Mehemet Ali Ruler of Egypt — Disasters in Afghanistan — Hastening to the Rescue — Fall of Ghuznee — Capture of Cabul — Release of Captives — Conquest of Scinde — The Bogue Forts — Fall of Canton— Capture of Amoy — Capture of Shanghai — Treaty Signed at Nankin — Annexation of Natal — O'Connell's Agitation — British Interests — Two Revolutions 248

Chapter XXI

Fremont Explores the Rocky Mountains — Newspapers — Telegraphy — Wheatstone's System — Greenough's Washington — -Labor Troubles — Francia, the Dictator — Autocracy Extraordinary 263

Chapter XXII

James K. Polk Becomes President of the United States — The Mexican War — General Taylor at the Front — Palo Alto — Monterey — President Santa Anna — Taylor Resumes Operations — Buena Vista — Scott at Vera Cruz — Cerro Gordo — Two Bloody Battles — Suing for Peace — Capture of the City of Mexico — Conquest of New Mexico — Fremont's Conquest of California — Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo — The Wilmot Proviso — Discovery of Gold ■ — Close of the Administration — The Free Soil Party 275

Chapter XXIII

First Sikh War — Great Battle of Ferozeshah — The Second Sikh War — The Irish Famine — Abolition of the Corn Laws — Break-up of the Tory Party — Emi-

CONTENTS.

gration from Ireland — Smith O'Brien's Insurrection — End of Chartism — The Spanish Marriages — Discontent in France — Beginning the Revolution —The King's Surrender — The Republic Proclaimed — Rise of the Mob — Organizing the Republic — Louis Napoleon President of France — Affairs in Germany — The Revolutionary Era — Concessions in Prussia — The Oppression of Italy — Awakening of the Italians — ■ Throwing off the Austrian Yoke — The Suppression of Lombardy — The Pope Flees from Rome — Revo- ' lution in Austria-Hungary — War Threatened in Vienna — War with Hungary — "King Bomba" — Reaction in Prussia 286

Chapter XXIV

Sir John Franklin Sails to Seek the Northwest Passage — Humboldt's "Kosmos" ■ — Necrology — The Planet Neptune — The Sewing Machine — Anaesthetics — Personal „ 316

Chapter XXV

Za/chary Taylor Becomes President of the United States — The Free Soil Party — The Slavery Question — Clay's Compromise — A Famous Oration — Foote's Resolution — Lopez in Cuba — Clayton-Bulwer Treaty — Death of Taylor — Accession of Fillmore — The Lopez Expedition — Incidents of the Administration — Election of Pierce 320

Chapter XXVI

The Frankfort Parliament — Organizing a German League — An Error of Tactics — A Christmas Gift to Germany — Framing a Constitution — A King Declines to be Emperor — A Conflict with the Kings — Revolutionary Movements — The First "Dreibund" — Final Failure of the Congress — Schleswig- Holstein — Kossuth's Campaign — Russian Intervention — Another Italian War — Italian Republic Crushed — The Taiping Rebellion — Indian Affairs — Death of Lopez in Cuba — Imperial Ambitions — The Coup d'Etat — Restoration of the Empire — Rebuilding Paris 331

Chapter XXVII

Barth's Explorations in Africa — Necrology — London World's Fair — Gold in Australia — Helmholtz and the Ophthalmoscope — Caloric Engines — Personal — Kossuth and His Visit — Reception in New York — Death of Mr. Clay ■ — His Career at Washington — Death of Mr. Webster — His Early Career — In Public Life — The Great Expounder of the Constitution — Close of His Career — Submarine Boats — Submarine Telegraphy — The Brothers Brett — The First Cable — Triumph at Last — Extension of the System 350

Chapter XXVIII

Franklin Pierce Becomes President of the United States — Walker in Nicaragua —Anti-Slavery Power in Congress — Ostend Manifesto — Reciprocity with Canada — Squatter Sovereignty — Protests Against Extension of Slavery — The War in Kansas — Organizing the Kansas Government — Anti-Slavery Agitation — "Under-Ground Railroad" — The Sumner-Brooks Episode — Know- Nothing Party — The Republican Party — The Koszta Incident — Perry in Japan : 368

Chapter XXIX

Marriage of Napoleon III. — The Crimean War — Invasion of the Crimea — The Charge of the Light Brigade — Inkerman — Sufferings of the Troops — Ministerial Changes in England — Redan and Malakoff — Terms of Peace — Turkish Reforms — Revolution in Spain — British War with China — Opening of Japan — Minor Incidents 379

Chapter XXX

Doctor Kane's Search for Franklin — The North-west Passage — New York Crystal Palace — Livingstone's Explorations — His First Work in Africa — Important Discoveries — Crossing the Continent — Victoria Falls — Niagara Suspension Bridge — Various Incidents 393

CHAPTER XXXL

James Buchanan Becomes President of the United States — Troubles in Kansas — John Brown at Harper's Ferry — The Dred-Scott Decision — Lincoln and Douglas — Lincoln Elected President — Secession — Attitude of the Washington Government — Incidents of the Administration 400

Chapter XXXII

End of British War with Persia — Origin of the Mutiny — The Greased Catridges — Outbreak at Meerut — Cawnpore and Lucknow — Suppression of the Mutiny — End of the East India Company — British and French in China- Moving on Peking — Fall of Peking — The Rise of Sardinia — Attempt to Kill Napoleon II — War with Austria — -Magenta and Solferino — Peace of Villafranca — Union of Northern Italy — Savoy and Nice — Garibaldi Liberates Naples and Sicily — Defeat of the Papal Army — Victor Emanuel King of Italy — Interests of Various Lands 408

Chapter XXXIII

First Atlantic Cable used for a few Messages — African Exploration — Livingstone Discovers Lake Nyassa — "Striking Oil" — Fate of Sir John Franklin — Literary Landmarks — The Death Roll 435

Chapter XXXIV

Abraham Lincoln Becomes President of the United States — Plans of Secession- . ists — Beginning of the War — The Great Uprising — The First Fighting — Bull Run — The "Trent" Affair — Fort Donelson — Pittsburg Landing — "Merrimac" and "Monitor" — Capture of New Orleans — McClellan's Campaigns — The Second Bull Run — Antietam — Emancipation — Operations in the West — Vicksburg — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — Riots in New York — Chickamauga — Grant in Virginia — Winchester — Sherman's March — Thomas in Tennessee — Naval Operations — End of the War — Assassination of Lincoln — President Johnson — Impeachment 440

Chapter XXXV

Death of Prince Albert — Second Schelswig-Holstein War — The Prusso-Austrian Invasion — Prussia Takes the Lead — The Prusso-Austrian War — End of the War and Terms of Peace — Austro-Hungarian Reorganization — The Rise of Italy — Garibaldi — Maximilian's Short-lived Empire — Revolution in Spain — The Poles Finally Crushed — The Greek Revolution — Turkey — The Taipings — Cochin China 467

Chapter XXXVI

Discovery of the Victoria Nile by Speke and Grant — Livingstone's Return — Another Expedition — Interests of Various Lands — Necrology 481

Chapter XXXVII

Ulysses S. Grant Becomes President of the United States — Santo Domingo — Treaty of Washington — San Juan Boundary — Grant's Re-election — Indian Troubles — The Centennial State — Financial Troubles — The Disputed Election 485

Chapter Xxxviii

Irish Church Disestablished — Irish Land Act — Revolution in Spain — French Quarrel with Prussia — Beginning of the War — German Conquest of France ■ — The French Republic — Siege of Paris — Surrender — Terms of Peace — The Commune — Strength of the Republic — The German Empire — Conference on the Black Sea — British Affairs — Gladstone and Disraeli — Ashantee War — Empress of India — The Suez Canal Shares— Occupation of Rome — King Amadeus — Germany and the Vatican — Emancipation in Brazil 493

Chapter XXXIX

Completion of Pacific Railroad and Suez Canal — Obituary — Baker on the Nile — Chicago Fire — Mont Cenis Tunnel — Hoosac Tunnel — Polar Exploration —Stanley's Search for Livingstone —End of Livingstone's Career — Death of Livingstone — Two Great Fires — The Centennial of Independence — Various Doings in Various Lands 510

Chapter XL

Rutherford B. Hayes Becomes President of the United States — Civil Service Reform — Free Coinage of Silver — Specie Payments — Incidents of the Administration — Labor Troubles — Knights of Labor — Growth of the Order — First General Assembly — Presidential Election 520

Chapter XLI

War Between Russia and Turkey — Plevna — Shipka Pass — Treaty of Stefano — Treaty of Berlin — Results of the War — Second Afghan War — Conquest of Burmah — Australia — Development of the Colonies — New Zealand — Canada — Irish Agitation — Crime in Ireland — "Boycotting" — Montenegro — Nihilism— Zulu and Transvaal Wars — Pope and King 526