The life of young Sir Henry Vane, governor of Massachusetts Bay, and leader of the Long parliament

Front matter

Book_

A

After Honlrakcn's engraving of the portrait by Sir Peter Lely.

Preface

It fell to the present writer, a few years since, to prepare a life of Samuel Adams (American Statesmen series, Houghton, Mifflin and Company), who, according to his kinsman John Adams, was " the wedge that split apart " America from the land of our fathers. It falls to the writer now to prepare a life of young Sir Henry Vane, of whom it has been said that " his name is the most appropriate link to bind us to the land of our fathers." To treat each of these great historic figures has been for the writer a grateful task. There are few in America, perhaps at the present time there are few in England, who think it not well that England and America were severed. As to the usefulness of the work in which Samuel Adams was a main agent, doubt is not often entertained. But how as to the coming together again of the English-speaking race into some kind of a bond, moral if not political ? Are there many who think it either feasible or desirable ?

The aspiration after such a coming together is

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probably by no means widespread, but it has been uttered, and by voices of power. John Bright wrote in 1887 to the Committee for the Celebration of the Centennial of the American Constitution : " As you advance in the second century of your national life, may we not ask that our two nations may become one people ? " Sir Henry Parkes, one of the foremost statesmen of Australia, addressing the legislature of New South Wales, November 25, 1887, said still more definitely : " I firmly believe it is within the range of human probability that the great groups of free communities connected with England, will, in separate federations, be united to the mother-country ; . . . and I also believe that in all reasonable probability, by some less distinct bond, even the United States of America will be connected with this great English-speaking congeries of free governments. I believe the circumstances of the world will develop some such new complex nationality as this, in which each of the parts will be free and independent while united in one grand whole, which will civilize the globe." Mr. Goldwin Smith (Macmillan's Magazine, August, 1888), though believing a political union in the highest degree unlikely, says : " I prize and cherish as of inestimable value to us, all the moral union of the Anglo-Saxon race. I do not see why there should not, in the course of time, be an Anglo-Saxon franchise, including the United States."

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The idea of such an English-speaking brotherhood has seldom found expression among Americans. To the present writer, for reasons which are briefly set forth in the concluding chapter of this book, it appears a consummation devoutly to be wished. In his view the supreme interest which attaches to the figure of Vane, is not the fact that excepting Cromwell he was the foremost man of the English Commonwealth, a character whose career is full of dramatic situations, of manifestations of great ability, of heroism carried to the highest, but that he more than any figure that can be named, stands as a reconciler between kinsmen who have been long estranged. He had a career both in America and England. Although living for the most part in England, and at so early a period, he was regarded in a curious way by his contemporaries, as a product of American influences. While laboring to restore the ancient English freedom, which he believed had been superseded by abuses that must be cast out, he became in his political ideas thoroughly American, living and dying in the premature effort to bring about in England government of the People, by the People, and for the People. The broad suffrage which Vane favored is already practically secured, though he would have had a written constitution, drawn up by the representatives of the People, according to the provisions of which the work of legislation and government should carefully proceed.

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The abolition or transformation of the House of Lords is at hand ; few doubt that Disestablishment is near, and the abrogation of privileges that set some classes above their fellows. England has become, says John Richard Green, " a democratic republic ruled under monarchical forms." Her great dependencies, Australia, New Zealand, the Cape, and Canada, already possess a degree of popular freedom which surpasses our own. How desirable that ancient prejudices should be mitigated by dwelling upon the identity between these lands and ourselves, and how can that be done better than by some study of one who at the same time was so thorough an American and so thorough an Englishman !

Young Sir Henry Vane has been the subject of three elaborate biographies. That of his contemporary and religious disciple Sikes (The Life and Death of Sir Henry Vane, Kt, by George Sikes, B. D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, London, 1662) illustrates curiously the fanaticism of that time, in which Vane himself largely partook, but contains surprisingly little of coherent and intelligible information. More than fifty years since Mr. Charles Wentworth Upham prepared a life of Vane (Sparks American Biography, 1st series, vol. iv.), and a year or two later Mr. John Forster included a life of Vane in his " Statesmen of the Commonwealth." Both works possess great merits. Upham recognizes Vane's value

PREFACE. XI

" as a link binding America to the land of our fathers," while the book of Forster is marked with the qualities which have given him so high a place as a writer of biography. Both works, however, lack discrimination, speaking as they do of Vane in terms of unbroken eulogy, without mention of intellectual or moral limitations. While Vane was in some directions one of the clearest-headed of men, and possessed in practical life a marvellous power, he was in other directions so wild a dreamer that his influence in his own time was impaired, and his vagaries at present are scarcely intelligible. While possessed of the noblest aims, which he followed out with an eye single to the public good, until he perished heroically upon the scaffold, the wiliest arts of the politician have seldom had clearer illustration than in his career. Says the latest biographer of Cromwell (Cromwell, by Frederic Harrison, Macmillan, 1888, pp. 117, 118) though he has the highest opinion of his hero : " Cromwell was accustomed both earlier and later to deal with astute men, and to meet them on equal terms in tortuous and secret paths. He was himself far from being an Israelite without guile. He had probably persuaded himself that in diplomacy, as in war, stratagems with an opponent are lawful parts of the game." Vane, too, had persuaded himself that stratagems with an opponent are lawful parts of the game ; nor as regards friends was he at all scrupu-

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lous about using indirect and devious management to sway them to his ideas. Great was his skill both in outwitting the cunning brains against which it was his fortune to be pitted, and in creeping to his own ends through concealed and winding ways.

Moreover as regards the mighty figure of Cromwell, which in any life of Vane must be scarcely less prominent than Vane himself, a tone of detraction is employed by both Upham and Forster, not congenial to an age which, through Carlyle, has been able to enter into Cromwell's heart. Mr. Upham prepared his work, having access only to such sources of information as were open in America at a time when the best libraries were most imperfect. With respect to Forster's book, also, while his knowledge of the sources of information open in his day was exhaustive, the changes at the Public Record Office in London, and the British Museum, during the last half century, have made much accessible which in his time had not come to light.

In view of these considerations a new life of Vane cannot be regarded as out of place. The plan of the present writer was, first, to familiarize himself with such knowledge bearing upon his subject as was to be obtained in America. In the Mercantile Library and Public Library of St. Louis were found such original sources as the great folios of Rushworth, Nalson, and Thurloe, Somers's " Tracts," Maseres'

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" Tracts, 1 ' the " Harleian Miscellany," the Camden Society publications, and other repositories of the documents of the period of the English Civil War. Here also were Whitlocke's " Memorials," Burton's " Diary," Sprigge's " Anglia Rediviva," May's " History of the Long Parliament," *the " Athenae Oxonienses " of Antony a Wood, the " Memoirs " of Sir Philip Warwick and of Colonel Hutchinson, Winthrop's " Journal," and the Histories of Clarendon and Bishop Burnet. These books, through the kindness of the librarians, Mr. John N. Dyer and Mr. F. M. Crunden, the writer has been permitted to have at hand and to use as his own. He is also under obligation to his associates, Dr. W. G. Hammond, Dean of the Law School of Washington University, and to Professor M. S. Snow, its acting Chancellor, for kind advice and the free use of their valuable private collections, in which he found such works as the " Parliamentary History," the " State Trials," volumes of popular ballads, and a variety of legal and constitutional works bearing upon the matter in hand. In Boston he received equal courtesy, which he gratefully acknowledges. At the Public Library was found a copy of the "Journals of the Commons"; at the State House, " The Retired Man's Meditations," a scarce theological book of Vane ; at the Athenaeum and the rooms of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Ludlow's " Memoirs," and many rare works

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relating especially to Vane's New England career; while from the Harvard Library was obtained Vane's life by Sikes, bound up with which are many of his religious writings.

As to authorities of a later date, the writer has sought to make himself familiar with all important books bearing upon his subject. The number of such works is quite too large for specification here, and the reader is referred to the foot-notes, which, it is hoped, give some evidence of an effort to be thorough. Carlyle's " Cromwell," though absurdly depreciatory of Vane, and often wrath-provoking on account of the stream of coarse and bitter contempt poured out so generally upon other writers who have touched upon his topics, is yet of inestimable value to any student of the period, as well for the letters and speeches of the hero, as for the light flashed upon events from the torch of a great genius. Two other great works of our own day may be mentioned as having especial worth, — the " History of England under the Stuarts," by Samuel Rawson Gardiner, and the " Life of Milton with a History of his Time," by Professor David Masson. For this period Mr. Gardiner is beyond all question the first living authority. His ten ample volumes relating to the years from 1603 to 1642 contain a vast mass of facts, treated with painstaking and judicious care. To the ten volumes an eleventh has been added, carrying the

PREFACE. XV

record to 1644, the year of Marston Moor. The present writer regards it as a calamity for him that the work has as yet gone no farther. No other writer upon that period has made researches so extensive, while it is impossible not to be impressed with the coolness and candor with which Mr. Gardiner, " morbidly impartial " as he has been called by a witty critic, moves in the midst of the strifes of parties and men. It will be noted that this work has been much relied upon in the earlier portion of the following narrative. Particularly in the chapter relating to Strafford's trial, the literature respecting which is immense in volume, and in the discussion of which for nearly two hundred and fifty years the most violent passions have been rife and the most various views expressed, the writer has been glad to avail himself of Gardiner's clear and calm resume.

The work of Professor Masson, though less detailed than that of Gardiner, is based upon study hardly less exhaustive. It possesses, moreover, a certain picturesque quality which greatly relieves the perusal of the six large octavos. The writer is under an especial obligation to Masson in this way: while observing the interesting light which is thrown upon Milton's life from the manuscript records of the Council of State, of which he was the Secretary for Foreign Tongues, the writer was led to believe that something equally interesting could be discovered

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about Vane, who at the same time was its most energetic member. Resolved to make the search, and to see what could be found in the British Museum and elsewhere, the writer went to England. He acknowledges gratefully the courtesy of Dr. Richard Garnett and the librarians generally of the British Museum, and of Mr. Walford D. Selby and his assistants in the Search-Room of the Public Record Office in Fetter Lane. By great good -fortune he met in the Search-Room Mr. S. R. Gardiner, an interview fruitful in valuable results. Learning the writer's errand, Mr. Gardiner offered his help, and the subsequent investigation was largely under his guidance. The writer studied the manuscript diaries of D'Ewes, Yonge, and Whitacre, members of the Long Parliament, sources of information of great value. He examined the Calendars of State Papers, the unprinted records of the executive committees of the Long Parliament, and many other manuscripts. His attention was also directed to the vast collection known as the " Thomasson Tracts," made by a London bookseller of the seventeenth century, and containing the fugitive literature of the period. Every sermon, ballad, play, news-sheet, broadside, pamphlet, Royalist or Roundhead squib, almost every handbill and placard, seems to have been bought by this indefatigable gatherer, and laid aside. The huge mass, bound up in series, amounts to some thousands of

PREFA CE. XV11

volumes, and reflects curiously the face of that distant time. The volumes are brought, a shelf-full at a time, to the student, who with index in hand winnows as he can after wheat for his own bin.

From the statement that has been made it will appear that the writer has taken some pains in the collection of his materials. He believes, in fact, that there is little of importance relating to the subject which has not passed through his hands. What success he has had in digesting his results, and in hitting the truth among the reports of friends too partial, and enemies too violent, his readers must judge. His N point of view is that of an American, who believes with Abraham Lincoln that in any Anglo-Saxon community " the plain People " can and should be trusted to govern themselves. He trusts, however, that his readers will find him fair to the upholders of different views, and not blind to the shortcomings of the men toward whom his own sympathies go out.

In acknowledging obligation to gentlemen in England, Professors James Bryce, E. A. Freeman, and J. R. Lowell, and Mr. Henry White of the American Legation, must not be forgotten, who furthered the writer's aims by help and counsel. An especial debt is due to the Duke of Cleveland, the descendant of Vane, who extended to the writer a great courtesy described in its proper place in the volume.

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Two portraits of Vane by contemporary painters are in existence, — one by William Dobson, preserved in the National Portrait Gallery, now at Bethnal Green ; the other probably by Sir Peter Lely, preserved at Raby Castle. In the print collection of the British Museum, also, are contained proofs of two fine engraved likenesses of Vane, — one by Faithorne, a London artist who must have known him well ; the other by Houbraken, after Lely's portrait. The Faithorne picture presents a younger, and in some ways perhaps a stronger face than the other. The Houbraken, however, gives a countenance of which the power is by no means lost in its high-bred delicacy and grace. By permission of the Museum authorities the writer secured photographs of both engravings. The Houbraken is a good specimen of the skill of that great artist, and has been reproduced for the present volume.

It must be mentioned in conclusion that this life of young Sir Henry Vane has been written at the instance of Mrs. Mary Hemenway of Boston, and is to be regarded as an outgrowth of the work undertaken by her to promote love of freedom and good citizenship known as the " Old South work."

JAMES K. HOSMER.

St. Louis, September 17, 1888.

Chapter I

Antiquity and prominence of the Vane family, Howel ap Vane, Sir Henry Vane of Poictiers, I ; Sir Henry Vane of Wyatt's rebellion, Harry Vane, Duke of Cleveland in 1832, 2 ; Old Sir Harry Vane of the seventeenth century, becomes eminent under James I and Charles 1, favored by the Queen, 3 ; ambassador to Gustavus Adolphus, buys Raby Castle, principal Secretary of State, birth of young Sir Henry Vane, at school at Westminster, 4 ; at Oxford, in the English embassy at Vienna, 5 ; extracts from his letters to his father, 6, 7 ; probably at Geneva, his appearance as a youth, 8 ; becomes a Puritan, his father's chagrin, 9 ; hides from the King behind the arras, Laud tries to convert him, 10 ; Vane resolves to go to New England, 11; first heard of by Strafford, 12; his letter to his father before sailing, 12, 13; his appearance as given in his portraits, 14.

Chapter II

The settlers cling to the sea, 16; pleasant suggestiveness in names of ships, gradual improvement in condition of the colonists, 17 ; polity of the colony, 18 ; description of early Boston, 19 ; the colonists, 19, 20 ; the New England ministers, 21 ; their theology, controversies, relaxations, 22; John Wilson, Nathaniel Ward, 23, 24; Roger Williams, 25-2S ; John Cotton, 29-31.

Chapter III

Vane's arrival in Boston, his presumption, 32; chosen Governor, member of committee to establish " Fundamentals," 33,

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34 ; assumes much slate, 34 ; troubles with the shipping, 35-38 ; settlement of Concord, 38 ; of Connecticut, 39, 40 ; John Gallop's sea-fight, 41, 42 ; beginning of the Pequot war, 43 ; the old soldiers, Standish, Patrick, Gardiner, Underhill, Mason, 43, 44 ; the Pequots try to gain the Narragansetts, 44 ; foiled by Ro^er Williams, 45 ; Vane's progress through the colony, visit of Miantonimo to Boston, 46; Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, 47,48; outbreak of Hutchinsonian Controversy, 48 ; the colonists take sides, 49; the diatribe of Rev. Thomas Weld, 50; Winthrop's account of the dispute, 51 ; establishment of Harvard College, Vane desires to go home, 52 ; rebuked by Hugh Peters, 53, 54 ; confusion of mind of the disputants in the Hutchinsonian controversy, 54, 55; danger of the colony, 55, 56; trifling nature of the dispute, 57 ; Vane's unpopularity and fall, 58 ; danger of civil war, 59; Vane's resentment, 60.

Chapter IV

Order of the General Court for keeping out all persons dangerous to the Commonwealth, Cotton outraged by it, Winthrop defends it, 61 ; Winthrop defines a commonweal or body politic, Vane's strictures, his deference to royalty, 62 ; Winthrop maintains the equity of the order, Vane answers, 63 ; maintains toleration, 64-66 ; Vane and Roger Williams recognize one another as kindred spirits, 66, 67; progress of the Pequot war, 67, 68; Mason's campaign against Sassacus, 69, 70 ; Vane departs for England, 70 ; progress of the Hutchinsonian Controversy, 71 ; terrible nature of the crisis, 72 ; Underhill the Antinomian, 73, 74; discord of authorities as regards this period, 74, 75; Wendell Phillips on Vane, 75, 76 ; S. R. Gardiner's view, boyishness of Vane, 77 ; his splendid promise, 78 ; his magnanimity, 79, 80; his return to England, 80; recapitulation of his career hitherto, 80-82.

CHAPTER V. The Opening of the Long Parliament 83-107

Vane an American- Englishman, constitutional resume, 83; ancient polity of the Teutons, Saxon conquest of England, 84 ;

CONTENTS. Xxi

Norman conquest, Feudalism, 85; origin of Parliament, destruction of freedom elsewhere than in England, 86 ; its vicissitudes in England, Simon de Montfort, Edward I, Richard II, House of Lancaster, Tudors, Stuarts, 87 ; young Sir Harry Vane's return to England, and marriage, 88; English Commonwealth as a realization of American ideas, 89 ; character of Charles I, 90,91 ; opposition to him of constitutional party, case of Sir John Eliot, Petition of Right, 92 ; Laud, Strafford, Star-Chamber, and High Commission Courts, 93 ; Scottish Coyenant, rebellion, summoning of the Short Parliament, 94 ; Pym, Hampden, 94-96 ; Vane elected for Kingston-upon-Hull, 96; made joint Treasurer of the Navy, the ancient Palace of Westminster, 97, 98 ; Pym's speech at opening of the Short Parliament, 98, 99; sullenness of the members, 99; dissolution of the Short Parliament, Vane a man of mark, 100; knighted by the King, Strafford's affront to the Vanes, 102; alleged cowardice of Vane, 102, 103; power of Strafford, 104; the Long Parliament convened, the leading members and their seats, 105 ; appearance of the House of Commons, influence of Pym and Hampden, 106; general discontent, 107.

Chapter VI

Career and character of Strafford, 108-110; denounced by Pym and impeached, 11 1; his arrest, the general terror, 112; Strafford's peace of mind, 113 ; arrest of Laud, Sir Philip Warwick's account of Cromwell, 114, 115; rise of the Root and Branch party, 115; the Separatists, court intrigues, marriage*of the Princess Mary, 116; Westminster Hall, 117; Strafford brought to trial, 118; difficulty in making out a case of treason, violence of the royal party, 119; evidence of the Vanes, 120; Clarendon's description, 121-125; the motive of the Vanes considered, 126; consideration of the conduct of young Sir Harry, 127-130; Strafford's honesty, 130; the bill of attainder, 131 ; Strafford's defence, 132 ; passage of the bill of attainder, and of the bill that Parliament shall not be dissolved without its own consent, 133; general panic, 134; execution of Strafford, 135 ; estimate of his influence, 136.

Chapter VII

Abolition of tonnage and poundage, of Star-Chamber and High Commission Courts, King's journey to Scotland, 137 ; Irish rebellion, Grand Remonstrance, division of nation into Cavaliers

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and Roundheads, 138; impeachment of the Bishops, attempt to seize the Five Members, levying of troops, 139; growing prominence of Vane, 140; bill for abolition of Episcopacy passed, Vane's subtle management, his diligence, 141 ; Laud impeached, 142; Clarendon's characterization of Vane, 143, 144; old Sir Harry leaves the King, testimony of Carterett and d'Ewes to the eminence of Vane, 145 ; Vane and the King at Theobald's and Newmarket, 146-148 ; Treasurer of the Navy under Parliament, his self-sacrifice, 148; Cavaliers characterized, Roundheads, 149, 150; outbreak of Civil War, 150; scenes of the first campaign, their present aspect, 151 ; Edgehill, 152; the armies ready for battle, 153 ; Sir E. Verney, Sir Jacob Astley, 154 ; portrait of Prince Rupert, his career and character, 154, 155 ; battle of Edgehill, 156; London in danger, Vane opposes accommodation without redress of grievances, spirited conduct of the Queen, 157; Edmund Waller's plot, the rise of Sir Thomas Fairfax, 158 ; Parliament side depressed, sluggishness of Essex, Sir Wm. Waller and Fairfax defeated, fall of Bristol, death of Hampden, 159 ; Cromwell's plan to improve affairs, 159, 160.

Chapter VIII

Vane scores Essex in Parliament, 161 ; Essex invites Vane to take the field, 162 ; idea entertained of sending Vane to the Army in Hampden's place, 163 ; reaction from America upon English feeling, 163 ; progress of the Independents, 164 ; Independency in America, united there with intolerance, 165 ; English Independency derived from America, 166; John Cotton its father, 167 ; Owen, Goodwin, Cromwell, Vane, his disciples, 168; the home of Cotton and Vane in Boston, 169; growth of Toleration, 169, 170 ; adopted by Baptists, by Churchmen, Roger Williams in England, 170 : his Bloudy Teneiit of Persecution, 171 ; Vane's growth in Toleration, 172; Parliament resolves to appeal to the Scots, 172; commissioners appointed, 173; depressed condition of the cause of the Houses, London train-bands at Gloucester, 174; Vane reaches Edinburgh, 175; negotiations, 176 ; passage of the Solemn League and Covenant, 177; Scotch commissioners appointed for London, 178; charge of duplicity against Vane, 17.1-181; the case examined, 182-184; Vane's dying declaration, 185, 186; the signing in St. Margaret's, 187, 188.

CONTENTS. XXI il

Chapter IX

Withdrawal of Pym, characters of Selden, St. John, Henry Marten, 189; wit of Marten, 190; Whitlocke, Cromwell and Vane in the leadership, Gloucester saved, train-bands at Newbury, 191 ; death and funeral of Pym, 192 ; the King plots to compromise Vane, 192, 193 ; strained relations of the Houses, 194; Violett's plot, 194, 195 ; discovered by Vane and St. John, 195, 196; Vane's speech at Guildhall, 196, 197; rejoicings of city and Parliament, 198 ; origin of the Committee of Both Kingdoms in a Royalist intrigue, opposition of Peers and the peace party, 199; Committee of Safety of 1642,200; necessity of an executive head, 200; manoeuvring of Vane and St. John, 200, 201 ; Committee of Two Kingdoms established, its great significance, its constitution, its records, 202 ; activity of Vane on the Committee, 203 ; King plots with Irish Papists, denies legal status of Parliament, successes of Parliament in the spring of 1644, 204; successes of King and Rupert in June, Vane sent to the siege of York, 205 ; plan for deposition of Charles I, 206 ; Vane's return and report from York, 207, 208 ; newspaper comments on his mission, 209, 210 ; his share in the victory of Marston Moor, 210.

Chapter X

Skill of Rupert, inefficiency of Leven before York, abandonment of the siege, 212 ; description of York, of Marston Moor, of Long Marston, present appearance of the battlefield, 213; description and position of the Parliament army, 214 ; the Covenanters, their harshness, their strength, David Leslie, 215 ; position of Cromwell on the left wing, the resume - of his early military career, 216; battle hymns, discord among the Cavaliers, 217; order of the Cavalier host, Rupert and the Roundhead prisoner, Rupert's dog " Boy," 218; the White Syke ditch, beginning of the battle, 219; overthrow of Fairfax, danger at Parliamentary Centre, bravery of Newcastle, flight of Leven, 220; demoralization of the Scots, charge of Cromwell and the left wing, stubborn fight of Rupert, 221 ; peril of the Roundheads, prowess of David Leslie, rout of the Cavaliers, 222; Fairfax cuts his way through, the Parliament Centre succored, destruction of the White Coats, 223 ; Cromwell named " Ironside " by Rupert, 224; down Moor lane to the White Syke, the field full of skeletons, 225 ; the battlefield at peace, 226.

XXIV CONTENTS.

Chapter XI

Vane worn out, surrender of Essex to the King, successes of Montrose, 227; depression of the Scots, advance of Independency, 228 ; Baillie on Vane's position, 229; friendship for Vane of Roger Williams and Milton, adherents to Independency, 230 ; 2d battle of Newbury, Cromwell denounces Manchester, origin of Self-Denying Ordinance, 231 ; Zouch Tate moves Self-Denying Ordinance, manoeuvring of the Independents, Vane's speech, 232-234; Commons pass Self-Denying Ordinance, opposed by Lords, Vane's activity, 234; futile negotiations at Uxbridge, the Independents push the New Model, influence of Argyle, 235 ; Cromwell denounces the Lords, Vane's speech at Guildhall in behalf of the New Model, 236, 237 ; final shape of the Self-Denying Ordinance, astuteness of Vane at time of the New Model, 238 ; Cromwell excepted from Self-Denying Ordinance, 239; constitution and officering of the New Model, its discipline, its piety, 240 ; subject of ridicule, victory of Montrose at Kilsyth, the King storms Leicester, his cheerfulness, 241 ; eve of the battle of Naseby, present appearance of the localities, 242, 243 ; advance of the King, 243 ; order of the Roundheads, 244; of the Cavaliers, 245 ; appearance of the two hosts, 246 ; Rupert overthrows Ireton, 247 ; Cromwell overthrows Sir Marmaduke Langdale, 248 ; the fight at the centre, 249 ; the King's bravery baffled, the Ironside pursuit, 250; the booty, the King's letters, 251 ; present appearance of the battlefield, 252 ; results of the battle,

Chapter XII

Ill-fortune of the King, his perfidy revealed, destruction of Montrose, 254; capture of Sir Jacob Astley, prosperity of the Independents, 255 ; strengthened by the Recruiters, the soldiers in Parliament, the Presbyterian leaders, William Prynne, 256; wildness of the sectaries, 257; John Lilburne, 257, 258; Roger Williams on the limits of Toleration, 258, 259; American ideas of the Ironsides, 260 ; Baillie's unhappiness, 261, 262; Independent manoeuvring, 262. 263; the King's two letters to Vane, 263, 264; clashing between Presbyterians and Independents, the King goes to the Scots, 265; he is surrendered to Parliament, the three troopers at St. Stephen's, 266, 267 ; the Agitators, 267, 268 ; Cornet Joyce seizes the King, 268 ; the Army demands the exclusion of eleven Presbyterian leaders, riots in London,

CONTENTS. XXV

269; the Ironsides march through the city, 270; the Heads of Proposals, 270, 271 ; spurned by the King, 272 ; meeting in the Army, 273; Cromwell and Ireton at the Blue Boar Inn, 273, 274; the King flees to Wight, 275 ; his intrigues, league with the Scots, 276; the Argument of the People, and Case of the Whole Army, 2yj; their American ideas, 278-280; the leaders lag behind the rank and file, 281 ; the prayer-meeting, 282.

Chapter XIII

Sir Thomas Wroth moves to lay by the King, 283 ; the cushion-throwing, 284; the Derby House Committee reconstituted, 285; threatening front of the King's friends, 285. 286 ; temper of the Independents, Ironside prayer-meeting at Windsor, 287; Adjutant Allen's account, 287-292 ; military movements of Lambert, Fairfax, Ireton, siege of Colchester, 293 ; Cromwell's march to Wales, Hamilton passes Carlisle, 294: Cromwell marches against the Scots, 295; battle of Preston, 296; activity at Derby House, 297 ; Vane broken down, 298 ; new negotiations with the King, 299 ; Vane impressed by Charles, 300 ; Vane's astuteness, efficiency of Independent statesmen, 301 ; popular petitions against an agreement with the King, 302; the Grand Army Remonstrance, 302-305 ; Prynne's manly opposition, 305, 306 ; defection of Fiennes, 306, 307 ; Vane opposes treaty with the King, 307-309; the Independents overborne, 309; Pride's Purge, 310.