Manual of geography and language

Front matter

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Prefatory Note

The discussions and suggestions that follow are the outgrowth of years of study and experience and in no case of untried theory. Each step of the course recommended and methods of study suggested in Geography has been worked out by ample class-room experience from the Third Grade to the High School, inclusive. All the teachers that have used, for any considerable time, the plan for teaching Geography here given are enthusiastic in its praise, and the writer wishes to express his thanks to all such for their encouragement and intelligent co-operation in developing some plan more satisfactory than that of attempting to memorize a mass of facts, the true relation of which was never even seriously considered. It is to put the results, thus worked out, into a form more readily accessible and definite that the Board of Education has authorized the publication of this Teachers' Manual.

The suggestions made as a form for investigating the different topics to be studied will not need to interfere with the ingenuity of any progressive teacher, but will serve to give form and definiteness to the work, and should be followed until a better way has been devised.

In common with most schools we used, for some time, the best Language books we could find, but it became more apparent each year that oral and written

4 PREFATORY NOTE.

Language work was the most helpful agency for gaining a digested idea of the regular studies of each grade. In justice to the regular work, more and more time was given to oral and written discussions of these themes, or parts of themes, and less Language work taken from the Language book. It was soon seen that the Language work growing out of a proper consideration of the topics studied from day to day was of a higher order than that obtained from a use of the Language book, and that, in addition, it was a very great help in placing the knowledge gained by the children in their regular studies into an organized form, hence the use of Language books was abandoned, and English Was taught simply as a necessary means of expression in those subjects pursued because of their intrinsic value. This did not obviate the necessity of learning certain formal and somev/hat arbitrary rules in English construction. It is to suggest such rules, in as logical an order as possible, as well as to discuss some of the underlying principles in oral and written Language work that Part II. of this book is prepared.

C. E. Mann, Supt. of Schools.

CONTENTS.— Part I.

Purpose of Geography and General Consideration. . . ./. 11

Commerce 23

Transportation 24

Financial System 27

Home Geography 28

Course of Study 35

Third Grade;

Home Geography 35

Fourth Grade;

Dairy Products 36

Corn 37

Beef 38

Pork 39

Mutton 39

Wool 39

Cotton 40

Silk 41

Flax 42

Lumber 42

First Review 43

First Locative Geography Drill 44

Stone 45

Brick 46

Coal 46

Petroleum 47

AVheat 48

Potatoes 49

Domestic Fruits 49

Foreign Fruits 49

Transportation 50

Postal System 51

Second Review ; 52

Second Locative Geography Drill 53

6 CONTENTS.

Coke 54

Iron 54

Steel 54

Gas 55

Glass 57

■ Manufacturing 57

Money 65

Gold ". 67

Silver 67

Salt 67

Third Review 68

Third Locative Geography Drill 69

Spices 70

Tea 70

Coffee 70

Cocoa and Chocolate 71

Sugar 71

Pottery 72

Rice 73

Rye 73

Barley 74

Beer 74

Wine 75

Distilled Liquors 75

Banking 76

Transportation 79

Postal System 80

Fourth Review 81

Fourth Locative Geography Drill 82

Meats, Re^'iew of 83

Cereals, Rexdew of 83

Textiles, Review of 84

Structural Material, Review of 85

Fuels, Re^dew of ,. . . 85

Poultry .86

Fish 87

CONTENTS. 7

Domestic Nuts 87

Foreign Nuts 87

Wood Pulp 88

Commercial Paper 91

Coarse Fibers 94

Caoutchouc 94

Gutta-Percha 94

Leather 95

Fifth Review 95

Fifth Locative Geography Drill 97

Tile and Terra-Cotta 97

Copper -. 98

Zinc 98

Lead 99

Plumbago 99

Tin 99

Nickel 100

Aluminum 100

Tobacco 100

Opium 101

Sixth Re\'iew 101

Sixth Locative Geography Drill 102

Seventh Grade:

Local Government, Study of 103

Large City, Study of 104

Physical Geography 112

Study of Special Zones. '. .114

5. North of 46° n 118

Study of Special Sections 121

Mathematical Geography 125

Classified List of Topics Studied 127