Hungary and Kossuth

Front matter

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Preface

The following work is not intended to be either a history of Hungary, or a biography of Kossuth ; and I indulge the hope, that the critical reader will not look down upon it from too high a stand-point. Perhaps a frank statement of the circumstances, by which I was led to its composition, will be the best justification I can offer for its imperfections, as well as the most satisfactory exposition of its design.

In the autumn of 1842, while a resident of Boston, I enjoyed frequent opportunities of conversing with the well-known Signer Alvanola, the Italian revolutionist and refugee, who, on several occasions, directed my attention to the Protestant Hungarians as the stanch and powerful friends of popular liberty, and the political hope of Southern Europe. He represented them as the unbending opponents of Austrian despotism, living in the heart of the Austrian Empire, to whom Italy, as well as several other of the Southern nations, would owe its ultimate liberation, if it was ever to be delivered from its bondage. The Hungarians, he said, were not only to give political freedom to those countries, but they were destined, he thought, to become the champions of the Protestant religion, and to bring about the downfall of papal Rome.

Such remarks, respecting a people but little known out of Europe, and unappreciated even there, at once arrested my attention, and caused me to look somewhat into their former history. From such works as were then accessible to me, several of which are frequently quoted in the following pages, I have obtained the fullest conviction, that the words of the Italian patriot were

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undeniably true. From that day forward, I looked upon Hungary as the most interesting country of Southern Europe ; and ■when the recent revolutions broke out, what Hungary would do, and what she did do, now her expected day had come, were the questions that interested me more than any others of the kind. I watched her carefully, and with indescribable interest, through her long and bloody conflict. I regularly searched the leading newspapers of this country, and of Great Britain, to see what signs might possibly appear, that she would now fulfill the expectations of her friends. I saw the cloud that rose up in the Banat, then spread over Croatia and Sclavonia, and burst with fury on the Magyar land. With every American, I rejoiced to see the invasion of the Croats broken, and the infamous but talented Jellachich hunted from Hungarian soil. With every American, I rejoiced also to behold the armies of the Austrians, sent into Hungary to crush the first hopes of independence there, met, routed, and driven with indignation over the Hungarian frontier. With the civilized world, so far as that world is free, I suflfered more than I can tell, when I saw the soldiers of two tyrants, Austrian and Kussian, marching down upon three sides of the ill-fated country, instructed never to leave the land until Hungarian liberty should be no more. When the final struggle came, in common with the friends of human freedom everywhere, I became almost absorbed in the progress of the war, seeing, as all men saw, that republican principles and the Protestant religion, in the whole south of Europe, would rise or fall with these brave defenders of the truth ; and when, after a hundred battles, the electric telegraph and the foreign journals brought to us the mournful intelligence, that the Magyars had been betrayed, that the army was disbanded, that Hungary was fallen and Kossuth a refugee, I felt, as did every American, what no language can describe.

The cause of Hungary being thus lost, for that time at least, my whole interest began to center in that glorious man, who, with a patriotism almost unparalleled, and wath cfi-orts nearly Bupcrhuman, had given himself up to the work of liberating and restoring his native land. No sooner, however, were the battles over, and Austrian despotism had again laid its fetters on the press, than the hireling papers of Vienna began to circulate all

PREFACE.

sorts of falsehoods, not only respecting the late disturbances, but particularly respecting the part acted by the immortal Kossuth. They represented him, not as a patriot, but as an artful and ambitious demagogue, who, from the beginning, had wished to take advantage of the troubles of Europe to put himself at the head of Hungary, and to extend his hand of tyranny over the provinces connected with the Magyar realm. In this way, they expected to blunt the sympathies of the free nations of the world, and thus pave the way for his extradition by the Porte, and for that ignominious death to which he had been unanimously and barbarously doomed.

The falsehoods thus put into circulation were copied into the government oi'gans of Great Britain, because it was found necessary, in order to appease the anger of the people, to justify the ministry for pledging the good will of the nation to the Austrian despot, and for turning a deaf ear to the supplications of the Magyar patriots. From England, the shameful slanders of Hungary and her champion were imported into this country; and very soon, there were certain writers astir, who, for the notoriety of being singular, or for some other cause, began to adopt the falsehoods, and cast a shade upon the patriotic object and glorious deeds of the revolution.

At this point, being called upon to deliver a lecture before the New England Society of the city of Cincinnati, I took occasion, with a special object in view, to devote the entire address to the life, labors, and character of Kossuth. I wished, within my limited circle of influence, to do what I could in making the motives and conduct of that great and true man more perfectly understood. I wished, also, to direct the attention of my friends to his condition as a prisoner, that something might be done for his release. I had no further object in view ; but this object, very far beyond my most sanguine expectations, was welcomed by a large and enlightened audience. The lecture was repeated, by request of many citizens of Cincinnati, before the same society and in the same place; and, in addition to a series of stirring resolutions, a memorial to Congress was passed by the Society and assembly in the following words : " To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, in Congress assembled — Wc, your memorialists, citizens of Cincinnati, Ohio, and others

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of the United States, would most respectfully ask your aid in procurinj^ the liberation and freedom of General Kossuth, by appointing one or more persons as an Embassy of Peace, to be dispatched in one of our best ships of war to the Court of Turkey, to request of said government the liberation of Kossuth, and to tender him the hospitalities of our country." This is the course of procedure that had been laid down, as the duty of this country, in the body of the lecture.

A few evenings afterwards, by request of the citizens of Springfield, Ohio, the address was read before the Springfield Lyceum, whereupon another memorial, of the same character with the one just presented, was adopted by a very large meeting, and at once put into circulation among the people. The inhabitants of Springfield were exceedingly ardent in their efforts to further the great purpose.

On returning from Springfield, I found a letter from the Hon. William Dennison, in relation to the same subject ; and, that the honorable position of Ohio may be hereafter understood, respecting this matter, I subjoin the correspondence that at this time occurred, together with parts of the subsequent proceedings of the Legislature :

Columbus, January 19, 1850.

Rev. B. F. Tefft, D.D.:

Dear Sir, — The undersigned, members of the General Assembly of this State, having heard of the high consideration entertained in regard to your lecture on Kossuth, by those who have had the good fortune to hear it read, will esteem it as a distinguished favor if you will consent to visit this Capital, at your earliest convenience, and read before us, and such others as may be disposed to form a part of your auditory, the same lecture.

If your engagements will permit of your acceptance, we will be pleased to have you, by return of mail, designate the time when we may anticipate your presence among us. With great respect, We are truly yours,

W. Dennison, And the Members of both Eouscs.

PREFACE.

The following is the reply to this communication :

Cincinnati, January 21, 1850.

Hon. William Dennison,

And the Members of the General Assemhlyof Ohio: Gentlemen, — In reply to your note of invitation, to read my lecture on Kossuth before the Legislature of Ohio, and such other citizens as may be inclined to listen to it, I have only to say, that I do not feel at liberty to decline ; and my anxiety to see something done, in behalf of the great Hungarian hero, by the General Assembly of Ohio, and by the Congress of the United States, would lead me to perform almost any labor, and undergo almost any sacrifices. My compliance, in fact, with your kindly expressed wishes, is only from the strong and fervent hope, that the Legislature of the State wiU take the matter under immediate consideration, and do something, according to its wisdom, which shall rouse the nation to its duty. Providence permitting, I will be ready to lecture at Columbus, according to such arrangements as you may make, on the 29th instant.

With sincere regard,

I am yours,

B. F. Tefft.

The citizens of Columbus, and the General Assembly, did do something, and something worthy of them. The former, on motion of Mr. Lawrence, among many others, passed the following resolution : "Resolved, That this meeting earnestly urge upon the President of the United States, and upon Congress, to exercise their utmost power to procure the liberation of Kossuth, his associates and family, at the earliest practicable period : also, to intercede with the Powers of Europe for the liberation of all Hungarians in captivity, in such manner as may be most efficient and speedy, and to provide them an asylum in the United States." On motion of Mr. Burns, the following resolution passed unanimously : " Resolved, That a copy of the proceedings of this meeting be communicated to the President of the United States, and to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress, with the request that the same be presented to each branch of Con gress."

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The General Assembly, on the other hand, after a brilliant discussion of the subject, passed the following resolutions, which were preceded by a lengthy and able preamble, setting forth the causes and occasion of their action :

" Resolved, h)/ tJie General Asaemhly of the State of Ohio, That in our deliberate judgment, the present critical condition of General Louis Kossuth, and of his family, loudly call for the friendly and peaceful interposition of the American people.

Iteaolved, That wo believe it to be the duty and privilege of the Congress of the United States, to send immediately an embassy of peace to the Sultan of Turkey, in one of our national ships, who shall be instructed respectfully and urgently to solicit of the Sublime Porte, the liberation of Kossuth and his fellow captives, in the name of the American people, and to take such other steps as shall be best calculated to secure the removal of the great Hungarian, and of his afflicted family, to this country.

Resolved, That our Representatives in Congress be requested, and that our Senators be instructed, to bring this subject, as soon as possible, before Congress, and to pursue such other measures as shall most certainly and speedily carry out, if possible, the objects set forth in the foregoing resolutions.

And he it further resolved, That the Governor be requested to forward a copy of the foregoing to the President, and to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress."

Another step was taken, at the time now mentioned, which, though it did not lead to the end proposed by it, was the immediate occasion of the composition of the work, here offered to the public : " On motion of INIr. Perry"— the quotation fs from the published proceedings — "a committee of five, consisting of JMessrs. Perry, Chase, Tlirall, Randall, and Pugh, was appointed to confer with Dr. Tcfft for the purpose of inducing that gentleman to proceed to Washington, and there deliver, in the presence of Congress, the lecture read by him on the liberation of Kossuth." To comply with such a request, however, was not only impracticable, but, as I felt, very unbecoming a private citizen having no connection with public business. The honor was therefore declined ; but, feeling that I might do something in another way, not only toward the accomplishment of the object, but in preparing the citizens of this country generally to understand the true character of the Hungarians, and the nature and extent of their

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PREFACE. 11 own duty, should Hungary ever make another effort for her inde- 1 pendence, I undertook, at the request of many persons, to expand the lecture to a small volume. Iji the mean time, as was expected, the President of the United States promptly adopted the suggestion of the General Assembly of Ohio, and of the citizens of Springfield and Cincinnati, and made the overtures to Turkey that had been thus recommended.

No sooner, however, had the labor of composition been fairly begun, than it was cut short by a sudden and nearly fatal sickness ; and when, after a suspension of nearly six months, a part of which period was spent in the libraries of New York and Boston, the work of writing was again undertaken, it was plain enough, that there was a demand for a very different book than what had been at first intended. Numerous false statements, very unjust to Hungary, chiefly from the source already indicated, had been put into circulation in this country. The former history of the Magyars, their character as a people, and nearly every thing connected with them, that had any relation to their late revolution, had been strangely misrepresented by certain writers. Therefore, though still adhering to the humble plan of merely giving an exposition of the Hungarian war of independence, I concluded to do so by so enlarging the compass of my work, as to admit of brief discussions of all those topics, which needed to be understood in order to a clear comprehension of the general subject. Not only the character and condition of the country, the origin and condition of the people, their religions, their language and literature, their constitution and government, but the relations of the country to other countries, the numerous attempts of the Austrians to overthrow its independence, and the many memorable efforts of the Hungarians in defending the liberties of their father-land, seemed to be essential, as the matter now stood, to the attainment of correct ideas respecting the origin and character of the revolution. When once engaged upon these several subjects, it seemed also admissible to allow the pen to run along with them a little farther, in each case, than was strictly demanded by the main object of the work ; for it was supposed, that, if the unity of the subject was maintained, the American reader would be willing, while making a special examination of the great question, to extend his acquaintance with so novel and

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deeply interesting a people as the ]Magyars. Nearly every reader, however, -will doubtless meet with some pages, and perhaps some chapters, that he will think it unnecessary for him to read very closely ; but, in general, it will be found, I think, that a due comprehension of the question of the work will require a perusal of what is written in the text, while the more abstruse and less popular portion of the matter has been thrown into the margin in the form of notes.

Finally, after the following pages were in type, conscious of my want of due preparation for such a labor, I laid the proofsheets into the hands of two well-educated Hungarians of my acquaintance, requesting them to correct whatever errors they might detect ; and though I received them back again with their approval, and without marks of correction, I am still conscious that the critical reader will find many things over which he will have to lay the mantle of his charity. The truth is, during all the time while the composition was in progress, I was pressed with the onerous duties of an editorial office ; and, during the greater part of it, in addition to this burden, I have had the general oversight of a literary institution, which demanded much of my attention.

With this frank avowal, therefore, of all the facts and circumstances connected with the preparation of this volume, I commit it to the public with the hope, that it may contribute something to a more perfect understanding of the Hungarian revolution, as well as awaken a more lively interest in the welfare of the most interesting people of modern Europe.

B. F. T.

Cincinnati, August 15, 1851.

Chapter I

Chaeacter and Condition of the Codntrt : — Position of Hungary — Soil — Tillage — Metals— Timl)er — Rivers— Rail-roads— Maygar population — Security of position — Ease of living— Intellectual culture— The arts— Literature— Splendor— The picture turned — The true state of the country and of its population given pp. 17 — 32

Chapter II

Origin and Condition op the People : — The old Cimmerians — ^The Scythians — ^The Sarmatians— The Romans — The Goths— The Huns — The Magyars — Magyar conquest of Hungary — Portrait of the Magyar — The Magyar peasant — The Magyar shepherd — The Magyar soldier — The Magyar female — The Sclave — The Sclavacks— The Sclavonians — The Serbs— The Wallachs— The Jews — The Germans— The Szeklers — The Qipsiofi — Total population of the country pp. 33 — 57

Chapter III

The Religions of Hunoajit : — Religion as an element of society — Religion among the ancients — Power of religion in Hungary — Pantheism the religion of the Cimmerians — Polytheism — Religion of the early Magyars — They were Monotheists — Believed in an evil spirit — Immortality of the soul — Oaths — Priests — Conversion of the country to Roman Catholicism — Independent Greeks — United Greeks — Lutheranism — Calvinism — Religions of the different races in Hungary — Animosity of the sects — Religion in its bearings upon Hungarian politics — Connection between religion and education — Influence of religion upon social life — Equality of the religious parties — Statistics of Roman Catholicism — Statistics of the Independent Greek Church — Statistics of the United Greeks — Position and power of the Protestants pp. 58 — 78

Chapter IV

Language and Literature of the Magyars : — The power of langiiagc — It is the receptacle of a people's nationality — Illustrated by the Greek language — Laws of different countries respecting language — Connection between language and religion — Language in our cwn country — Difficulty of rooting out a language — General character of the Magyar language — It is rich in inflections — Composition and resolution of words — The Lord's prayer in Hungarian — Its vocabulary analyzed and compared with modern languages — Affinity of the Hungarian with the oriental tongues — Sound of the language — The language rich and beautiful — Literature of the Magyars defective — Influence of the Latin on the Hungarian — Inflvience of the French dynasty — Influence of the G«rman dynasty — Influence of the Lutheran Reformation — Efforts of the papal party to suppress Hungarian literature — Revival of Hungarian literar ture — Hungarian poetry — French school of Hungarian poets — The classical school — The composite or mixed school — The Hungarian school — The Hungarian drama — Hungarian Romance — General reflections pp. 79—109

Chapter V

The HcTNGARiAN CoNSTrruTioN : — Original character of the Magyars — Character on eiiiering Hungary— They were ardently attached to civU liberty— They were not

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preparca for republicanism-First establishment of a constitutional governmcnt- Oovernmeut soon after moaif.ea-Form of government on entering Hungary-Regulations of Arpad-Gro« th of tlie constitution under Arpad's successors-Conversion of St Stephen makes a partial revolution in the form of government-Leading features of the constituUon of St. Stephen-Rise of the lower nobility to power in >;ovcrnmcnt— Progress of tlie constitution for five centuries— The National Assembly, as an exponent of the Uun^arian constitution, just prior to the late revolution— The King— The Palatine-The House of Magnatos-The House of Deputies and its President—Manner of opening the Hungarian Pai-liamcnt— Constitution democratic- Powers of the people— Powers of the counties— The kingdom a confederation of small republics— General remarks pp. 80— UO

Chapter VI

External Relations op the Countrt :— Condition of Europe at the immigration of the Magyars— The Magyars barbarians— All nortliem Europe equally barbarous— 1. Hungary under the dukes of the House of Arpad ; 2. Hungary under the kings of the House of Arpad- The limits of the kingdom extended by this race of princes- Influence of Constantinople upon Hungary— Effect of the Crusades on Hungary- Condition of Europe at the extinction of the first dynasty of Hungarian kings— 3. Hungary under the female dynasty of the House of Arpad— A new era begins— The French in Hungary— Charles Robert — Louis the Great — Maria — Albert and Elizabeth— Uladislaus— Matthias Oorvinus— Uladislaus Second— End of the female dynasty— Condition of Europe at that period — i. Hungary under the Austrian dynasty till the death of Francis the First in 1S3'3— Ferdinand and Zapolyi— John Sigismund and Maximilian— Khodolph the First— Charles the Third— Francis the First —Condition of Hungary at the death of Francis the First.— 5. Nations surrounding Hungary— Rise of Turkey — Rise of Russia — Rise of ]?russia — Rise of Austria — General relations of Hungary to all these powers pp. 141—169

Chapter VII

Atteiipts to ovERTnEOAV THE HUNGARIAN NATIONALITY: — The anagram of Frederic the Third — General Policy of the Austrians over Hungary — Hungary originally independent — The independence of Hungary for a long time acknowledged by surrounding nations — Magnanimity of the Magyar rulers to the other races — Local independence of the provinces and counties — Kings sworn to maintain the integrity and liberties of the country — The Austrian monarchs have all broken this solemn oath — Powers of an Austrian monarch in Hungary: 1. The system of taxation established by the Austrians in Hungary; 2. The Austrian rule in Hungary merely a usurpar tion; 3. Revolutionary intentions of the Austrians; 4. Opposition to the claim of Austria — Bothlen — George Uakoczy — Title of Austria to Hungary entirely unfounded — Policy of several sovereigns — Of Joseph the First — Of Charles the Sixth — Of Maria Theresa — The doctrine of liercditai-y succession established — The doctrine of female inheritance established by Charles the SLjth in favor of Maria Theresa — Attempts to overthrow the Magyar or Protestant religion — Bloody persecutions — Lamentations of the National Assembly— Suppression of the Hungarian language — Despotic measures respecting the national Hungarian dress — Fears of Austria that Hungary might some day attempt to recover her nationality and independence pp. 170 — 199

Chapter VIII

The Maqtars beteni) Tirani nation aijtt :— Interview between Haynau and the children of Kossuth characteristic of the sentiments of the people — Wrong suppositions corrected respecting the late revolution— The first rebellion, which occurred under the reign of Ferdinand— The second rebellion headed by Transylvania— Intervi-ntion of the Turks— Despotism of Austria— Mo.ses Tzekeli— Success of the patriots — Uotskay— Belhlea— Uotskay made king of Hungary- Sigismund Rakoczy elected

TABLE OP CONTENTS. 15 prince of Transylvania — George Eafeoczy — Hungary during the thirty years' war in Germany — Francis Rakoczy — 111 success of the patriots — Emeric Tokolyi — Absolute despoUsm of Leopold the First established— Levelled to the dust by Tokolyi— A truce asked for by the Austrians — Austria humbled — Austria seeks help from Poland — Sobieski comes to the aid of Austria — Francis Leopold Rakoczy at the head of the last memorable opposition to Austria — His character — Romantic early life — ^Returns to Hungary after a long confinement by the Austrians — Reasons for his rising — A man of profound genius — Hungary during the war between Spain and Austria — Joseph the First and his generals — The patriots successful — Base proposals of Austria r^ected — Continuance of the rebellion — The patriots once defeated — The tide of fortune turns against them — Cause of this ill success stated — Termination of the last great struggle prior to the recent Hungarian revolution pp. 200 — 227

Chapter IX

The Austrian Ketolution : — Luther the father of modern Republicanism — Rights and responsibilities go together — Personal responsibility and personal freedom go together — The doctrine of representation — Protestantism a denial of it — Spread of this doctrine of responsibility and freedom — ^Its appearance in Great Britain — In America — In France — The French Revolution founded on it — Results of the French Revolution — Settlement of Europe — Obstacles to the settlement — France and the minor nations of Europe opposed to it — Congress of Aix la Chapelle — France agitates the Alliance if ewse — Next a revival of the old federative system — Next the Alliance Anglaisc — ^Louis Philippe and the Paris Revolution — The Prussian Revolution — Revolution prepared for in Vienna — The University of Vienna a seat of democratic principles — Contiguity of Austria to Hungary favorable to an Austrian Revolution — The Revolution rises out of Hungary — The National Assembly of 18S2 — Revisal of the peasant code — Foundation of the Hungaria,n democratic party — Opposition rises from. Austria — Baron Weselenyi and freedom of speech in Hungary — The baron tried and convicted of treason — Several young gentlemen convicted — Trial of Kossuth for treason — News of these proceedings consolidates the revolutionary party in Vienna — The association of 1834 — Release of Kossuth — His overwhelming popularitj^ — Petition to the emperor for the abolition of the censorship of the press — The tyranny of Metternich openly discussed by the people — Growing popularity of the Hungarian democratic leaders — The Association of Protection — Eloquence of Kossuth — News of tho French Revolution reaches the Magyar capital — Great speech of Kossuth — Impression on the Assembly — The establishment of the Academic Legion — Petition to the emperor supported by a vast procession of Viennese — Position of Kossuth at this time — A Federal Empire advocated by Kossuth — Kossuth calls for the restoration of the Hungarian ministry — The National Assembly seconds the call — Kossuth and the deputies appear in Vienna — The Hungarian ministry appointed — The Hungarian revolution, now considered complete — Influence of it upon the Austiian revolutionists — Ferdinand proclaims a constitution for the empire according to the plan laid down by Kossuth — First reform ministry in Austria — Second reform ministry — Progress of the revolution — Flight of the emperor — Europe in a state of revolution • • • pp. 228 — 269

Chapter X

The Rebelmon oi the Sclaves : — Provisional Commission in Hungary — The democratic party — They publish a programme of their principles — The Conservative party — The Radical party — Measures of the democrats carried in the Assembly — Sanctioned by the emperor — Joy of the Hungarians — Intrigues and artifices of the emperor against the Hungarians — His accusatious unfounded — Laws respecting language just and generous — Trouble among the Serbs — Revolt breaks oxit among them against Hungary — It is fostered by Jellachich — Operations of Jellaehich reported to Jie emperor — Jeilachioh sn mm nned to repair to the emperor — lie refused to go—

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Kcflections of the emperor— The imperial manifesto against Jellaehich— Jellachich remains in power notwithstanding— Hungary began to see her danger— Opening of the National Assembly— Speech of the Palatine— An army raised by the Hungarians in self-defence— The army treats the Serbs with moderation— Several battles— Efforts of the Tansclavic party, and the connection of Jellachich with it— The reaction in favor of the emperor— The emperor returns to his palace— He repudiates the act of doposition of Jellachich— Jellachich marches into Hungai-y— The Hungarians meet them —Treachery of the Hungarian commanders— Attempt of the Hungarians at a reconciliation—The National Assembly in great doubt— Kossuth cuts the knot of its difficultics— Fears of the people— Jellachich laughs at the weakness of the citizens — Battle of A^alemcze^Jellachich defeated— The Hungarians pursue him— Jellachich Dictator of Hungary— Termination of the Croatian rebellion pp. 270—305

Chapter XI

The Austrian Intasion : — Appointment of Jellachich regarded as a declaration by Austria against Hungary — Sentiments of different parties — Of the party of the reaction — Of the Sclavic portion of the democratic party — Of the German portion of it — Sympathy of Europe inclined toward the Hungarians — Concentration of Austrian forces about Vienna — First movement of the reaction inTienna — Favorable opportunity of the patriots neglected — Efforts of Kossuth to get promptness of action — State of the revolution at this time — Francis Pulsky a messenger to Vienna — Bom reaches Vienna and takes command of the revolution — Kossuth's letter to Bem — Forces of th« Hungarians — Speeches of Kossuth to his soldiers — Kossuth overcomes all opposition — His victory is too late — The battle of Sehwechat — The Hungarians are defeated — Massacres at Vienna — Address of the Catholics to the emperor — Address of tho Catholic bishops to their church-members — The whole land roused^Trcasonable letter of the Palatine to Ferdinand — Abdication of theemperor — Situation of Hungary at this crisis — Austria invades Hungary — Forces of the Hungarians — Kossuth as President of the Committee of Defence — Han of the campaign — CouncU of War under Vetter — Bold movement of Giirgey — Heroism of Bem — Victories of Pevczel — Splendid actions of Gorgey— The Austrians aio humbled, routed, and expellefl pp. 306 — 33S