Grandest century in the world's history; containing a full and graphic account of the marvelous achievements of one hundred years, including great battles and conquests; the rise and fall of nations; wonderful growth and progress of the United States ... etc., etc

Front matter

Book

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT

Copyright, 1900, by George W. Bertron.

Preface

vD, f 5 volume contains a full and glowing account of the world's -wonder- *i| il progress in the Nineteenth Century. It vividly depicts the grand

c-imax of all the centuries, and describes the great events that have niide the history of mankind sublime and glorious. It is a marvellous record of Brillirait Achievements, such as the TriumpJis of Electricity ; Great Explorations and Discoveries ; the Application of Steam to Navigation ; the growth of the World's Navies, and the amazing advances in Education, Religion, Iviterature. Art and Science.

Such a Century Plant, unfolding its wonderful blossoms, has not been seen before in the history of man. The last Hundred Years have witnessed the Growth of the United States from five and a half million people to more than seventy million; amazing strides in Agriculture ; the development of Immense Natural Resources, and the victories of Invention, Heroism and Statesmanship.

The swift march of events in other parts of the globe includes the down« fall of Napoleon I. and Napoleon III.; the rapid changing of the map of Europe, the conflict between Russia and the Allied Powers of England and France ; the expulsion of Spain from the Western Continent ; and the bloody war in South Africa.

The last third of the Century witnessed a spirited struggle among the European Powers for supremacy in Africa, which a few years before was an unknown Continent, This masterly work contains a vivid account of thedesperate conflict between the . British and the Boers, states the Causes of the War, and furnishes graphic descriptions of Battles, Sieges, and Heroic Achievements, which tested the courage, endurance and patriotism of the sturdy combatants. It is a peerless volume, unrolling a grand panorama of historic events and the world's progress in every field of human activity.

Part I.— Great Events of American History in the Nineteenth Century. From the purchase of Louisiana in 1803 down to the War with Spain and the FHipino Insurgents, all the events are depicted that make the history of that

ui t^ PREFACE.

Country in the last hundred years read like a miracle. Ho nation has made greater progress in all that pertains to the highest civilization than our owtn, and the record of it is in this attractive volume.

Part II. — European and other Countries in the Nineteenth Century. The downfall of the French Empire, the growth of Great Britain, the seething forces breaking 'out into tragedies of war and the overthrow of Thrones and Empires, are described by a masterly hand. This part of the work affords i> i^omprehensive survey of the nations of the earth.

Part III. — Famous Explorations and Discoveries of the Nineteenth Century. The mysteries of the Dark Continent have been brought to light and the frigid Polar World has been made to reveal its icy secrets. The reader traverses the jungles and plains of Africa and the frozen realms of -the North with daring explorers, whose adventures, exploits and achievements have given them a world-wide fame.

Part IV. — Great Wars and 3attles of the Nineteenth Century. From the plains of Austerlitz and Waterloo down to the famous victories of Manila, Santiago and the hard-fought Battles in South Africa, the reader views the bloody drama of war and hears the booming of gnus that pronounce the fall of Emperors and Nations. The century closes amid the smoke and din of conflict ; we may well indulge the hope that all this is the terrible birthpang of better things.

Part V. — Marvellous Inventions and Scientific Discoveries of the Nineteenth Century. This is a whole world by itself, opening to the reader's wondering view the marvels of Mechanical Invention, man's triumphs over the forces of nature, making them his willing servants, and the myriad discoveries that are almost too wonderful to be believed.

Part VI. — Religion, Literature and Art in the Nineteenth Century. These subjects are fully treated and are of great interest throughout.

Part VII. — Famous Men and Women of the Nineteenth Century. This Part comprises all the great celebrities whose achievements give lustre to recent decades, and whose names stand high on the scroll of immortal fame.

Contents

Moa

Chapter I. The Louisiana Purchase

i*URCHASE OF LOUISIANA— NaPOLEON THREATENING GrEAT BRITAIN — PIRATICAL STATES

OF Barbary— Jefferson Re-elected— Treason of Aaron Burr — Blow to American Commerce— Trouble with Great Britain— Arbitrary Decree of Napoleon — Importation of Slaves Forbidden— Robert Fulton's First Steamboat — Thp "Clermont" Makes a Voyage from New York to Albany— ^Sailing Vessels Superceded by Steam — Fulton the First Great Inventor of the Century . 17

Chapter II. Our Second War With Great Britain

James Madison in the White House— England's Big Fleet— Gen. Hull Fortifies Detroit — Base Surrender of the Detroit Garrison — Sharp Battle at Queenstown ON the Canada Border — Brilliant Exploits of Our Navy — Invasion op Canada — Important Events Connected with the War — Some op the Indian Tribes Take up Arms — The Peace Commission of 1813 — Great American Victory ON Lake Champlain— The British Repulsed in Many Engagements— Original Text of the ''Star Spangled Banner" — Hartford Convention — ^War Ended — Indiana Brought into the Union 2d

Chapter III. Origin And Growth Of The Mormons

Joseph Smith, Founder of the Sect — The Book of Mormon— Prominent Mormons Swear Falsely — The Book a Historical Romance — Smith Tarred and Feath^ ERED — Removal to Nauvoo— Smith Shot Dead by a Mob — Mormon Temple Db. stroyed by Fire— Mormons Move Again and Found Salt Lake City — Outrages BY Armed Mormons— Mountain Meadows Massacre —Federal Troops Sent to Utah— John D. Lee Convicted and Executed for the Mountain Valle\ Massacre—Death OF Brigham Young— Polygamy Suppressed by the Government . 4>

Chapter IV. War Between The United States And Mexico

"*EOPLE FROM CONNECTICUT SETTLE IN TeXAS — MoSES AuSTIN OBTAINS A GrANT FROW

the Spanish Government — Large Immigration Pours into Texas— Austin Arrested and Imprisoned— Santa Anna in Power — His Troops Driven Out of Texas— Davy Crockett— Mexican Army Routed — Texas a Republic in 1S37 — Movement in Congress for the Annexation of Texas — Proposition Resisted by Mexico — Bloody Battles Between the Mexican and American Armies — Achievements of General Taylor — General Scott's Expedition— Our Arms

Evervvvherk Victorious— Rftitrn of Peace on the 4th of July, 1848 51

v vi CONTENTa

Chapter V. The Great Civil War

A.GITATION UPON THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY — ThE MISSOURI COMPROMISE — STRUGGLE IN

Kansas in 1854 — Democratic Party Divided— Election of Abraham Lincoln TO the Presidency— The South Asserts State Sovereignty— Appalling State of Affairs— Many Southern States Secede from the Union— Outbreak op THE War— Major Anderson Attacked at Fort Sumter— Confederate Plan to Destroy Commerce— First Great Battle — Slaves Declared "Contraband of W/'ar" — Federal Expeditions to Recapture Southern Harbors— Confederates Seek Recognition Abroad— War of Vast Magnitude— General Grant in the West — Terrible Battles and Many Federal Defeats — Fight Between the Merrimac and the Cumberland—'* Stonewall Jackson " — General McClellan's Advance— The Capital Threatened •

Chapter VI. End Of The Great Civil War

Hard Fighting in Tennessee— Capture of Fort Pulaski — Slavery Question ai THE Front— Lincoln Threatens to Free the Slaves— Battles of Chancel- LORSViLLE— Grant's Victory at Vicksburg — Federals Victorious in Great Battle AT Gettysburg — Riots in New York— Generals Thomas and Bragg— General LONGSTREET WoUNDED— GrANT MADE CoMMANDER-IN-ChIEF— TeRRIBLE FIGHT- ING IN THE Wilderness— General Sherman's Great March to the Sea — Lincoln Elected to a Second Term— Lee's Situation Desperate— End of the Great Struggle — Assassination of President Lincoln — Death of the Assassins .

Chapter VII. From The Restoration Of The Union To Our War With Spain

Opening of the Union Pacific Railway — Our Government Insists upon Great Britain Allowing Damages for Captures by Confederate Cruisers— Court of Arbitration— Great Fire in Chicago — Loss Amounts to 1196,000,000— Discontent IN Cuba — Seizure of the Virginius and Execution of Her Crew— Demands OF Our Government upon Spain — Peace Commissioners Murdered by Modoc Indians — Assassins Followed and Shot or Hanged — Centennial Exhibition op 1876 — Imposing Ceremonies at Its Opening — Garfield Inaugurated President- President Garfield Shot by an Assassin — General Arthur Becomes President — Discovery op Gold in Alaska— Prosperity in 1898 and Following Years .

Chapter VIII. The Spanish-american War

Cuba's Struggle for Freedom — Destruction of the Battleship Maine — Message to Congress from the President — Outbreak of War with Spain — Admiral Dewey's Great Victory at Manila — Young Heroes of the War — United States Army Landed in Cuba — Exploits of the " Rough Riders " — Battles of San Juan and El Caney — Admiral Cervera's Fleet Destroyed by American Squadron Under Command of Commodore Schley— United States Army Landed in Porto Rico- Capture OF the City of Manila — Peace Commissioners Appointed by the United States and Spain— Negotiations for Peace — Peace Treaty Signed by . THE Two Governments — Bloody Conflicts with the Insurgents in the Philippines—Great Naval Spectacle in New York Harbor — Sword for Admiral Dgwby — Magnificent Reception to Dewey on His Return

CONTENTS. im

Chapter IX. Great Events In English History

p&eB "rench Defeated in Egypt — British Naval Victory at Copenhagen— William Pitt

IN Power, 1804— Napoleon Determines to Invade England— Great Naval Victory OF the English Fleet at Trafalgar— Napoleon's Brilliant Successes- Battles OF Austerlitz and Jena — The "Iron Duke" — Alliance Against Napoleon — Ireland Independent— George IV. Comes to the Throne — O'Connell in Parliament— William IV. on the Throne— Victoria Inaugurated Queen in 1838 — Anti-Ccrn-Law League— War Between Russia and Allied Armies of England AND France — Desperate Struggle in the Crimea — Franchise Extended in England— Public School System — Mutiny in India — Punishment of Traitors^ Struggle of the Irish for Home Rule — The Queen's Jubilee in 1897 127

Chapter X. France In The Nineteenth Century

Splendid Triumphs of Napoleon — His Arbitrary Power — Empire Practically Including Half of Europe — Defeat of French Navy by Lord Nelson — Emperor Retires to Elba — Reappearance in France and Defeat at Waterloo— Charles X. ON THE Throne — Trouble in Algiers — Troops Driven from Paris — England's Bold Move— Death of Heir Apparent in 1842 — The King Abdicates — France a Republic— President Napoleon III. Afterward Becomes Emperor- Political Agitation and Troubles— French and English Alliance Against Russia— Fall of Sebastopol — France Sends an Expedition to Mexico— Maximilian Captured and Shot — Scheme to Annex Belgium — Outbreak of War with Prussia — French Armies Defeated and Downfall of Napoleon III. — Escape of Empress Eugenie from Paris — End of the War— Famous Dreyfus Trial. . . . 143

Chapter XI. The New German Empire

Germany Agitated by Napoleon's Schemes at the Beginning op the Century- German Confederation— New Government Organized— Insurrection Suppressed — Austria and Prussia — War with Austria and Great German Victory — The Treaty of Prague — New Territory Incorporated— Union of German States- France Proclaims War Against Prussia — Battles of Gravelotte and Sedan- Empire OF Prussia Under William I. — Laws for the Working Classes — Prussia and the Papacy — National Army — Death of Emperor William I. — Death of Emperor Frederick — William II. Comes to the Throne — Prince Bismarck • . 16?

Chapter XII

GREAT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA. Emperor Paul Murdered in 1801— Russian Loss in the Battle of Austerlitz— Coalition with France — War with Persia — Powerful Alliance — Cabinet Officer Charged with Treason— Russia Victorious over Persia— Russia Signs the Treaty of London in 1827— Polish Insurrection in 183 i— War against England AND France in 185-?— Hi oopv Battles in the Crimea— Emancipation np na CONTENTS.

THE Serfs in i86i — Russia Assists Slavonic Christians against the Turks- Dismemberment OF Bulgaria — Attempts on the Life of the Emperor— Czar Alexander Crowned in 1S83 — Emperor of Germany Visits the Czar in 1888 — Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899 Called by the Czar of Russia. . . 173

Chapter XIII

i^AflONS OF NORTHERN EUROPE— DENMARK, SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

Denmark's Wise Ruler— Ascendency of Napoleon— Danish Fleet Surrenders to THE British — Norway Ceded to Sweden — Monarchy in Danger — Danish Possessions Defined — Popular Discontent — Conflict with Prussia — Danish Victory Followed by Peace with Prussia — Demands made upon Denmark — Heroic Courage of the Danes — Sweden in the Nineteenth Century — Norway Attacked BY GusTAVus — Finland Ceded to RfjssiA— Sweden and Norway United. 18J

Chapter XIV. Nations Of Southern Europe— Italy, Greece, Turkey And Spain

Revolution and Conspiracies in Italy— Massacre in Milan — Mazzini's Attempt to Establish a Republic in Rome— Revolution a Failure — Garibaldi and His Volunteers— Rome Emancipated by the Liberator — United Italy a Great Continental Power — Greece in the Nineteenth Century— War for Independence IN 1821 — Turks Defeated by the Greeks— Civil War — Turkish Fleet An-

MIHILATED IN 1827 — PRESIDENT ASSASSINATED liv 183I — ItALY UnDER PROTECTION

OF Three Great Powers— War Between Greece and Turkey in 1897 — Turkey in THE Nineteenth Century — Conflicts with the Greeks — Crete and Syria — Turke\ Bankrupt — Massacre of Christians— Demands of the United States upon Turkey — Spain in the Nineteenth Century — Revolution in 1820 — Royal Marriages— Uprising of the Carlists — Spain a Republic — Spain again a Monarchy—War with the United States in 1898 JW

Chapter XV. Canada, Mexico And South America

Upper and Lower Canada — Internal Dissension in the Early Part of the Century — Canadian Rebellion — Defective System of Government — Invasion of Canada BY the Fenians— Confederation of 1867— Dominion of Canada — Purchase op Territory — Vast Wealth of Mines in British Columbia and Elsewhere— Mexico IN THE Nineteenth Century — Popular Discontent — Regency Established in 1822 — President Overthrown — Disorder and Violence — Succession of Revolutions—The French in Mexico— Execution of Maximilian — South America in the Nineteenth Century — History of Peru— History of Chili— United States OF Colombia — British Guiana — Bolivia and Argentine Republic 214

Chapter XVI. Asia And Africa In The] Nineteenth Century

China and Japan— Privileges Granted by Chtna to British East India Company — Famous Opium War — China's Disregard of Treaties— Great Rebellion— Cold Blooded Massacre of Europeans — War Between China and Japan— Great Battle of Yalu— -Japan in the Nineteenth Century — The Yankees of the !3ast — Admission of Foreign Vessels to Japanese Ports — Radical Changes in the Government— Feudal System Destroyed— Adopting New Ideas — Republics IN South Africa — President Kruger and the Transvaal~War Between the British anu the Boers . . . c , , . , 23?

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CONTENTS. iX

Chapter XVII. Voyages In The Polar World

PAQB

Captain Johw Ross— Doctor Rae's Discoveries — Story of Sir John Franklin — Expedition Sent for His Relief— Death of Franklin and His Party — Discovery of Northwest Passage — Many Expeditions Sent to the Polar World — Doctor Kanb and Lieutenant DeLong in the North — Captain Nare's Expedition- Voyage ^OF Lieutenant Greely — Doctor Nanson in Greenland — Expedition BY Lieutenant Peary of the United States Navy — Futile Attempt to Reach the Pole in a Balloon by Andree 24'.'

Chapter XVIII. Livingstone And Stanley In Central Africa

Brave Old Missionary — His Start for Zanzibar — Plunges into Wild and Inhospitable Regions — Picturesque African Scenery — An Unbounded Forest — Remarkable Travels by Stanley — Adventure with an Elephant — In Danger of a Massacre — A Frightened Negro — Great Freshet in the River — Arrival at Bagamoyo 265

Chapter XIX. Stanley's Great Journeys Across Africa

How Stanley Found Livingstone — Determines to Explore Africa — First Stage op His Journey — Many Adventures — Hostile Natives — Invitation from a King — Fantastic Parade — Big War-Boat — Famous Tipo-tipo — The Terrible Dwarfs- Passing the Rapids — Mutiny in Camp— Deserted by the Guides— Stanley's Expedition IN Terrible Straits— His Successful Journey Across Africa — Return to England and the United States — Public Honors for the Great Explorer — Feted in England and America — Remarkable Success of One of the Greatest Expeditions on Record 27t>

Chapter XX. Travels And Adventures Of Vambery In Central Asia

The Modern Capital of Persia — Shrines of Moslem Saints — Groves of Orange and Lemon Trees — Verdant Plains on Every Side — Caravan in Great Peril— The Route Lost — Warm Reception for Vambery — Travelling in a Fertile Country — Scarcity of Water — City of Bokhara — A Strange Traveller — Caravan Shut Out of the City — Dazzling Eastern Splendor — The Emirs Parade — "Mother of Cities" — The Traveller's Means Exhausted — Welcome from a Prince 298

Chapter XXI. Downfall Of Napoleon At Waterloo

Extraordinary Military Genius — Immense Array of Forces for a Great Battle --Chain of Fortresses on the Belgian Frontier — Wellington in Command of

1 CDNTENta

THE Allfed Army^ — Blucher with 80,000 Men — Bluchkr Attacked and Defeated BY Napoleon — The Emperor Decides to Give Battle — Choosing Position for THE Great Struggle — Disposition op Troops on Each Side — Armies Face to Face — ^Terrific Cannonade — Disgraceful Panic — Heroic Defense— Charge on British Centre — The " Iron Duke " at the Front — Ney's Superb Bravery — Veterans Hurled Back — Magnificent Charge of the Old Guard — "Nine Deadly Hours" — Waterloo Compared with Gettysburg .«.....«».•• 310

Chapter XXII. Decisive Battles Of Austerlitz And Jena

Striking Figure of Napoleon — French Host Crosses the Rhine — Guard Driven Back — Daring Strategy — An Impregnable Fortress — Setting a Trap— Matchless Marshal Murat — Napoleon s Strategy— Dashing Cavalry Charge — Russians Hurled Back — A Bloody Struggle — Valor was in Vain — Fierce Battle OF Jena — Napoleon in the Ranks— Terrific Combat — Two Gallant Charges- Scene OF Carnage — Thousands of Bloody Swords— Napoleon at Jena — The Emperor Caring for the Wounded on the Field 328

Chapter XXIII. Brilliant Victories Of Commodore Perry And General Jackson

Famous Battle of Lake Erie — Strong Array of English Ships— Brisk Firing — Hand to Hand Combat— Rousing Cheers— Perry Leaving His Ship and Cross« iNG TO Another in an Open Boat — British Vessels Trying to Escape — Heavy Casualties— Glory for the American Navy — Battle of New Orleans — Formidable British Fleet — American Forces Commanded by "Old Hickory" — Brilliant Fighting on Both Sides — British Valor and Fortitude — British Advance Slow and Wearisome — Americans Behind Cotton Bales — British Infantry Hurled Back— Fatal Errors — A Withering Fire — Desperate Assault by the British — Death of the British Commander and Victory for the Americans — Battle Fought Before News of Peace Reached the Combatants— Jackson the Hero of the Hour 352

Chapter XXIV. Great Battle Of Gettysburg

Three Days Fight that Turned the Tide of War— General Lee's Successes m the South— Bold Attempt to Invade the North — Two Gallant Commanders — General Meade's Plan of Battle— How the Fight Began — Death of the Gallant Reynolds— Thunder of Artillery— Mad Rush of Federals— Heavy Cavalry Battle — Lee's Hopes Fatally Shattered — Brilliant Repulse of Pickett's Brigade — Crisis Battle of the Great Civil War — Lee and the Confederates IN Retreat — Union Successes all Along the Line 378

Chapter XXV. Battle Of Inkerman And Capture Of The Malakoff

British Pluck and Courage — A Slow Siege — Great Russian Host — Daring Bravery OF the French Army — Russian Prince on the Field of Conflict— Russian Column Shattered — Reserves Brought into Action — Fierce Fighting on Both Sides— Critical Moment of the Battle— Invincible Strength of the Allied Forces— Heavy Russian Losses — Awaiting the Final Attack— Outpost Taken i^ND Retaken — Fall of the Citadel— One of the Longest Sieges in History JCnded — Results of the Long-Continued Struggle 390

CONTENTS. S

Chapter XXVI. Overthrow Of The French Empire At Sedan

Three Armies on the Field— German Host of More Than a Million Men — Emperor William and Napoleon III. — Von Moltke's Trap for the Mouse — Women in the Fight — French Scattered — Fierce Assaults by the Germans — A Field of Slaughter — Grand Cavalry Charge — French Hurled Back — Brave Marshal McMahon Wounded — White Flag Goes Up — Furious Artillery Fire — Meeting of the Two Emperors— A Sealed Letter— William to Napoleon — The Frenchman's Reply — Loud Huzzas Greet the King — Terms of Surrender — Downfall of the French Empire 40S

Chapter XXVII. American Victories In The War With Spain

Colonel Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy — Admiral Dewey Sent to Asiatic Waters — American Fleet Sails from Hong Kong — Harbor of Manila THE Scene of the Great Naval Battle — Relative Strength of the Combatants — The Battle Opens at Daybreak — Terrible Fire of the American Guns — Deadly Aim of Skilled Artillerymen— Destruction of Admiral Montojo's Flagship— Great American Naval Victory — War in Cuba — Military Operations Around' Santiago — Rough Riders in Battle— Exploits of the Regulars— Bravery of the Volunteers — Spaniards Driven Back upon Santiago— Admiral Cervera Attempts to Escape from the Harbor of Santiago — His Vessels Destroyed — Another Great American Victory 426

Chapter XXVIII. War Between The British And The Boers

Difficulties of Long Standing Between Engi-and and the South African Repub« Lie — War Threatened— Ultimatum of the Boers to Great Britain — Outbreak of Hostilities — Capture of 800 British and ii Guns — Repulse of General Buller at Colenso — Operations of Lord Methuen on the Western Border — Battle of Modder River — Lord Roberts in Command — General Cronje's Flight into the Orange Free State — Battles in Northern Natal — Long Siege of Ladysmith — British Suffer Losses at Many Points — Death of a British General — General White, Defender of Ladysmith — General French, Commander of British Cavalry — Capture of General Cronje and His Force — British Army AT Bloemfontein — A Costly Struggle ■ 435

Part V

MARVELLOUS INVENTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

Chapter XXIX. Triumphs Of Electricity

Professor Morse and the Electric Telegraph — Discouragements of the Inven ior — Morse's M/^chine and Alphabet — First Message Over the Wires — Submarine Cables — Laying the First Atlantic Cable — No Such Word as "Fail" — The Bell Telephone — The Phonograph — ^Wonderful Achievements of Edison — Ed'- son's Kinetoscope — Electric Light — Distribution of Current — Rifles Fired BY Electricity — Wireless Telegraphy — Invention of Marconi — How the Messages ARE Sent — Hard Problems Solved — Automobiles and Automatic Vehicles — Motor on Wheels — Keeping Up Heat — Wonders of the Electrical World — Telegraphing 100,000 Words an Hour— Plants Grown by Electricity 449 xii CONTENTS.

Chapter XXX. Steam Navigation And Growth Of The American Navy

PACB

Early Attempts to Invent a Steamboat — Advent of Robert Fulton — Difficulties He Encountered — Ridiculed by the Incredulous — Failure of His First Attempt — People Assembled on the Banks of the Hudson to see the Boat Start — Surprise at Fulton's Success — Loud Cheers by the Crowd — From New York to Albany and Back — People Along the River Terrified at the Strange Vessel — Floating Batteries — Ocean Steamers and Battleships — Largest Steamship— Our Early Navy— Grand " Old Ironsides '' — Admiral Dewey's Flagship— Famous Oregon— The Swift Columbia 473

Chapter XXXI. Elias Howe's Sewing Machine

A Poor Inventor— How He Came to Invent the Sewing Machine — Hopeless Poverty for Many Years — Curious Needle and Shuttle — How Obstacles were Overcome — Public has no Faith in His Invention — Repulsed by Many to Whom He Applied for Assistance — Finds a Friend at Last — Tries His Fortune in England — Affliction in His Family — Death of His Courageous Wife — Manufactures Machines to Order — Success of the Invention Which Brings a Fortune — Gold Medal from the Paris Exposition in 1867 and the Cross of the Legion OF Honor — Colonel in the Union Army During the Civil War — Lavish with Money for the Benefit of His Soldiers — Howe's Rank Among the most Distinguished Inventors 485

Chapter XXXII. Hoe's Lightning Printing Press

Invention that Revolutionized the World of Letters — History of the Hoe Family — Arrival of one in New York from England — Energetic Young Man — First Printing That was Done by Steam — Urgent Demand for Rapid Newspaper Presses — Problem Long Baffled Solution — Solved at Length in a Single Night — Immense Fortune for the Inventor — London Times and Other Presses — Successful Rotary Printing 491

Chapter XXXIII. Miscellaneous Discoveries And Inventions

Discovery of the Famous X-Rays — Wonderful Experiments and Results — Discovery OF Liquid Air — Coldest Substance Known — Its Practical Uses — Goodyear's Process for Utilizing India Rubber — Discoveries in the Art of Healing—Germs OF Disease — Finsen Light Cure — Pasteur's Discovery — A Remedy FOR Hydrophobia — Anti-Toxine — Skin and Bone Grafting — Discovery of Anesthetics — Explorations at the Bottom of the Sea — Submarine Boats — Death- Dealing Machines of War — Powerful Explosives and Projectiles — Smokeless Powder — Nitro-Glycerine — Dumdum Bullet — Marvellous Searchlights— Torpedoes and Submarine Mines— Machine Guns — Invention of the Bicycle — Old Styles Compared with the New — Travelling in the Air — Inventions for Aerial Navigation 496

Chapter XXXIV

INVENTIONS APPLIED TO RAILWAYS AND CANALS, SlowI'Progress in Railroad Building — Vast Growth in the Last Half of thk Century — Immense Engines — Fastest Trains in the World — Electricity as a

CONTENTS. xih

PAGB

Motive Power — ^Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern Railway — Longest Road IN the World — Marvellous Bridges — Projected Road from Cape Town to Cairo — Cecil Rhodes and His Great Scheme — Ninety Miles an Hour — Great Canals of the World — The Panama Route — Nicaragua Canal — Chicago Drainage — Outlet to the Mississippi — The Keil Ship Canal — Dimensions and Cost. 51?

Chapter XXXV. Progress Of Agriculture During The Century

Great Improvement in this Deparment of Labor — Chemistry Applied to Agriculture — Sir Humphry Davy and His Discoveries — Liebig and His Experiments — Chemical Elements of the Soil — Nourishment of the Plants — Farm Literature — New Methods of Teaching Farming — Success of Experiment Stations — Growth of Agricultural Societies — Governments Become Interested — Thorough Education for the Farm — Great Number of Farmers Compared with Remainder of Population— Old Farm Implements Compared with the New— Great Improvement in Utensils — Agriculture in Europe — Machinery for Everything — Variety of Grasses — Famous Cattle and Sheep — Farmers a Ruling Power .... • 624

Chapter XXXVI. Review Of The World's Scientific Progress In The Nineteenth Century

Few Great Inventions Prior to the Nineteenth Century — Catalogue of Inventions During the Last Hurdred Years — Spectrum Analysis — Use of Antiseptics in Surgical Operations — Only Remarkable Invention of the Seventeenth Century that of the Telescope--Barometer and Thermometer — No Invention of the First Rank in the Sixteenth Century — Mariner's Compass — Measuring THE Velocity of Light — Nature of Meteors and Comets — Antiquity of Man — Theory of Organic Evolution — Embryology — Astronomy in the Nineteenth Century — Photography as an Aid to the Telescope— Phenomena of our Solar System — The Earth's Satellite— Eclipses of the Sun Remarkable Corona — Discovery of- a Vast Number of Asteroids — Amazing Growth of Human Knowledge in Every Direction 533^

Chapter XXXVII. Christianity In The Last Hundred Years

Wonderful Progress in Industrial Science — French Infidels in the Beginning of the Century— Revival of Spiritual Religion— Great Missionary Zeal —Moravians and Their Remarkable Work— Scotch and English Churches and Missionary Societies — American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions — Vast Sums of Money Contributed to the Cause — What is Shown by the Figures ? — Necessity for Medical Missions — Missionary Zeal of the Papal Church — Wonderful Advance of Christianity During the Century — Church Statistics — Church Property — Humanity a Brotherhood — The Russian Emperor's Peace Conference at the Hague — Formation of Permanent Board ok Arbitration — Settlement c:^ International Disputes without the Sword . . 638

«iv CONTENTS.

Chapter Xxxviii. The Century's Progress In Education And Literature

tAVM

Education as Affecting Women— Old-Fashioned Ideas of Woman and Her Sphere — Money Value of Women's Labor — Many Avenues of Activity Open to the Female Sex — The Woman of the Twentieth Century — A Flood of Books — Enormous Masses of Literature — Short-Lived Works — Admirable Histories — Many Writers of Great Repute — Sir Walter Scott and the Waverly Novels — Wholesome Humor of Thackeray — Wonderful Creations of Charles Dickens — George Eliot and Her Famous Works — Novelists and Essay Writers — Important Educational Events in the Nineteenth Century — Chautauqua System OF Education — Agricultural Education — Instruction on the Farm . . . 544

Chapter XXXIX. A Hundred Years Of Art

Centres of Art in Europe — Great Facility for Art Study in Paris — Vast Improvement and Growth in American Art — Pictorial Art and its Rapid Development — Immense Number of Illustrated Books and Magazines — Old-Time Pictures — Rival Schools of Art in France — England's Renowned Paintings — Native Art Productions in the United States — South Kensington School —Royal Academy in London — Rising Talent in Scotland Encouraged— Schools at Munich and Antwerp — Great American Promise of Art .... 554

Chapter XL. Celebrated Authors

Hans Christian Andersen — Matthew Arnold — George Bancroft — George H. Boker — Horatius Bonar — Emily Bronte— Elizabeth Barrett Browning — Robert Browning— William Cullen Bryant— Lord Byron — Will Carleton — Thomas Carlisle — Alice and Phcebe Cary— James Fenimore Cooper — Charles Dickens — Ralph Waldo Emerson — Eugene Field — Horace Greeley — Nathaniel Hawthorne — J. G. Holland — Oliver Wendell Holmes — Tom Hood — Victor Hugo — Rudyard Kipling — H. W. Longfellow — ^J. R. Lowell — Lord Macaulay — Edgar Allen Poe — ^John G. Saxe — Sir Walter Scott — Harriet Beecher Stowe — Alfred Tennyson — W. M. Thackeray — Mark Twain— J. G. Whittier 558

Chapter XLI. Distinguished Orators And Statesmen

Beecher — Blaine — Bright— Choate— Clay — Depew — Douglass— Everett — Garfield — Gibbons— Gladstone — Gough — Brady — Harrison — Lincoln— McKinley — Moody — Reed— Sherman — Spurgeon — Talmage— Victoria — Webster — Willard ..... 582

Chapter XLII

VARIOUS CELEBRITIES AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS. Armour — Bartholdi — Bell — Booth — Carnegie — Cleveland — Dewey — Edison — Grant

Jackson — Lee — Marconi — Melba — Patti — Wanamaker 596

Appendix A— Latest Events in the History of the Nineteenth Century. . . 609 Appendix B — Canada in the Nineteenth Century 623

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