Juventus mundi; the gods and men of the heroic age

Preface

In this work, which is mainly the produce of the two Recesses of 1867 and 1868, I have endeavoured to embody the greater part of the results at which I arrived in the ' Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,' 1858. Those results however are considerably modified in the Ethnological, and in the Mythological, portions of the inquiry. The chief source of modification in the former has been that a further prosecution of the subject with respect to the Phoenicians has brought out much more clearly and fully what I had only ventured to suspect or hint at, and gives them, if I am right, a highly influential function in forming the Greek nation. A fuller view of this element in its composition naturally acts in an important manner upon any estimate of Pelasgians and Hellenes respectively.

VI PREFACE.

This Phoenician influence reaches far into the sphere of the mythology ; and tends, as I think, greatly to clear the views we may reasonably take of that curious and interesting subject. •

I have also greatly profited by the laborious and original treatise of Dr. Hahn, on Albanian Archaeology and Antiquities, as well as manners ; which, although published at Jena in 1854, was scarcely, if at all, known in this country in 1858.

But, further, I have endeavoured to avoid a certain crudity of expression in some sections of the ' Olympos/ which led to misconceptions of my meaning with respect to the action of tradition (especially of sacred or Hebrew tradition) and invention respectively, in the genesis of the Greek mythological system.

In dealing with the Third portion of the ' Studies,' called Aoidos, I have contracted a great deal, but added and altered little.

The immediate purpose of the former work was to draw out of the text of Homer, by a minute investigation of particulars, the results that it appeared to me to justify. Many of them were more or less new, and the process of inquiry was therefore exhibited in great, perhaps in excessive or wearisome, detail. I have now felt warranted to give a larger space to deduc-

P R E F A C E. vii tion, and a smaller one to minute particulars of inquiry, in a work which aims at offering some practical assistance to Homeric study in our Schools and Universities, and even at conveying a partial knowledge of this subject to persons who are not habitual students. Of what appeared directly useful for this end, I have consciously omitted nothing.

I am anxious, then, to commend to inquirers, and to readers generally, conclusions from the Homeric Poems, which appear to me to be of great interest, with reference to the general history of human culture, and, in connection therewith, of the Providential government of the world. But I am much more anxious to encourage and facilitate the access of educated persons to the actual contents of the text. The amount and variety of these contents have not even yet been fully appreciated. The delight received from the Poems has possibly had some influence in disposing the generality of readers to rest satisfied with their enjoyment. The doubts cast upon their origin must have assisted in producing and fostering a vague instinctive indisposition to laborious examination. The very splendour of the poetry dazzles the eye as with whole sheets of light, and may often

b2

Vlll P R E F A C E, seem almost to give to analysis the character of vulgarity or impertinence.

My main object, then, in this, and in the former work, has been to encourage, or, if I may so say, to provoke, the close textual study of the Poet, as the condition of real progress in what is called the Homeric question, and as a substitute for that loose and second-hand method, not yet wholly out of vogue in this country, which seeks for information about Homer anywhere rather than in Homer himself.

In further prosecution of this purpose, I have begun, and carried forward at such intervals as I could make my own, another task. With patient toil, which applied to most authors would have been drudgery, I have tried to draw out, and to arrange in the most accessible form, resembling that of a Dictionary, what may be termed the body, or earthy and tangible part, of the contents of Homer. To a dissection of such a kind, the ethereal spirit cannot be submitted. This analysis will be separately published, so soon as other calls upon my time may permit. It must not be supposed that so homely a production aspires to exhibit Homer as a poet. Yet it exhibits

PREFACE. IX him as a chronicler and as an observer ; it helps to give an idea of his power by showing some part at least of the copious materials with which he executed his great synthesis, the first, and also the best, composition of an Age, the most perfect ' form and body of a time,' that ever has been achieved by the hand of man.

Like Colonel Mure, I am convinced that the one thing wanted in order to a full solution of what is called the Homeric question is knowledge of the text. In an aggregate of 27,000 lines, as full of infinitely varied matter (to use a familiar phrase) as an egg is full of meat, this is not so commonplace an accomplishment as might at first sight be supposed. I have striven to attain it ; yet, as I know, with very partial success. And I do not hesitate to say, with the productions of some recent writers and critics on the Poet in my mind, that the reading public ought to be very wary in accepting unverified statements of what is or is not in Homer. I eschew the invidious task of illustrating this proposition from the pages of others : possibly it might receive some illustration from my own.

I have felt great embarrassment, in common I suppose with many more, in consequence of

X PREFACE,

the unsettled and transitionary state of our rules and practice with respect to Greek names, and to the Latin forms of them.

Upon the whole, not without misgiving, but not without consideration, I have acted upon the belief that we cannot permanently fall back into the system which we were content until half a century ago to follow, and which Mr. Mitford and Mr. Grote assailed in common ; that we cannot well stand where we are ; and that we should, if possible, in this as in all matters, try to make preparation for the future, and make approaches at least towards a durable system.

First, then, I follow many high authorities in adopting generally the names of the Greek deities and mythological personages, instead of the Latin ones.

Secondly, with respect to names which have in no way become familiar to our ears or been domesticated in the English tongue, instead of the Latin forms and terminations, I adopt commonly the Greek ; and say Iasos, Acrisios, Eurumachos, instead of Iasus, Acrisius, Eurymachus : as also Achaioi, Hippemolgoi, Lotophagoi, Phaiakes, instead of Achaians, Hippemolgi, Lotophagi, Phaeacians.

PREFACE, Xl

But I have usually followed the old custom in cases where Greek words have been, so to speak, translated, so that the English ear has become thoroughly accustomed to the rendering, whether it be effected by the Latin form, as Cyprus for Kv7rpos, or by an English one, as Rhodes for Rhodos.

Yet a case like the first of these exhibits the practical mischief of a somewhat degenerate system ; for the name Kupros would, more readily than Cyprus, have suggested the fact, that copper owes its name to that island, which first afforded to Europe and the Mediterranean a plentiful supply of so primitive and important a metal. In this matter of names I am less consistent than Mr. Grote ; and less bold, for I have not the same title to expect obedience. I can only say that my practice is accommodated, as far as I am able, to a state of transition, and that I have no doubt it is open to criticism in detail, even from those who may accept the general rule.

Lastly, I have in many cases written a Greek word in Roman type. I know not whether it will or will not, at some time, be found practicable to serve the purposes of all languages by one and the same character. But the general knowledge

Xll PREFACE.

of the relationship of tongues, and of particular languages, is increasing; and it may be both of interest and of use to the English reader, though unacquainted with Greek, to know the form and body of the words discussed in the text, when this advantage can be given without seriously distorting the words themselves.

Introduction

PAGE

Popular appreciation of the Homeric works ... i

Viewed too much through later traditions ... i

The Author unknown as a Person 2

Date at which he lived 3

Place of his birth and residence 6

The poetry of Homer historic 7

Theurgy of the Poems self-consistent .... 9 Important internal evidence as to the historic character

of the Poems 10

Uncertainty respecting them 11

The ' Hymns ' 12

Arguments of those who support a dual authorship discussed 13

Iliad and Odyssey compared 17

Text of the Poems discussed 18-26

Comparative antiquity of Homer and Hesiod . . . 26 Evidence of Homer in relation to his age . . . 27 Discrepancy between Homeric and Post-Homeric tradition 28

Conclusion concerning the Text of the Poet . . . 3°

CHAPTER II. The Three Great Appellatives

The f Greeks ' of the Troica were Achaians „ . . 3 2

Pre-Hellehic races — Pelasgoi 3 2

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction.

PAGE

Popular appreciation of the Homeric works ... i

Viewed too much through later traditions ... i

The Author unknown as a Person 2

Date at which he lived 3

Place of his birth and residence 6

The poetry of Homer historic 7

Theurgy of the Poems self-consistent .... 9 Important internal evidence as to the historic character

of the Poems 10

Uncertainty respecting them 11

The ' Hymns ' . . . 12

Arguments of those who support a dual authorship discussed 13

Iliad and Odyssey compared 17

Text of the Poems discussed 18-26

Comparative antiquity of Homer and Hesiod . . . 26 Evidence of Homer in relation to his age . . . 27 Discrepancy between Homeric and Post-Homeric tradition 28

Conclusion concerning the Text of the Poet . . . 30

CHAPTER II.

The Three Great Appellatives.

The f Greeks ' of the Troica were Achaians . . . 32

Pre-Hellenic races— Pelasgoi . . . . . . 3 2

XIV

CONTENTS.

Designations of the Greeks of the Iliad .... Instances of chronological succession of Homeric names ' Argeioi ' used as a national designation and in a local

sense

The Danaoi

Derivation of Homeric national or tribal names

Homer's unwilling testimony to the foreign origin of

Greek Houses

Genealogy of the race of Danaos Post-Homeric tradition with regard to Danaos Conclusions as to the Danaoi ....

Argeioi .

Local use of the word

Poetic and archaic uses of it .

Application of the territorial name Argos Common term in three distinct territorial names

Four uses of in Homer

Derivation of Homeric names of countries and places

Uses of the word ' argos '

The derivative Argeioi

This name belongs properly to the commonality The third Appellative : Achaioi Epithets applied to the name Achaioi

Force of the word ' dios '

Instances of the use of the appellative Achaioi .

The Myrmidons

Epithet ' Panachaioi '

Conclusion respecting the use of the Three Appellatives

35 36

CHAPTER III. The Pelasgoi

Classification of the Homeric testimony concerning the

Pelasgoi 72

Wide extension of the Pelasgoi 72

' Pelasgic Zeus ' 73

Thessaly a Pelasgic country 73

CONTENTS. XV

Thracians 74

Kaukones 75

Epithets given to the Pelasgians 75

The Larisse of Homer 77

Other heads of Homeric evidence concerning the Pelasgoi 77

Connection between Arcadians and Pelasgoi . . . 78

The Ionians 80

Local, not personal, relation between Athene and Athens 82

Erectheus probably a Pelasgian 83

Evidence as to the Pelasgian character of Attica in earlytimes (Ionians) 84

Pelasgian element in Thessaly 86

'IasonArgos' 87

Marks of a Pelasgian character in the population of Crete 89

The Five Races domesticated in Greece . . . . 89

Eteocretes and Kudones 89

The Leleges 90

Pelasgian occupation of Epiros 91

Etymology of the Pelasgian name 92

Difference of race and rank among the Greek population 94 The Pelasgian element in the Greek language . . . 95 Lists of words (supposed to be of Pelasgian origin) common to the Greek and Latin languages ... 96

I. Objects of Inanimate Nature .... 96

II. Trees, Plants . ... . . . 96

ill. Animated Nature 97

iv. Objects connected with Food . . . . 97

v. Related to Out-door Labour . . . . 97

vi. Navigation 97

vii. Dwellings 98

viii. Clothing . . . . . . . . 98

ix. The Human Body 98

x. The Family . . . ... . 98

xi. Society 9 8

xii. General Ideas gg

xiii. Adjectives of Common Use .... 99

Scant stock of words relating to religion .... 100

Words relating (1) to war, (2) to navigation, (3) to metals 100

XVI CONTENTS.

Distinction with regard to names of persons, &c. . . 102 Extra-Homeric evidence of the wide extension of the

Pelasgoi 106

CHAPTER IV. Hellas

The word ' Hellas ' and its derivatives . . . .109 Phthie ; the phrase ' Pelasgic Argos ' . . . .111

The designation ' Panhellenes ' 113

Kephallenes 114

Helloi or Selloi: the Aspirate and Sigma interchangeable 115 Route of the Hellic tribes into Greece . . . .117

CHAPTER V. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians

Minos 118

His Phoenician character 119

Phoenician tongue probably spoken in Crete . . . 120

Daidalos — Kadmos 122

Important works of art obtained from the Phoenicians . 123

Dependence of the Greeks on the Phoenicians (ship Argo) 124

The Egyptian Thebes 125

Conclusion respecting the significance of the word ' Phoenicia' in Homer 129

Art of writing introduced by Phoenicians . . . .130 Art of building with hewn stone probably introduced by

them 131

The people of Scherie (Corfu), of Phoenician stock . . 132

Their games 132

Fine Art, in Homer, proceeded from a Phoenician source 133 Respective contributions of Pelasgians and Hellenes to

the aggregate Greek nation 134

Possible personal medium between Greece and Phoenicia . 134

Were the Aiolids Phoenician ? 135

Achaian invasion of Egypt 144

CONTENTS. Xvii

CHAPTER VI. On the Title 'Anax Andron.'

Substantial distinction between titles and epithets descriptive of station or office 149

Title ' Anax Andron,' to whom applied . . . .151

I. Agamemnon 153

His extraction: passage concerning the Sceptre 154 Simultaneous rise of the Achaian race and of the

House of Pelops ...... 156

Tantalos 156

Niobe; Pelops 157

Achaians a Thessalian race . . . . 159 Title (' Anax Andr5n ') anterior to the constitution of Achaian society 160

II. Anchises, and in. .Eneas . . . . t6o

Position of the Helloi and Dardanians severally . 161 Why the title is applied to Anchises and iEneas,

but not given to Priam or any of his family . 161 Absence of Anchises from the Trojan Council ;

his sovereignty 162

JEneas : jealousy between him and the house of

Priam 163

Pointed use of the phrase 'Anax Andron' . . 164

Ruled over Elis 165

His extraction and descent 166

Ephure, a town of Elis 166

King of Ephure : distinction between the towns

so named 168

Rules at Pherai ; an Aiolid . . . . .169

Summing up of the Homeric evidence concerning

the phrase ' Anax Andron ' . . . .170

CONTENTS.

Chapter VII. The Olympian System

Homer the maker, not of poems alone, but of a language,

a nation, and a religion

Contrast between Homer and the Hesiodic Theogony Variegated aspect of Hellenic religion ; reasons for this

Instances

Modes of reconciliation or adjustment

Debasement of the Olympian system

Its specific principle humanitarian ....

It wanted the supports of a hierarchy and of sacred books

Actual operation of the Hellenic Theo-mythology .

The later religion in relation to philosophers and legis

lators

Plato's reproaches against Homer's treatment of the god:

unfounded ; cases in point

Materials supplied as the base of Homeric religion .

The five great deities

Homer's mode of dealing with the elder gods . Vestiges in the Olympian system of Elemental Worship Nature-gods generally treated as subterranean .

River-worship local

Olympian system appropriates the materials of the older

elemental one

Homeric mythology ought to be severed from the schemes of (i) N ature- worship ; (2) Roman mythology ; (3)

scheme of classical Greece

Homeric polity framed on the human model .

Instances of

Functions of the deities

Classification of the Olympian personages in Homer . Limitations and liabilities of the subordinate gods Correspondence between certain features of the Olympian system and the Hebraic traditions ....

The Messiah

Theories as to the origin of heathen religions .

193 194

198 199

200 203 204

CONTENTS.

XIX

Other Homeric correspondences with Hebrew tradition . 207 The highest conception of deity does not exclude the

element of fraud , 208

Grand distinction between the Homeric and the later

systems 211

Homer's wide notion of the gods as governing all mankind 212 Collective action of the Olympian deities . . . .213 No instance of a married deity, save Zeus . . . 213

Element of deontology ; will and ought . „ . .215 Classification of the Di majores . . , . . .216

Section 1. Zeus Five different capacities ascribed to Zeus

1. The Pelasgian Zeus

2. The Divine Zeus .

His universal supremacy .

His limitations and liabilities .

3. 4. The Olympian Zeus, and the Lord of the Air

Omnipotence not conceived of by Homer Headship of Zeus ; the arbiter among the god His sole and supreme responsibility . Aristocratic character of the Olympian polity 5. Zeus the type of anthropomorphism

Individual character of Zeus of a low order Not, however, devoid of affections . The masterpiece of Homeric mythology with regard to the humanising element Section 11. Here .

Of all deities the most national Special characteristics of; she

Odyssey Called 'Argeian Here' Her rank in Olympos .

Interpretation of the myth of the deposition of Kronos

234 234

235 236

237 238

XX CONTENTS.

The function of Here as regulator of birth . . 239

Vestige of the prerogative of Here as a Nature-Power 241

Section 111. Poseidon 241

His position and rank 242

Not an elemental deity ; Nereus the true sea-god . 243

Special functions of Poseidon 245

Legends relating to him ; their character . . .246 His province in the Outer- World . . . .246 His supremacy in the Odyssey working, rather than

abstract 248

Prevalence of Poseidonian worship among the Phoenicians 249

The Trident; relation to some tradition of a Trinity 250

Cyclops, children of Poseidon 250

The Phoenician origin of Poseidon supplies a key to

his position and attributes 251

Section iv. Aidoneus 252

Probably a Nature-Power of an older Theogony . 253

His character and functions 253

The ' Zeus of the Underworld ' , . . . 254

Section v. Leto 257

Epithets given to her 257

Her circumscribed action 257

High ascriptions of her dignity 258

Etymology of the name 259

Probable record of the Hebrew tradition respecting

the Mother of the Deliverer . . . .260

Section vi. Demeter 261

Homeric evidence respecting her . . . .261

Her share in the old tradition of Nature-worship . 263

Section vn. Dione 264

A wife of Zeus ; mentioned in one passage only . . 264

Testimony of Hesiod 264

A Nature-Power 265

Section vin. Athene and Apollo . 266 Their position in Olympos a hopeless solecism, if

viewed apart from Hebrew traditions . . . 267

CONTENTS. XXI

Relation of rank between Here and Athene , . 268

Dignity of Apollo 269

Correspondence of Homer with the Messianic tradition

of the Logos and the Son of the Woman . . 270 Superior sanctitas of Athene and Apollo . . .270

They are the two great Agents 271

Uniform identity of will between Zeus and Apollo . 273 Apollo the defender of heaven and deliverer of the

immortals 274

Functions of these two deities encroach upon the provinces of other divinities 275

Jointly invoked 276

No local limit to their worship 276

They are independent of limitations of place . . 278 Omnipresent; prayer addressed to them from all places 279 Exempt from physical infirmity or need in general Attributes of bulk ; locomotion Apollo and Athene administer powers otherwise re ferred to Zeus ......

Both exercise vast power over external nature . Both possess lofty moral excellence and purity . Distinctive functions of Apollo, severing him from

Athene

The ministry of death

Hellenic preservation of the element of Hebrew tradition

Section ix. Hephaistos

One of the seven astral deities of the East Dual course of tradition relating to Hephaistos .

The Charites

Matchless deity of Hephaistos ....

The architect of the palaces of the gods .

Section x. Ares

* In point of strength divine, in point of mind and

heart simply animal '

Represents the idea of raw courage .

Instances of his action

c

279 280

281 282 284

289 289 290 29/2 292 293

294 295 296

XXI 1

CONTENTS.

Section xi. Hermes

His part in the Iliad secondary .

Instances of his agency ....

Idea of concealment inheres in his character His probable connection with the Phoenicians An agent rather than a mere messenger His name Argeiphontes

Section xn. Artemis .

In the main a reflection of Apollo Relation of, to the Moon-goddess Shares with Apollo the ministry of Her agency ubiquitous in character Confers beauty (of figure) .

Epithet ayvrj and its significancy death

Section xm. Persephone Epithets applied to her t Represents a mixture of

traditions .

Co-ruler with A'idoneus Etymology of the name The Persian race

Pelasgic and of Eastern in the Homeric

Section xiv. Aphrodite

Her position and several functions

mythology ....

Local indications of her worship Etymology of the name

Section xv. Dionusos

Obscurity of traditions concerning him

No clearly divine act assigned to him

Recital concerning Lucourgos ....

Probable sign of his worship in the Odyssey

Worship of Dionusos recent ; and opposed on intro

duction

He is placed within the Phoenician circle . To be regarded probably as a deified mortal

CONTENTS.

Section xvi. Helios, or the Sun His personality ....

His appearance in (a) the Iliad, (b) the Odyssey Theft of the Oxen of the Sun .

This legend of Phoenician origin The Sun an Eastern deity Incorporation of the traditions of Apollo of the Sun ....

Section xvn. Hebe

Character of her offices Expresses the idea of youth

Section xvm. Themis .

A member of the Olympian court Signification of the name .

Section xix. Paieon His function as healer Relation between Paieon and Apollo The paian or hymn to Apollo

Section xx. Iris ....

Instances of her office as Messenger The name of the rainbow; and

tradition Her agency to Peleus double relation of Thetis

Section xxi. Thetis Her origin elemental Her vast influence Her prayer to Zeus .

Etymology of the name Character of her marriage Pelasgian worship of Zeus Instances of her agency

The reconciler between the conflicting creeds . Her influence with the gods grounded on obligation Principal particulars respecting her . Epithets applied to her ....

Later traditions appear but arbitrary comment c 2 with those the

Hebrew

321 321 321

322 322 323

325 325 326

327 327 327

XXIV CONTENTS.

Chapter IX

Further Sketch and Moral Aspects of the Olympian System.

I. Various Orders of Preternatural Beings . 344

1. The Nature-Powers 344

2. The Minor Nature-Powers . . . * .345

3 . Mythological Personages of the Outer or Phoenician

Sphere 346

4. The Rebellious Powers 347

5. Ministers of Doom 347

6. Poetical Impersonations 348

II. The Erinues 348

The three chief recognised descriptions of preternatural force 348

Action of the Erinues 350

Their functions 351

Etymology of the name 354

III. Ate the Temptress 354

Her place in Homer 354

Character of her temptations 355

IV. Fate or Doom 356

Distinction between the words conveying the idea —

Ker, Moira, Aisa, &c. 356

V. Animal Worship 359

Sanctity attaching to the Oxen of the Sun . . 359 Other traces of animal worship . . . .360

Animal Sacrifice 361

VI. On the Modes of Approximation between

the Divine and the Human Nature . 361 Elements of the system of deification of mortals

discernible in Homer 362

Divine filiation 365

1 Zeus-born ' princes 368

Explanation of this title 369

Four channels of approach between the human and

divine natures 370

CONTENTS.

XXV

VII. The Homeric View of the Future State . Three-fold division of the Future World .

VIII. The Olympian System in its Results . History of the human race before Christ is the history

of a preparation for His Advent .... Character and vitality of the Olympian system . A precursor of Christianity

374 375 377

CHAPTER X. Ethics of the Heroic Age

Section 1. General outline of the moral character of the Homeric Greeks

Heracles

Moral force of Religion ....

Voice of Conscience ....

Homicide

The weak point of tenderness for fraud Idea of sin implied in Homer The Homeric view of patience .

Virtue of justice

Virtue of self-restraint .

The model spirit of moderation, the to ueaov Implacability regarded as unequivocally vicious Extremest forms of depravity unknown Domestic relations ......

The Poet's admiration for Beauty

The delicacy of Homer ....

Sketch of Greek life in the heroic age

Section 11. Position held by women No trace of polygamy Concubinage

Relations of youth and maiden Picture of Greek marriage Employments of women

37»

380 381

383 384

405 406 407 408 410 411

XXVI

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI. Polity of the Heroic Age

Similitude between Homeric and British ideas

Reverence for kings

No * balance of forces'

The kings

Personal attributes of the king ....

His fourfold character

Agamemnon a 'King of kings' ....

Transactions of the Army decided in the Assemblies Ranks traceable in the army ....

Composition of the Council ....

Importance of Power of Speech Majority and minority .....

The Tis, or Public Opinion ....

Chief component parts of Greek society . Representation of the state of society in Ithaca Absence of written 'law' — The Oath The Xeinos or Xenos . . . . .

Sources for supplying slaves ....

The medium of exchange ....

Leading political ideas of the Poems Bonds cementing Greek society

447 448

Chapter XII

Resemblances and Differences between the Greeks and the Trojans.

Double ethnical relation 451

Religion 452

Prevalence of Nature-worship in Troy . . . .453 Sacerdotal institutions and ritual forms . . . • 455

Superior morality of the Greeks 458

Trojan tendency to sensual excess 460

Polygamy of Priam 460

Relation of Priam to subordinate countries . . .463 Trojan Assembly 464

CONTENTS.

XXV11

CHAPTER XIII. Geography of Homer

Section i. The Catalogue

Genealogies of the Greek Catalogue .

The Greek territory divided into three circles and

a fourth irregular figure Greek and Trojan Catalogues .

Section n. The Plain of Troy Leading topical points Discussion of Homer's description

Section in. The Outer Geography

Data for an Homeric map of the Outer Geography Indications of Homer's belief in a great sea occupy

ing the heart of the European continent Stages of the Voyages of Odysseus

467 468

470 470^ 472

474 477

CHAPTER XIV. Plots, Characters, and Similes

Section 1. The Plot of the Poems; especially of the

Iliad 490

Section n. Some Characters of the Poems.

1. Achilles 495

2. Odysseus 497

3. Agamemnon 501

4. Diomed and Ajax 503,

5. Helen 504

6. Hector 508

7. Paris 510

Section ill. The Similes of the Poems . . . 512

XXV111