Outline evolution of empire and prophecy

Front matter

.

S^apO-'d 1 §ojnjrig|i Ifa

Shel£B-&4

Preface

The object of these pages is to present briefly a connected view of general history and to show its relation to prophecy. A proper understanding of the subject will require a sedulous perusal of those portions of the prophetical writings referred to in the foot-notes and an impartial comparison of them with the events of history, as detailed in the text. The leading authors cited will be found to throw great light on both the historians and the prophets, and should be carefully examined. Empires have been selected as the topics of reflection, since it is of them the prophets mainly write. If the labor of acquiring or recalling the knowledge of imperial events, as related to the prophetical records, is lightened and aid afforded to any one who is in search of the truth, or a desire excited in any mind to examine the historians and the prophets, the author's wishes will be accomplished.

Introduction

The Works of the Leading Historians considered in Connection with Empires 19

Empire of the Assyrians. Portions of Diodorus applicable to it. Empire of the Medes and Persians. Herodotus; when lie flourished; substance of his work. Empire of the Greeks. Plutarch. Thucydides. Xenophon's Affairs of Greece. Parts of Diodorus to be consulted on this period. Arrian, the historian of Alexander. Empire of the Romans. Livy. Sallust. Caesar. Pansa. Polybius. Justin. Tacitus. Suetonius. Marcellinus. Zosimus. Eutropius. Orosius. Eastern Empire of the Romans. Procopius. Zonaras. Choniates. Gregoras. Cantacuzene. Chalchondites. Empire of the Turks. Augustan History. Modern times afford general historians, as well as those of epochs. Elmakin. Ockley. Cantemir. Western Empire of the Romans. How and when destroyed. Neustrian Division of the Empire of the Franks. Crow. Paris. Froissart. DeComines. Guicciardini. De Thou. Davila. Sully. Thuanus. Racine. Brienne. DeRetz. Villars. Noailles. Dumourier. DeStael. Thiers. Blanc. Austrasian Division of the Empire of the Franks. Kohlrausch. Cox. Powers of Europe connected with the Empire of the Franks. Sweden. Prussia. Russia. Spain. Portugal. United Provinces. Belgium. Denmark. Switzerland. Two Sicilies. Papal dominions. Austrian dominions in Italy. Sardinia. Voltaire. Geijer. Prescott. Robertson. "Watson. Motley. Empire of the Anglo- Saxons. Hume. Smollett. Bisset. Gild as. Bede. William of Malmesbury. Hoveden. Diceto. Paris. Brompton. Fitzstephens. Froissart. Walsingham. Vergil. Hall. Holinshed. More. Stowe. Speed. Baker. Clarendon. Neall. Burnet. Rapin. Coote. Alison. Carlyle. D'Aubigne\ Robertson. Macaulay. Anglo-Saxons and Franks in America. United States. Mexico. Yucatan. Central States. Brazil. Paraguay. Argentine Republic. Peru. Bolivia. Granada. Venezuela. Colombia. Chili. Holmes. Ramsay. Marshall. Irving. Bancroft. Hildreth. King. Kidder. The Sacred Scriptures afford the best clue to general history. Newton. Scott.

CHAPTER I. The Empire of the Assyrians 43

Extent of the Empire of the Assyrians. Ninus. Semiramis. Ninyas. Description of Babylon. Palace. Temple of Belus. Canals. Lake.

CONTENTS.

Hanging-garden. Nameless Emperors. Sardanapalus. Chaldeans and Medes divide the empire. Nahum.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.m.

1. Ninus .about 2054

2. Semiramis " 2061

A.M.

4. The Nameless Emperors occupy

a period of about eleven centuries.

5. Sardanapalus* about 3257

Chapter II

Defection of Medes. Deioces. Ecbatana. Phraortes. Cyaxares. Nineveh. The Scythians. Astyages. Mandane. Cyrus. Darius the Mede. Lydia. Capture of Babylon. Massagetae. Cambyses. Smerdis the Magian. Darius. Hystaspes. Xerxes. Overthrow in Greece. Isaiah. Jeremiah.

Commencement of Reigns.

A.M.

1. Deioces about 3294

2. Phraortes " 3347

4. Astyagest " 3409

5. Cyrus and Darius the Mede " 3444

6. Cambyses about 3474

7. Smerdis the Magian. Usurper.

8. Darius Hystaspes about 3483

Chapter III

States of Greece. Cecrops. Danaus. Cadmus. Pelops. Amphictyonic Council. Athens. Sparta. Messenia. Themistocles. The Piraeus. War with Persia. Treason of Pausanias. Flight of Themistocles. Cimon. Aristides. Pericles. Peloponnesian war. Pestilence. Spartan war with Persia. Agesilaus. Lysander. Disturbances in Greece. Thebes. Corinth. Argos. Conon. Place of Antalcidas. Sparta and Thebes. Epaminondas. Pelopidas. Leuctra. Man tinea. Divisions of Greece. Philip of Macedon. Alexander the Great. Thebes. Persia. India. Arideus. Perdiccas. Antipater. Craterus. Polysperchon. Cassander. Antigonus. Battle of Ipsus. Lysimachus. Ptolemy. Seleucus. Isaiah. Jeremiah.

Commencement of Reigns.

A.M.

1. Philip of Macedon§ about 3644

2. Alexander the Great l ' 3668

3. Arideus " 3681

A.M.

Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy, Seleucus about 3706

* Dio. Sic, Bk. II. ch. ii. Justin, Bk. II. ch. iii.; note pp. 18, 19. t Her., Clio, pp. 50-52. Justin, p. 5. X Lardner's Chron. Tables. § Lard. Ch. Tab.

CONTENTS. 7

CHAPTER IV. The Empire op the Romans to the Time op Augustus

CLesar 77

Flight of JEneas from Troy to Italy. Romulus founds Rome. Sabines. Tarquin the Proud. Violation of Lucretia. Junius Brutus. Consuls. Dictator. Tribunes of the people. Coriolanus. Cincinnatus. Laws of the Twelve Tables. Decemviri. Appius. Virginia. Camillus. Gallic invasion. Samnite war. Valerius. Pyrrhus. Carthaginian wars. Conquests of Macedon, Asia, Greece. Accession to Pergamus. Gracchi. Jugurthine war. Marius. Sylla. Mithridatic war. Pompey. Cataline. Cicero. Caesar. Crassus. Civil war. Pharsalia. Assassination of Caesar. Octavius. Antony. Philippi. Actium. Noah. Daniel.

Commencement op Reigns.

a.m. I a.m.

1. Julius Caesar* about 3962 | 2. Augustus Caesar about 3980

CHAPTER Y.

The State of Society in all Empires to the Commencement of the Christian Era. — The Incarnation. — The Apocalypse 99

Preliminary suggestion. Egypt. Government. Judiciary. Laws. Polygamy. Idolatry. Animals worshipped. Trial of the dead. Artificers. Husbandmen. Shepherds. Irrigation of the soil. Army. Buildings. Carthage. Religion. Moloch. Constitution. Commerce. The Jews. Military power. Learning. Hannibal. Mago. Hasdrubal. Terence. Persia. Judiciary. Mode of trial. Division of the empire by Cyrus. Posts. Military science. Arts. Music. Medicine. Astronomy. Greece. Athens. Sparta. Government. Lycurgus. Solon. Socrates. Plato. Aristotle. Arts. Sciences. Differences between the Athenians and Spartans. Revenues. Romans. Civil divisions. Army. Revenue. Senate. Tribunes of the people. Plebeians. Patricians. Master and slave. Consuls. Praetors. Censors. ^Ediles. Quaestors. Dictator. Twelve Tables. Suits. Religion. Time. Festivals. Downfall of religious systems. The Incarnation. The Apocalypse.

CHAPTER VI. The Empire of the Romans to the Triumph of Aurelian

oyer the Goths 134

Death of Augustus Caesar. Tiberius. Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galba. Otho. Vitellius. Vespasian. Titus. Domitian. Nerva. Trajan. Hadrian. Antonines. Commodus; his character; acts; assassination. Pertinax; his melancholy death. Sale of the purple. Julianus. Niger. Albinus. Severus; marches to Rome; seizes the sceptre; defeats

* Eutropius, Bk. VI. ch. xix., xx.

CONTENTS.

Niger and Albinus. Praetorian guards abolished. Another corp created. Humiliation of the senate. Corruption of the people. Vicious character of the empress. Contentions of Geta and Caracalla. Emperor's expedition to Caledonia. Accession of Geta and Caracalla. Geta slain by his brother's guards. Murder of Papinian. Caracalla killed. Macrinus. Bassianus. Alexander Severus. Maximin. Balbinus. Maximus. Gordian III. Rise and fall of Philip the Arab. Defeat of Decius by the Goths. iEmilianus. Franks. Goths. Alemanni. Persians. Overthrow and imprisonment of Valerian in Persia. Gallienus. Claudius. Aurelian; his victory over the Goths.

Commencement op Reigns.

A.D.

Tiberius 14

Caligula 37

Claudius 41

Nero 54

Galba 68

Otho 69

Vitellius 70

Vespasian 70

Titus 79

Domitian 81

Nerva 96

Trajan 98

Hadrian 117

Anton. Pius 138

M. Antonius 161

Commodus 180

Pertinax 192

A.D.

18. Did. Julianus 193

19. Septimius Severus 194

20. Caracalla and Geta 211

21. Macrinus 217

23. Alexander Severus 222

24. Maximin 235

25. Balbinus 237

26. Gordian III 238

27. Philip 244

28. Decius 248

29. JEmilianus 253

30. Valerian 253

31. Gallienus 259

32. Claudius 268

33. Aurelian* 270

CHAPTER VII. The Empire of the Romans to its Extinguishment tn the West 143

Murder of Aurelian. Tacitus. Probus. Carus; his wars. Diocletian. Division of power. Constantius. Maximian. Galerius. Abdication of emperors. Death of Constantius. Accession of Constantine; sole power; troubles. Constans. Constantine. Constantius. Division of empire. Destruction of the Flavian family. Escape of Gallus and Julian. Constantius succeeds to the entire empire. Julian. Persian war. Jovian. Sallust. Valentinian. Valens. Division of empire. Barbarian inroads. Gratian. Valentinian H. Theodosius; his course with the Goths. Defeat of Maximus. Arcadius and Honorius. Stilicho. Alaric. Sack of Rome. Adolphus. Placida. Attila. Maximus. Sack of Vandals. Odoacer. Extinguishment of Western Empire by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths.

* Mosheim's Chron. Tables.

COKTEKTS.

Commencement op Reigns.

A.D.

1. Tacitus 276

2. Probus 276

3. Carus 282

4. Carinus 283

5. Numerianus 284

6. Diocletian and colleagues 284

7. Galerius and colleagues 305

8. Constantine the Great 324

9. Constans, Constantine, and Con-

stantius 340

10. Julian 361

11. Jovian 363

12. Valentinian and Valens 364

A.D.

13. Gratian and Valentinian II 375

14. Theodosius the Great 379

15. Arcadius and Honorius 395

16. Valentinian III 425

17. Maximus 455

18. Avitus 455

19. Majorian 457

20. Libius Severus 461

21. Anthemius 467

22. Olybius 472

23. Julius Nepos 474

24. Romulus Augustulus 476

Chapter VIII

The Empire op the Romans to its Extinction in the East by the Ottomans 151

Death of Arcadius. Pulcheria. Death of Theodosius. Marcian. Leo. Rasiliscus. Zeno. Anastasius. Justin. Justinian. Invasion and conquest of Africa by Belisarius. Italy subdued by Belisarius. Narses. Justin. Tiberius. Maurice. Phocas. Heraclius; his triumph over the Persians. Constantine. Constans. Theodosius. Constantine. Justinian. Philippicus. Anastasius. Theodosius. Leo. Constantine. Leo. Constantine. Irene. Nicephorus. Saturacius. Michael. Leo. Michael. Theophilus. Michael. Basil. Leo. Alexander. Constantine. Zoe. Romanus. Theophano. Phocas. John Zimisces. Basil. Constantine. Zoe. Romanus. Michael. Michael. Theophano. Isaac Comnenus. Ducas. Romanus. Nicephorus. Alexius. John. Manuel. Alexius. Andronicus. Isaac Angelus. Alexius. Alexius. Ducas. Latin conquest. Baldwin. Henry. Peter. Robert. John. Restoration of the Greeks. Michael. Andronicus. Cantacazune. Manuel. Constantine. Conquest of Ottomans. Prophecy.

Commencement op Reigns.

A.D.

. 408

1. Pulcheria and )

2. Theodosius J

3. Marcian 450

5. Leo, Basiliscus, Zeno 474

6. Anastasius 491

7. Justin 518

8. Justinian 527

9. Justin H 565

12. Phocas 602

13. Heraclius 610

14. Constantine III 641

A.D.

15. ConstansH 641

16. Theodosius, Constantine IV 668.

17. Justinian n 685

18. Philippicus 711

19. Anastasius II 713

20. Theodosius III 716

21. Leo III 718

22. Constantine V 741

23. Leo IV

24. Constantine VI 780

26. Nicephorus 802

27. Saturacius, Michael 1 811

CONTENTS.

A.D.

29. Michael II 820

30. Theophilus 829

31. Michael III 842

32. Basill 867

34. Alexander, Constantine VII — 911

35. Romanus I., Constantine VIII.. 919

36. Romanus II 959

37. Nicephorus, Phocas . , 963

38. John Zimisces, Basil II 969

39. Constantine IX 1025

40. Romanus III 1028

41/ Michael IV 1034

42. Michael V 1041

43. Zoe and Theodora 1042

44. Constantine X 1042

45. Michael VI 1056

46. Isaac Comnenus 1057

47. Constantine Ducas 1059

48. Romanus III 1067

49. Michael VII., Constantine XII. 1071

50. Nicephorus III 1078

51. AlexiusI 1081

A.D.

53. Manuel H43

54. Alexius H H80

55. Andronicus 1 1183

56. Isaac II H85

57. Alexius in 1195

58. Alexius IV.. 1203

60. BaldwinI 1204

64. John, Baldwin,.. 1228

65. Michael Palaeologus 1259

66. Andronicus II 1273

67. Andronicus in 1338

68. John Cantacazune 1347

69. John Pateologus 1353

70. Andronicus IV 1390

73. Constantine Palseologus 1448

Chapter IX

The Condition op the Empire of the Romans from the Age op Augustus Caesar to its Overthrow by the Ottomans 159

Extent of empire. Army. A legion. A camp. Discipline. Navy. Government. Slaves. Arts. Posts. Highways. Commerce. Diocletian. Constantine. Magistracy. Roads. Taxes. Constantine's conversion to Christianity. The principal persecutions of the Christians. Constantius espouses Arianism. Julian changes religion. Civil changes. Toleration of Jovian and Valentinian. Valens a persecutor. Theodosius destroys Ai'ianism and paganism. life. Justinian. Origin of popery, lies. Court preferments. Temples.

Bounds of empire. Income. Silk.

Arcadius and Honorius. Monastic

Silk introduced. Taxes. Monopo-

Laws. Succeeding ages. Heraclius.

Royal family. Processions. Navy.

Greek language. Effect of the Latin conquest.

Chapter X

The Empire of the Saracens, Turks, and Ottomans from its Rise to the Present Times 178

Mohammed. Flight from Mecca to Medina. Creation of a Feud between these places. Conquest of Mecca and Arabia. Abubeker. Omar. Othman. AIL Ommiyades. Abbasides. Almanzor. Mohadi. Haroon. Rasheed. Al-Maroon. Decline of Saracens. Motassem. Turks.

CONTENTS.

Toghrul. Beg. Alp-Arslan. Malek Shah. Monguls. Ottomans. Osman. Orchan. Amurath. Bajazet. Mohammed I. Moorad II. Mohammed II. Bayezeed. SeUm. Decline of Ottomans.

Commencement of Reigns.

A.D.

Mohammed 622

Abuheker 632

Omar 634

Othman... 643

All 655

Moawiyah 661

Merwan 1 683

Almanzor 750

Mohadi 775

Rasheed 785

Al-Maroon 813

Motassem 833

Motawakkel 847

Mostanger 861

Moteyov 866

Mohtadi Billah 869

A.D

17. Moektader 908

18. Toghrul Beg 1038

19. Alp-Arslan 1065

20. MalekShah 1072

EMPIRE OF OTTOMANS.

24 Amurath 1359

25. Bajazet 1389

26. Mohammed 1 1413

27. Moorad II 1422

28. Mohammed II 1451

29. Bayezeed 1481

31. Suleiman 1520

Chapter XI

The Neustkian Division of the Empire of the Franks to the Death of Louis XII 185

Clovis destroys the power of the Romans and Visigoths; founds the Empire of the Franks. Division of kingdom. Clotaire II. Dagobert; successors. Pepin Heristal. Charles Martel. Pepin. Charlemagne conquers Italy, Germany, Spain; is declared Emperor of the West. Louis. Lothario. Civil wars. Division of empire. Constitutions of Mersen. Fall of Carlovingians. Hugh Capet. Robert. Henry. Philip. Council of Clermont. Crusade. Peter. Louis VI. English war. Vassals reduced. Louis VH. Philip Augustus. Louis V1H. Albigenses. Louis IX. Philip III. Sicily. Philip IV. The pope. The Templars. Louis X. Philip V. Charles IV. Philip VI. War with England. John. Treaty of Bretigni. Charles V. Charles VI. Treaty of Troye. Charles VII. Joan d'Arc. English conquered. Louis XI. Charles VHI. Louis XH.

Commencement of Reigns.

A.D.

1. Clovis 486

2. Clotaire 511

3. Clotaire II 613

4. Dagobert 632

5. Pepin 751

6. Chai-lemagne 771

7. Louis 814

8. Lothario 840

9. Louis H 855

A.D.

10. Charles the Bald 875

11. Louis the Stammerer 877

12. Louis III 879

13. Charles the Fat 884

14. CharlesIII 898

15. Robert 922

16. Rodolph 923

17. Louis the Stranger 936

18. Lothario 954

CONTENTS.

A.D.

19. Louis V 966

20. Hugh Capet 987

21. Robert 996

24. Louis VI 1108

25. Louis VII 1137

26. Philip Augustus 1183

27. Louis VIII 1223

28. Louis IX 1226

29. Philip III 1270

A.D.

30. Philip IV 1285

32. Philip of Valois 1328

34. CharlesV 1364

35. Charles VI 1380

36. Charles VII 1422

37. Louis XI 1461

38. Charles VIII 1483

39. Louis XII 1498

Chapter XII

The Neustrian Division of the Empire op the Franks to the Accession op Louis XIV 194

Francis I. Milan. Quarrel with the Emperor Charles V. Wars. Treaty of Crespy. Henry II. War. Treaty of Chateau Cambresis. Francis II. Duke of Guise. Catharine of Medicis. League of Bayonne. Civil war. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Death of Charles IX. Henry III. Henry IV; means by which he attained the crown. War with Spain. Edict of Nantes. Murder of Henry IV. Louis XHI. Civil commotions. Cardinal Richelieu. Accession of Louis XTV.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.d.

1. Francis I. , 1515

2. Henry II 1547

3. Francis H 1559

4. Charles IX 1560

A.D.

Henry III 1574

Henry rV 1589

Louis XIII 1610

Louis XIV 1643

Chapter XIII

The Neustrian Division of the Empire op the Franks to the Execution op Louis XVI 203

War about Brabant. Treaty of Nimeguen. Offensive measures of Louis XTV. League against France. War. Treaty of Ryswick. War about the Spanish succession. Treaty of Utrecht. Louis XV. Regency. John Law. War about Poland. War with Austria. Treaties of Dresden, Breslau, Aix-la-Chapelle. French ambition in America and India. War. Treaty of Paris. Internal troubles of France. Louis XVI. Notables. States-general. War with Austria. Execution of Louis XVI.

Commencement of Reigns.

1. Louis XV.

A.D.

2. Louis XVI.

A.D.

CONTENTS.

Chapter XIV

The Neustrian Division of the Empire of the Franks to the Downfall of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor 116

Foreign war. State of parties. Napoleon Bonaparte. Treaty of Campo Formio. Fall of the directory. Consulate. Treaty of Amiens. War. Treaty of Presburg. Decree of Berlin. Treaty of Tilsit. Acts of Napoleon. Spain. Portugal. Holland. Attack on Russia. Retreat of French. Failure in Spain. Leipzig. Elba. Louis XVIII. Irruption of Napoleon. Waterloo. St. Helena. Charles X.; causes of his abdication. Louis Philippe I. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as emperor. Republic. Commencement op Reigns.

A.D.

1. Napoleon Bonaparte 1799

2. Louis XVHI 1814

3. CharlesX 1824

4. Louis Philippe 1 1830 a.d. 5. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 1848

5. Napoleon III 1852

6. Republic 1871

Chapter XV

The Austrasian Division of the Empire of the Franks from the Election of Conrad of Franconia to the Death of Maximilian 1 230

Election of Conrad by the Germanic states. Enumeration of states. Henry the Fowler. Otho I. Otho II. Otho III. Henry of Bavaria. Conrad. Henry III. Henry IV. Rudolph of Suabia. Henry V. Lothario. Conrad. Henry of Bavaria. Guelphs. Ghibellines. Frederick Barbarossa. Henry VI. Contest for the sceptre by Philip. Otho. Frederick; his success. Interregnum. Rudolph of Hapsburg. Adolphus of Nassau. Albert. Henry VII. Intrigues of Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria. Battle of Muhldorf . Charles IV. Wenceslaus. Rupert. Sigismund. John Huss. Jerome of Prague. Albert H. Frederick.

Maximilian I.

Commencement of Reigns.

A.D.

1. Conrad I 911

3. Othol 936

5. OthoIII 983

6. Henry H 1003

7. Conrad II 1024

8. Henry III 1039

9. Henry IV 1056

11. Lothario 1125

12. ConradSIH 1138

13. Frederick 1 1152

14. Henry VI 1190

A.D.

17. FrederickH 1215

18. Rudolph 1273

19. Adolphus 1292

21. Henry VH 1308

23. Charles IV 1347

24. Wenceslaus 1378

26. Sigismund 1410

27. Albert H 1438

28. Frederick HI 1440

29. Maximilian! 1493

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI. The Austrasian Division of the Empire op the Franks to

the Present Times 239

Charles V. Proceedings against Martin Luther. Confession of Augsburg. Emperor's acts against the Protestants. Turkish war. Maurice. Peace of Passau. Settlement of diet. Council of Trent. Evangelical Union. Catholic League. Controversy as to the duchies. Ferdinand I. Edict of Restitution. War. Gustavus Adolphus. Peace of Prague. War continued. Peace of Westphalia. Ferdinand III. Leopold. Joseph. Charles. Maria Theresa and Francis I. Joseph. Leopold. Settlement of Vienna. Francis II. Ferdinand. Francis Joseph I.

Commencement op Reigns.

a.d.

1. Charles V 1520

2. Ferdinand I.... 1556

3. Maximilian II 1564

4. Rudolph II 1576

5. Mathias 1612

6. Ferdinand II 1619

7. Ferdinand III 1637

8. Leopold I 1658

A.D.

10. Charles VI 1711

11. Francis I 1745

12. Joseph II 1765

13. Leopold II 1790

14. FrancisII. , 1792

15. Ferdinand 1835

16. Francis Joseph 1 1848

CHAPTER XVII. Powers of Europe connected with the Empire of the Franks 251

Denmark. Norway. Sweden. Union of Calmar. Margaret Waldemar. Eric. Stene Sture. Christian II. Gustavus Vasa. Eric. John. Sigismund. Charles IX. Gustavus Adolphus. Christiana. Charles Gustavus. Charles XI. Charles XII. Ulrica Elenora. Frederick Gustavus III. and IV. Charles XIII. Bernadotte. Oscar. Charles XIV. Prussia. Frederick in. ; successors. Russia. Peter the Great. Catharine ; successors. Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella; successors. Philip II. United Provinces. Treaty of Breda. Princes of Orange. Louis Bonaparte. Settlement of Vienna. Belgium. Philip IV. ; successors. Portugal. Denmark. Switzerland. The Two Sicilies. Papal dominions. Austrian dominions in Italy. Sardinia.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.d. union of calmar.

1. Margaret Waldemar 1397

3. ChristianH 1513

SWEDEN,

1. Gustavus Vasa 1520

A.D.

4. Sigismund 1592

5. Charles IX 1599

6. Gustavus Adolphus 1611

7. Christiana 1632

8. Charles Gustavus 1654

9. CharlesXI - 1660

10. Charles XII 1697

11. Ulrica Elenora. , . , 1719

12. Frederick Adolphus 1751

CONTENTS.

A.D.

13. Gustavusm 1771

14. GustavusIV 1792

15. CharlesXm 1809

16. Bernadotte 1818

18. Charles XIV 1859

19. Oscar II 1872

PRUSSIA.

1. Frederick William 1 1713

2. Frederick the Great 1740

3. Frederick William II 1786

4. Frederick William in 1797

5. Frederick William IV 1840

6. Wilhelml 1861

RUSSIA.

1. Peter the Great. 1682

2. Catharine I 1724

3. Peter n 1727

5. Ivan III 1740

6. Elizabeth 1741

7. Peter in 1762

8. Catharine II 1763

10. Alexander 1801

11. Nicholas 1825

12. Alexander II 1858

SPAIN.

1. Ferdinand and Isabella 1479

2. Charles I 1516

A.D.

3. Philip n. (United Provinces).. 1555

4. Philip HI 1598

5. Philip IV 1621

6. CharlesII 1665

7. Philip V 1701

8. Ferdinand VI 1746

9. Charles HE 1759

10. Charles IV 1788

11. Ferdinand VII 1808

12. Isabella 1833

13. Amadeus 1871

PORTUGAL.

2. Edward 1433

3. Alfonso V 1438

4. John II 1481

5. Emanuel 1495

7. Sebastian 1557

9. Spanish Conquest.

10. John Duke of Braganza 1640

11. Alfonso VI 1656

12. Pedro II 1667

Removal of court to Brazil — 1807

17. Don Maria (Dom Pedro regent) 1826

18. Louis II 1856

19. DomPedro 1863

CHAPTER XVIII. The Empire of the Anglo-Saxons to the Fall of Richard II 269

Picts and Scots. Saxons. Angles. Heptarchy. Egbert. Ethel wolf; successors. Alfred the Great, the founder of the empire. Danish invasions. Edward; successors to the division of England with Canute the Dane; successors till the time of the Norman invasion. William the Conqueror; his successors to Richard II.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.d.

1. Egbert 827

2. Ethelwolf 838

3. Ethelbald 857

4. Ethelbert 860

A.D.

5. Ethelred 866

6. Alfred the Great. 872

7. Edward 901

8. Athelstan 925

CONTENTS.

A.D.

9. Edmund 941

13. Edward 975

14. Ethelred 978

18. Hardicanute 1039

19. Edward the Confessor 1041

A.D.

21. William the Conqueror 1066

22. William H 1087

24. Stephen 1135

26. Richard 1189

28. Henry HI 1216

29. EdwardI 1272

30. EdwardH 1307

31. Edward HI 1327

32. Richard H 1377

CHAPTER XIX. The Empire of the Anglo-Saxons to the Death of James I. 280

Henry IV. Wickliffe. Henry V. Warwick. Gloucester. Suffolk. York. Henry VI. Civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster. Edward IV. ; succeeding kings. Mary. Elizabeth. Affairs of Scotland. James I. The controversy about prerogative and privilege.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.d.

1. Henry IV 1399

2. Henry V 1413

3. Henry VI 1422

4. Edward IV 1461

5. Richard HI 1483

6. Henry VH 1485

A.D.

7. Henry VHI 1509

8. Edward VI 1547

10. Elizabeth 1558

Chapter XX

The Empire of the Anglo-Saxons to the Establishment of William Prince of Orange in Power 290

Charles I. King's debts. Parliament refuses supplies. National grievances. Arbitrary taxation. John Hampden. Scotland. Strafford. Ireland. The Thirteen Bishops. The Five Members. Civil war. Fairfax. Cromwell. Disagreement between the army and parliament. Execution of Charles I. Navigation Act. Dutch war. Instrument of government. The Protector. War with Spain. Richard Cromwell. Charles H. Algernon Sidney. Lord Russell. James H. William Prince of Orange. Act of Settlement.

Commencement of Reigns.

a.d.

1. CharlesI 1625

2. Cromwell 1653

3. Charles II 1660

A.D.

4. James n 1685

5. William and Mary 1689

CONTENTS.