Emancipation of the West Indies. A six months' tour in Antigua, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, in the year 1837

Front matter

Glass £■ ^ "'.'sJ

Book.— uA_k_Lil7

, Vv}

Contents

ANTIGUA. — CHAPTER I.

7—24.

Geosfaphy and Statistics of the Island, 7 — Reflection's on "arrival, 7 — Interview witli Clergymen, 7 — with the Governor, 7 — with a member of Assembly, 7 — Sabbath, 8 — Service at the Moravian Chapel, 8 — Sabbath School, 8 — Service at the Episcopal Church, 8 — Service at the Wesleyan Cliapel, 8— Millar's Estate, fl— Cane-holing, 9 — Colored planter, 9 — Fitch's Creek Estate, 9 — Free Villages, 10 — Dinner at the Governor's, 10 — Donovan's Estate, 11 — Breakfast at Mr. Watkins, 11 — Dr. Fcrj^uson, 11— Market, 11— Lock-up house, 11 — Christmas Holidays, 11— Colored Population, Iw — Thibou Jarvis's Estate, 13 — Testimony of the Manag-er, 12 — Anniversary of the Friendly Society, 13 — A negro patriarch, 13 — Green Castle Estate, 14 — Testimony of the Manager, 14 — Anniversary of the Juvenile Association, 14 — Wetherill Estate, 14 — Testimony of the Manager, 14 — Conversation with a boatman, 15 — Moravian station at Ncwfield, 15 — Testimony of the Missionaries, 15 — School for Adults, 15 — Interview with the Speaker of the Assembly, 15 — Moravian " Speaking," 16 — Conversation with Emancipated Slaves, IG — The Rector of St. Philip's, 16 — Frey's Estate, 16 — Interview with the American Consul, 17 — Sabbath at Millar's, 17 — Breakfast at the Villa Estate, 17 — A Fair, 17 — Breakfast at Mr. Cranstoun's, 17 — His Testimony, 17 — Moravian Station at Cedar Hall, IS — Conversation with Emancipated Slaves, 18 — Moravian Station at Grace Bay, 18 — Testimony of the Missionaries, 19 — Grandfather Jacob, 19 — Mr. Scotland's Estate. 20— A day at Fitch's Creek, 20 — Views of the Manager, 20 — A call from the Archdeacon, 20 — from Rev. Edward Eraser, 20 — Wesleyan District Meeting, 21 — Social interviews with the Missionaries, 21 — Their Views and Testimony, 21 — Religious Anniversaries, 21 — Temperance Society, 21 — Bible Society, 22 — Wesleyan Missionary Society, 22 — Resolution of the Meeting, 23 — Laying the Corner Stone of a Wesleyan Chapel, 23 — Resolutions of the Missionaries, 24.

Appendix

11.5—126. "-0.

Official Communication from Special Justice Lyon, 115 — Communication from tJie Solicitor General of Jamaica, 117 — Communication from Special Justice Colthurst, 117 — Official Returns ot the Imports and Exports of Barbadoes, 118 — Valuations of Apprentices in Jamaica, 118 — Tabular View of the Crops in Jamaica for fifty-three years preceding 1836; Comments of the Jamaica Watchman on the foregoing Table, 119 — Comments of the Spanishtown Telegraph, ISO- Brougham's Speech in Parliament, 121.

INTRO D U CTION

It is hardly possible that the success of British West India Emancipation should be more conclusively proved, than it has been by the absence among us of the exultation which awaited its failure. So many thousands of the citizens of the United Slates, without counting slaveholders, would not have suffered their prophesyings to be falsified, if they could have found whereof to manufacture fulfilment. But it is remarkable mat, even since the first of August, 1834, the evils of West India emancipation on the lips of the advocates of slavery, or, as the most of them nicely prefer to be termed, the opponents of abolition, have remained in th? future tense. The bad reports of the newspapers, spiritless as they have been compared with the predictions, have been traceable, on the slightest inspection, not to emancipation, but to the illegal continuance of slavery, under the cover of its legal substitute. Not the slightest reference to the rash a>ct, whereby the thirty thousand slaves of Antigua were immediately " turned loose," now mingles with the croaking which strives to defend our republican slavery against argument and common sense.

The Executive Committee of the American Anti-Slavei-y Society, deemed it important that the silence which the pro-slavery press of the United States has seemed so desirous to maintain in regard to what is strangely enough termed the " great experiment of freedom," should be thoroughly broken up by a publication of facts and testimony collected on the spot. To this end. Rev. James A. Thome, and Joseph H. Kim- BALL, Esq., were deputed to the "West Indies to make the proper investigations. Of their qualifications for the task, the subsequent pages will furnish the best evidence : it is proper, however, to remark, that Mr. Thome is thoroughly acquainted with our own system of slavery, being a native and still a resident of Kentucky, and the son of a slaveholder, (happily no longer so.) and that Mr. Kimball is well known as the able editor of the Herald of Freedom, published at Concord, New Hampshire.

They sailed from New York, the last of November, 1836, and returned early in June, 1837. They improved a short stay at the Danish island of St. Thomas, to give a description of slavery as it exists there, which, as it appeared for the most part in the anti-slavery papers, and as it is not directly connected with the great question at issue, has not been inserted in the present volume. Hastily touching at some of the other British islands, they made Antigua, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, successively the objects of their deliberate and laborious study — as fairly presenting the three grand phases of the " experiment" — Anti gua, exemplifying immediate unrestricted abolition ; Barbadoes, the best working of the apprenticeship, and Jamaica the worst. Nine weeks were spent in Antigua, and the remainder of their time was divided between the other two islands.

The reception of the delegates was in the highest degree favorable to the promotion of their object, and their work will show how well they have used the extraordinary facilities afforded them. The committee have, in some instances, restored testimonials which their modesty led them to suppress, showing in what estimation they themselves, as well as the object of their mission, were held by some of the most distinguished persons in the islands which they visiird.

So wide was the field before them, and so rich and various the fruit to be gathered, that they were tempted to go far beyond the strength supplied by the failing health they carried with them. Most nobly did they postpone every personal consideration to the interests of the cause, and the i-eader will, we think, agree with us, that they have achieved a result which undiminished energies could not have been expected to exceed — a result sufficient, if any thing could be, to justify the sacrifice it cost them. We regret to add that the labors and exposures of Mr. Kimball, so far prevented his recovery from the disease* which obliged him to resort to a milder climate, or perhaps we should say aggravated it, that he has been compelled to leave to his colleague, aided by a friend, nearly the whole bur-

* We learn that Mr. Kimball closed his mortal career at Pembroke, N. H. April 12th, in the 25th year of his age. Very few men in the Anti-Slavery cause have been more distinguished, than this lamented brother, for the zeal, discretion and ability with which he has advocated ths cause of the oppressed. "Peace to the memory of s man of worth!"

VI

Introduction

deii of preparing for the press — which, together with the great labor of condensing from the immense amount of collected materials, ticcounts for the delay of the publication. As neither Mr. Thome nor Mr. Kimball were here while the work was in the press, it is not improbable that trivial errors have occurred, especially in the names of individuals.

ft will be perceived that the delegates rest nothing of importance on their own unattested observation. At every point they are fortified by the statements of a multitude of responsible persons in the islands, whose names, when not forbidden, they have taken the liberty to use in behalf of humanity. Many of these statements were given in the handwriting of the parties, and are in the possession of the Executive Committee. Most of these island authorities are as unchallengeable on the score of previous leaning towards abolitionism, as Mr. McDuffie or Mr. Calhoun would be two years hence, if slavery were to be abolished throughout the United States to-morrow.

Among the points established in this work, beyond the power of dispute or cavil, are the following :

1. That the act )f IMMEDIATE EMANCI- PATION in Antigua, was not attended witli any disorder whatever.

2. That the emancipated slaves have readily,

EXPLANATION OF TERMS

1. The words 'Clergy' and 'Missionary' are used to distinguish between the ministers of the English or Scotch church, and tliose of all other denominations.

2. The terms ' church ' and 'chapel' denote a corresponding distinction in the places of worship, though tiie English Church have what are technically called ' chapels of ease I '

3. ' Manager' and ' overseer' are terms designating in different islands the same station. In Antigua and Barbadoes, manager is the word in general use, in Jamaica it is overseer — both meaning the practical conductor or immediate superintendent of an estate. In our own country, a peculiar odnim is attached to the latter term. In the "West Indies, the station of manager or overseer is ^r>,,,][ipnorabla one ; proprietors of faithfully, and efficiently worked for wages from the first.

3. That wherever there has been any disturbance in the working of the apprenticeship, it has been invariably by the fault of the masters, or of the officers charged with the execution of the '■ Abolition Act."

4. That the prejudice of ca.ste is fast disappearing in the emancipated islands.

.5. That the apprenticeship was not sought for b)^ the planters as a preparation for freedom.

6. That no such preparation was needed.

7. That the planters who have fairly made the " experiment," now greatly prefer the new system to the old.

3. That the emancipated people are perceptibly rising in the scale of civilization, morals, and religion.

From these established facts, reason cannot fail to make its inferences in favor of the two and a half millions of slaves in our republic. We present the work to our countrymen who yet hold slaves, with the utmost confidence that its perusal will not leave in their minds a doubt, either of the duty or perfect safety of immediate einancipalion, however it may fail to persuade their hearts — which God grant it may not !

By order of the Executive Committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

New York, April 28th, 1838.

USED IN THE NARRATIVE.

estates, and even men of rank, do not hesitate to occupy it.

4. The terms ' colored ' and ' black ' or ' negro ' indicate a distinction long kept up in the West Indies between the mixed blood and the pure negro. The former as a body were few previous to the abolition act ; and for this reason chiefly we presume the term of distinction was originally applied to them. To have used these terms interchangeably in accordance with the usage in the ■{ United States, would have occasioned endless ' confusion in the narrative.

5. ' Preedial' and ' non-prccdial ' are terms vised in the apprenticeship colonies to mark the dilTerence between the agricultural class and the domestic ; the former are called pnidials, the latter 7ion-pr(Bdial$.

POPULATION OF THE BRITISH

(^Covipiled from recent

Britisli Colonics, White Slave. F. Col'd. Total.

lloadardst i;>;! 2,100 -,Ji:o i,'j:o

* These islands adopted irametJiate t;manoipafjon, Aug. 1, lS3i.

(FORMERLY SLAVE) COLONIES. authentic documents. )

Biitish Colonies. While. Slave. F. Col'd. Total.

St. Kitts S

Va-fiiu Ible.. '-Of^ 5>'0l3 60n r.,m

< Those arc orown colooioB, wid have no local I<«i«latuTe.

"H AFTER I.

I Antigda is about eio:bteen miles long and fifteen broad; the interior is low and undulating, the toast mountaincuii. From the heights on the i^oast the whole island may be taken in at one view, and in a clear day the ocean can be seen entirely around the land, with the exception of a few miles of cliff in one quarter. The population of Antigua is about 37,000, of whom 30,000 are negroes — lately slaves— 4500 are free people of color, and "2500 are whites.

The cultivation of the island is principally in sugar, of which the average annual crop is 15,000 hogsheads. Antigua is one of the oldest of the British West India colonies, and ranks high in importance and influence. Owing to the proportion of proprietors resident in the island, there is an accumulation of talent, intelligence and refinement, greater, perhaps, than in any English colony, excepting Jamaica.

Our solicitude on entering the Island of Antigua was intense. Charged with a mission so nearly concerning the political and domestic institutions of the colony, we might well be doubtful as to the manner of our reception. We knew indeed that slavery was abolished, that Antigua had rejected the apprenticeship, and adopted entire emancipation. We knew also, that the free system had surpassed the hopes of its advocates. But we were in the midst of those whose habits and sentiments had been formed under the influences of slavery, whose prejudices still clinging to it might lead them to regard our visit with indifference at least, if not with jealousy. We dared not hope for aid from men who, not three years before, were slaveholders, and who, as a body, strenuously resisted the abolition measure, finally yielding to it only because they found resistance vain.

Mingled with the depressing anxieties already refeiTed to, were emotions of pleasure and exultation, when we stepped upon the shores of an unfettered isle. We trod a soil from which the last vestige of slavery had been swept away! Tons, accustomed as %ve were to infer the existence of slavery from the presence of a particular hue, the numbers of negroes passing to and fro, engaged in their several employments, denoted a land of oppression ; but the erect forms, the active movements, and the sprightly countenances, bespoke that spirit of disinthrallment which had gone abroad thi-ough Antigua.

On the day of our arrival we had an intei'view with the Rev. James Cox, the superintendent of the Wesleyan mission in the island. He assured us that we need apprehend no difficulty in procuring information, adding, " We are all free here now; every man can speak his sentiments unawed. We have nothing to conceal in our present system ; had you come here as the advocates of slavery you might have met with a very different reception."

At the same time we met the Rev. N. Gilbert, a clergyman of the English Church, and proprietor of an estate. Mr. G. expressed the hope that we might gather such facts during our stay in the island, as would tend effectually to remove tht, curse of slavery from the United States. He said that the failure of the crops, from the extraordinary drought which was still prevailmg, would, he feared, be charged by persons abroad to the new system. "The enemies of freedom," said he, " will not ascribe the failure to the proper cause. It will be in vain that we solemnly declare, that for more than thirty years the island has not experienced such a drought. Our enemies will persist in laying all to the charge of our free system ; men will look only at the amount of sugar exported-, which will be less than half the average. They will run away with this fact, and triumph over it as the disastrous consequence of abolition."

On the same day we were introduced to the Rev. Bennet Harvey, the principal of the Moravian mission, to a merchant, an agent for several estates, and to an intelligent manager. Each of these gentlemen gave us the most cordial welcome, and expressed a warm sympathy in the objects of our visit. On the following day we dined, by invitation, with the superintendent of the Wesleyan mission, in company with several missionaries. Freedom in Anligva was the engrossing and delightful topic. They rejoiced in the change, not merely from sympathy with the disinthralled negroes, but because it had emancipated them from a disheartening surveillance, and opened new fields of usefulness. They hailed the star of freedom " with exceeding great joy," because it heralded the speedy dawning of the Sun of Righteousness.

We took an early opportunity to call on the Governor, whom we found affable and courteous. On learning that we were from the United States, he remarked, that he entertained a high respect for our country, but its slaver}' was a stain upon I'le whole nation. He expressed his conviction that the instigators of northern mobs must be implicated in some way, pecuniaiy or otherwise, with slavery. The Governor stated various particulars 'in which Antigua had been greatly improved b}' the abolition of slavery. He said, the planters all conceded that emancipation had been a great blessing to the island, and he did not know of a single individual who wished to return to the old system.

His excellency proffered us every assistance in his power, and requested his secretary — a colored genlleman — to furnish us with certain documents which he thought would be of service to us. When we rose to leave, the Governor followed us to the door, repeating the advice that we should " see with our own eyes, and hear with our own ears." The interest which his Excellency manifested in our enterprise, satisfied us that the prevalent feeling in the island was opposed to slavery, since it was a matter well understood that the Governor's partialities, if he had any, were on the side of the planters rather than the people.

On the same day we were introduced to a barrister, a member of the assembly and' proprietor of an estate. He was in the assembly at the time the abolhion act was under discussion. He said that it was violently opposed, until it wns seen to be inevitable. Many w< re the predictions made respecting the ruin which would be brought upon the colony ; but these predictions hc/1 failed, and

ANTIGUA.

abolition was now regarded as the salvation of the island.

SABBATH.

The morning of our first Sabbath in Antigua came with that hushed stillness which marks the Sabbath dawn in the retired villages of New England. Tlie arrangements of the family were conducted with a studied silence thajt indicated habitual respect for the Lord's day. At 10 o'clock the streets were filled with the church-going throng. The rich rolled along in their splendid vehicles with liveried outriders and postillions. The poor moved in lowlier procession, yet in neat attire, and with the serious air of Christian worshippers. We attended the Moravian service. In going to the chapel, which is situated on the border of the town, we passed through and across the most frequented streets. No persons were to be seen, excepting those whose course was toward some place of worship. The shops were all shut, and the voices of business and amusement were hushed. The market place, which yesterday was full of swarming life, and sent forth a confused uproar, was deserted and dumb — not a straggler was to be seen of all the multitude.

On approaching the Moravian chapel we observed the negroes, wending their way churchward, from the surrounding estates, along the roads leading into town.

When we entered the chapel the service had begun, and the people were standing, and repeating their liturgy. The house, which was capable of holding about a thousand persons, was filled. The audience were all black and colored, mostly of the deepest Ethiopian hue, and had come up thither from the estates, where once they toiled as slaves, but now as freemen, to present their thank-offerings unto Him whose truth and Spirit had made them free. In the simplicity and tidiness of their attire, in its uniformity and freedom from ornament, it resembled the dress of the Friends. The females were clad in plain white gowns, with neat turbans of cambric or muslin on their heads. The males were dressed in spencers, vests, and pantaloons, all of white. All were serious in their demeanor, and although the services continued more than two hours, they gave a wakeful attention to the end. Their responses in the litany were solemn and regular-.

Great respect was paid to the aged and infirm. A poor blind man came groping his way, and was kindly conducted to a seat in an airy place. A lame man came wearily up to the door, when one within the house rose and led him to the seat he himself had just occupied. As we sat facing the congregation, we looked around upon the multitude to find the marks of those demoniac passions which are to strew carnage through our own country when its bondmen shall be made free. The countenances gathered there, bore the traces of benevolence, of humility, of meekness, of docility, and reverence ; and we felt, while looking on them, that the doers of justice to a wronged people " shall surely dwell in safety and be quiet from fear of evil."

After the service, we visited the Sabbath school. The superintendent was an interesting young colored man. We attended tl>e recitation of a Testament class of children of both sexes from eight to twelve. They read, and answered numerous questions with great sprightlin?ss.

In the afternoon we attended the Episcopal church, of which the Rev. Robert Holberton is rector. We here saw a specimen of the aristocracy of the island. A considerable number present were whites,— rich proprietors with their families, managers of estates, officers of government, and merchants. The greater proportion of the auditory, however, were colored people and blacks. It might be expected that distinctions of color would be found here, if any where ;— however, the actual distinction, even in this the most fashionable church in Antigua, amounted only to this, that the body pews on each side of the broad aisle were occupied by the whites, the side pews by the I colored people, and the broad aisle in the middle \ by the negroes. The gallery, on one side, was also appropriated to the colored people, and on the other to the blacks. The finery of the negroes was in sad contrast with the simplicity we had just seen at the Moravian chapel. Their dresses were of every color and style ; their hats were of all shapes and sizes, and fillagreed with the most tawdry superfluity of ribbons. Beneath these gaudy bonnets were glossy ringlets, false and real, clustering in tropical luxuriance. This fantastic display v/as evidently a rude attempt to follow the example set them by the white aristocracy.

The choir was composed chiefly of colored boys, who were placed on the right side of the organ, and about an equal number of colored girls on the left. In front of the organ were eight or ten white children. The music of this colored, or rather " amalgamated" choir, directed by a colored chorister, and accompanied by a colored organist, was in good taste.

In the evening, we accompanied a friend to thn Wesleyan chapel, of which the Rev. James Cox is pastor. The minister invited us to a seat within the altar, where we could have a full view of the congregation. The chapel was crowded. Nearly twelve hundred persons were present. All sat promiscuously in respect of color. In one pew was a family of whites, next a family of colored persons, and behind that perhaps might be seen, side by side, the ebon hue of the negro, the mixed tint of the mulatto, and the unblended whiteness of the European. Thus they sat in crowded contact, seemingly unconscious that they were outraging good taste, violating natural laws, and " confounding distinctions of divine appointment!" In whatever direction we turned, there was the same commixture of colors. What to one of our own countrymen whose contempt for the oppressed has defended itself with the plea of prejudice against color, would have been a combination absolutely shocking, was to us a scene as gratifying as it was new.

On both sides, the gallery presented the same unconscious blending of colors. The choir was composed of a large number, mostly colored, of. all ages. The front seats were filled by children of various ages — the rear, of adults, rising above these tiny choristers, and softening the shrillness of their notes by the deeper tones of mature age.

The style of the preaching which we heard on the different occasions above described, so far as it is any index to the intelligence of the several congregations, is certainly a high commendation. The language used, would not offend the taste of any congregation, however refined.

On the other hand, the fixed attention of the people showed that the truths delivered were un derstood and appreciated.

We observed, that in the last two services the subject of the present drought was particulaily noticed in prayer. li^BALU-

ANTIGUA.

The account here given is but a fair specimen of the solemnity and decorum of an Antigua sabbath.

VISIT TO Millar's estate.

Early in the week after our arrival, by the special invitation of the manager, we visited this estate. It is situated aboht four miles from the town f St. John's.

The smooih MacAdamized road extending cross the rolling plains and gently sloping hill sides, coven d with waving cane, and interspersed with provision grounds, contributed with the fresh bracing a r of the morning to make tlie drive pleasant and nnimati ng.

At short intervals were seen the buildings of the different estates thrown together in small groups, consisting of tlie manager's mansion and out-houses, negro huis, boiling house, cooling houses, distillery, and windmill. The mansion is generally on an elevated spot, commanding a view of the estate and surrounding country. The cane fields presented a novel appearance — being without fences of any description. Even those fields which lie bordering on tlie highways, are wholly unprotected by hedge, ditch, or rails. This is from necessity. Wooden fences they cannot have, for lack of timber. Hedges are not used, because they are found to withdraw the moisture from the 3anes. To prevent depredations, there are watchiieji on every estate employed both day and night. There are also stock keepers employed by day in cceping the cattle within proper grazing limits. 4s each estate guards its own stock by day and bids them by nignt, the fields are in little danger. We passed great numbers of negroes on the oad, loaded with every kind of commodity for he town market. The head is the beast of burthen mong the negroes throughout the West Indies. ♦Vhaiever the load, whether it be trifling or valuable, strong or frail, it is consigned to the head, both for safe keeping and for transportation. While the head is thus taxed, the hands hang use- 3ss by the side, or are busied in gesticulating, as !ie people chat together along the way. The ne- ;roes we joassed were all decently clad. They niformly stopped as they came opposite to us, to ay the usual civilities. This the men did by )uching their hats and bowing, and the women, y making a low courtesy, and adding, sometimes, howdy, massa," or " mornin', massa." We issed several loaded wagons, drawn by three, ur, or five yoke of oxen, and in every instance e driver, so far from manifesting any disposition insnlently" to crowd us otf the road, or to connd for his part of it, turned his team aside, leavg us double room to go by, and sometimes stopnsr until we had passed.

We were kindly received at Millar's by Mr. ourne, the manager. Millar's is one of the first tates in Antigua. The last year h made the rgest sugar crop on the island. Mr. B. took us jfore breakfast to view the estate. On the way, 2 remarked that we had visited the island at a ery unfavorable time for seeing the cultivation of t, as every thing was suffering greatly from the 'rought. There had not been a single copious iin, such as would "make the water run," since .he first of March previous. As we approached the laborers, the manager pointed out one company of ten. who were at work with their hoes by the side of the road, while a larger one of thirty vere in the middle of the field. They greeted us n the most friendly manner. The manager spoke findly to them, encouraging them to be industrious

He stopped a moment to explain to us the process of cane-lioling. The field is first ploughed* in one direction, and the ground thrown up in ridges of about a foot high. Then similar ridges are formed crosswise, with the hoe, making regular squares of two-feet-sides over the field. By raising the soil, a clear space of six inches square is left at the bottom. In tliis space the 'plo.nt is placeu hori7.ontally, and slightly covered with earth. The ridges are left about it, for the purpose of conducting the rain to the roots, and also to retain the moisture. When we came up to the large company, they paused a moment, and with a hearty salutation, wliicli ran all along the line, bade us ■'•good mornin'," and immediately resumed their labor. The men and women were intermingled; the latter kept pace with the former, wielding their hoes with energy and effect. The manager addressed them for a few moments, telling them who we were, and the object of our visit. He told them of the great number of slaves in America, and appealed to them to know whether they would not be sober, industrious, and diligent, so as to prove to American slaveholders the benefit of freeing all their slaves. At the close of each sentence, they all responded, "Yes, massa," or "God bless de massas," and at the conclusion, they answered the appeal, with much feeling, "Yes, massa ; please God massa, we will all do so." When we turned to leave, tliey wished to know what we thought of their industry. We assured them that we were much pleased, for which they returned their " thankee, massa." They were working at A job. The manager had given them a piece of ground " to hole," engaging to pay them sixteen dollars when they had finished it. He remarked that he had found it a good plan to give jobs. He obtained more work in this way than he did by giving the ordinary wages, which is about eleven cents per day. It looked very much like slavery to see the females working in the field; but the manager said they chose it generally "/or the sake of the wages.'' Mr. B. returned with us to the house, leaving the gangs in tile field, with only an aged negro in charge of the work, as swpei-intendent. Such now is the name of the overseer. The very terms, driver and overseer, are banishea from Antigua; and the vjhvp is buried beneath the soil of freedom.