A history of the United States

Preface

Xo other nation in the history of the workl presents a more thrilling narrative than does the United States of America. As we glance hack across the centuries, the name America, as first written four centuries ago, is seen but dimly through the mist of history. To-day it is written in large letters on the map of the world. Its opportunities have multiplied and grown with the centuries, likewise its responsibilities. The rapid march of events in the national life the past few years has brought it into a larger place in the eyes of the civilized world than ever before. As, teachers, we must realize this, and our boys and girls must be made to feel, as they pursue the narrative of our country's history, that they themselves are in its very current. As they contemplate our country's struggles, and its glorious achievements, they must be made to feel that the perpetuity of national life depends upon the uprightness of individual life: that no nation is truly great, nor can ever remain great, except it be founded upon pure and happy homes, and upon that nobility of character which reveals itself at all times and everywhere in the integrity of both the private and the public life of each individual citizen of the republic.

The writer of this book has tried to tell simply and plainly the story of our country's history. The sources from which he has drawn his material include all the standard histories of the United States, to all of which he acknowledges his indebtedness. Ilis thanks are especially due to Professor E. E. Sparks of the University of Chicago, who inspired him to undertake the task of telling the story of his country's progress, and who gave full permission to use from his

i

11 PREFACE

"Expansion of the American People'' sucli material as would be of service in the growth chapters, — \"I, X, XII, and XVI, — which are a feature of the book. Special acknowledgment is also made to Professor Frank H. Hodder of the University of Kansas, for many valuable suggestions secured from his outlines of xVmerican history and his progressive map study. A few personal friends have kindly aided with many valuable suggestions, and several of these friends have read every line of proof and in divers ways have encouraged the completion of the book. To all these the author expresses his sincere thanks.

Believing thoroughly that geography and history go hand in hand; indeed, that "history is geography in motion," a large number of relief and surface maps have been inserted at appropriate places in the text. These maps, it is felt, will appeal at once to every teacher of history, as it is now accepted by all historians that places of settlement, growth of population, and even the issues of battles have been largely determined by the physical features of the country.

The full-page portraits of Columbus, Washington, Lincoln, and McKinley represent the men who stand in the country's history for Discovery, Independence, Union, and Expansion, and that of Roosevelt, for the present President, while the groups of portraits bring together faces and names that may well be indelibly stamped on the child's mind as leaders in important crises.

One departure will be found in the insertion in the body of the book of the full text of the Declaration of Independence and of the Constitution of the United States, which are usually placed in the Appendix of our school histories, where the temptation on the part of both teacher and pupil is to neglect them altogether. The writer believes thoroughly that the time when the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution should be read is at the moment when the pupil's enthusiasm is aroused therein. The teacher should understand that they are not inserted in the body of the

PREFACE 111

book for purposes of detailed study. However, they should be read, and all salient points emphasized sufficiently to cause the pupils to realize the importance of these two great national documents.

The book is numbered by sections throughout for teaching purposes, and has been written with the teacher and the needs of the pupil constantly in mind. It is believed that one of its strong features rests in the fact that it will reduce itself readily and easily to teaching processes. Nothing which would detract the attention of the pupil from the thread of the story, either in the form of notes or references appear. It is felt that the book is constructed on a logical and sound pedagogical plan. An effort has been made to make the history one connected story, from the first section to the last section in the book. A few valuable tables appear at the close.

W. M. Davidson.

ToPEKA, Kansas,

Ajoril, 1002.

Chapter I Finding A Continent

C0LUMBU8, U92-1504.

SEC. PAGE

1. Discovery of the New Woi-Id la

2. Principal Causes Leading to tlie Discovery 14

3. Other Causes Leading to the Discovery 15

4. Conditions in Europe 15

5. The Portuguese and the Route to India IG

6. Christopher Columbus 17

7. First Voyage of Columbus 18

8. Effects of the Discovery 19

9. Later Voyages of Columbus 19

10. The Norsemen in America — 1000, A. D 20

Chapter. II The Race For Possession Spanish, 11,92-1582

FRENCH, 1521,-1687.

DUTCH, 1609-1613.

ENGLISH, If, 97- 1607.

11. The Line of Demarcation 22

THE SPANISH.

12. Impelling Motives 2.3

13. Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida — 1513 24

14. Balboa and the Pacific Ocean — 1513 25

15. Cortez Conquers the Aztecs — 1519-1521 20

16. Magellan Discovers Straits of Magellan — 1520 : I'liilippine Is-

lands — 1521 : His Ship Victoria Completes Circuit of Globe — 1522 27

17. De Ayllon and San Miguel— 1526 27

18. Narvaez Meets with Disaster— 1528 28

19. Coronado and the "Seven Fabled Cities of Cibola" ; the Quivera —

1540-1542 29

20. De Soto and the Mississippi River — 1539-1542 30

21. Cabrillo and California— 1542-1543 31

22. Menendez Founds St. Augustine, 1505; Espejo, Santa Fe, 1582. 31

THE PORTUGUESE.

23. Americus Vespucius and Naming of America — 1497-1504 32

24. Cabral Discovers Brazil— 1500 32

25. Cortereal Visits and Names Labrador — 1500 33

V

VI HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES

SEC THE FKEXCII. PAGE

26. The French Fishermen 33

27. Verrazano and New France — 1524 34

28. Cartier Discovers the St. Lawrence — 1535 34

29. The Huguenots Attempt to Found a Colony in Florida 35

30. Champlain, the Father of New France 37

31. De Monts and His Agricultural Colony in Canada 37

32. The Pioneers of France in the New World, — Soldiers. Fur Trad-

ers, and the Jesuit Fathers 38

33. La Salle and the Extension of New France 39

THE DUTCH.

34. Holland and the New Netherlands in America 40

THE ENGLISH.

35. England at the Time of the Discovery 40

36. The Cabots Establish the Claim of England — 1497-1498 41

37. England under Queen Elizabeth 41

38. Frobisher Enters Baffin's Bay in Search of a Northwest I'assage. 42

39. Drake, the Bold Rover, Circumnavigates the Globe — 1577-1580. 42

40. Sir Humphrey Gilbert Makes an Attempt to Found an English

Colony 43

41. Sir Walter Raleigh and Virginia 43

43. The Virginia Company — Plymouth: London — (1606) 45

ST'MMARY.

44. Progress Made 46

45. Conflicting Claims 47

CHAPTER HI

46. North America — Physical I^atures of 49

47. The United States 49

The Atlantic Plain 49

The Pacific Slope 51

The Central Plain 51

48. The Indian and His Treatment by Ilis Conquerors 52

49. The Whole Continent Peopled by the Natives 54

50. Distribution in the United States in 1492 54

51. The Tribe of the Alleghans : The Mound Builders 56

52. The Red Man 57

53. Where is the Indian Now? 00

54. Present Government Policy : Allotment Act : The Indian's Future 62

Chapter IV The Coming Of The English Home Builders

1601-1132.

55. England 63

56. The Reign of the Stuarts— 1603-1714 63

57. The First English Settlement in America 64

CONTENTS Vii

S*0. VIHUIXIA. , PAGE

58. Jamestown g5

59. The First Charter (j,-,

60. Character of the Colonists (j-,

Gl. Captain John Smith qq

62. The Light Almost Out — Lord Delaware Rekindles It G7

63. The Second and Third Charters (37

64. Communism a Failure g7

65. Tobacco and Its Influence ..^n the Life of the Colonists 68

66. Indentured Servants and the Development of the "I'oor Whites". 61)

67. A Cloud — Introduction of African Slavery 69

68. Beginnings of the Republic 69

69. Indian Massacres of 1622 and 1644 70

70. The Charter Revoked 71

71. Two Types — Berkeley and Bacon 72

72. Sir William Berkeley 72

73. Nathaniel Bacon 73

MASSACHUSETTS THE TLYMOUTH COLONY.

Plymouth, 1620.

74. The Plymouth Company 74

75. Religious Awakening of the Sixteenth Century 74

76. What is a Puritan? a Separatist? a Pilgrim 74

77. The Pilgrims 75

78. The Voyage and the Compact — the Mayflower 75

79. Hardships Endured 70

80. The Indians and Miles Standish 70

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLOXY.

81. The Puritans at Salem and Boston 77

82. Church and State 78

83. The Growth of Democracy — The Town Meeting 78

84. Religious Differences : Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson and the

Quakers 79

85. Salem Witchcraft 80

86. Andros 80

NEW HAMTSHIRE AND MAINE.

87. Gorges and Mason 81

CONNECTICUT.

SayhrooJce, 16S5.

88. The New England Pilgrims and the Dutch Forts 82

89. The Written Constitution 83

90. Pequot War 83

91. The United Colonies of New England — 1643 84

92. King Philip's War and the Checking of Missionary Work among

the Indians 85

93. The Connecticut Charter 86

RHODE ISLAND.

Providence, 1636.

94. Providence Founded — 1636 87

95. Anne Hutchinson's Settlements, Portsmouth and Newport 87

VlU HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES

9G. Roger Williams Secures a Charter — 1644 87

97. Liberal Ideas as to Religion 88

98. Separation of Church and State 88

NEW YORK.

99. New Amsterdam and the Dutch Traders 88

100. The Grant to the Duke of York 89

101. Indian Policy of the Dutch 90

102. Jacob Leisler 90

103. The Patroon System 91

104. Education and Religion 92

NEW JERSEY.

EUzabcthtown, 1665.

105. Berkeley and Carteret — East and West Jersey 92

IOC. Title Troubles '.>2

PENXSYLVAXIA.

Philadelphia, 1682.

108. The Quakers 03

109. William I'enn and His "Holy Experiment" 94

110. Philadelphia Founded 05

111. Penn's Indian I'olicy 06

112. Boundary Lines 06

113. Charter and Government 07

DELAWARE.

Wilmington, 1638.

114. The Three Lower Counties 07

MARYLAND.

115. Lord Baltimore and His Liberal Grant 98

116. Settlement — Claiborne's Opposition 08

117. Religious Troubles— Toleration Acts 09

THE CAROLINAS.

Albemarle, 1653, and Charleston , J670.

118. Carolina Grant 09

119. Albemarle Colony — "Poor Whites" 100

120. The Carteret Colony— Charleston 100

121. Separation 101

122. Indian Troubles 102

GEORGIA.

Savannah, 1733.

123. Oglethorpe and His Wards 102

124. Spaniards and Indians 103

125. The Wesleys .103

126. The Colony a Disappointment 103

CONTENTS IX

Chapter V The Battle For Sui'kemacy The Four Intercolonial Wars

King WilUam's, 1689-1697.

Queen Anne's, 1702-1713.

King George's, 17U-17Jj8.

French and Indian, J75Ji-nG3.

127. The French and English in America 104

128. Indian Tolicies Contrasted 105

KING WILLIAIM'S WAR.

129. Cause — Parties Engaged lOG

130. Port Royal Expedition lOG

131. Frontenac and Indian Atrocities 106

132. Peace : Results 107

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.

133. Cause — Parties Engaged 107

134. The War in the North 107

135. The War in the South 108

136. Indian Atrocities 108

137. Peace : Results 108

KING GEORGE'S WAR.

138. French Fortification 108

139. War Declared 109

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.

1 41 . Parties and Causes HO

142. Washington in Virginia's Service Ill

143. The Albany Convention 112

144; Proposed Outline of Attack 112

145. Defeat of Braddocl< 112

146. The Acadians 114

147. Louisburg 114

148. Pitt and English Success 114

149. Contest for Supremacy in the Lake Country 115

150. The Taking of Quebec— Wolfe — Montcalm 115

151. The Passing of the French from America 117

152. England and the Result , . , ii8

153. The Colonies and the Result 110

154. The Indian and the War 119

155. George III. and the War 120

156. Expansion Calls for New Government and Additional Expenses. 121

Chapter VI The Growth Of The Colonies

157. Development of the Colonies 123

POPULATION.

158. Population in the Colonies 123

159. Distribution of Population 124

SEC.

160. The Cities 125

161. People Not All English 126

SOCIAL LIFE.

162. Class Distinction 130

164. Home Comforts : Food 132

165. Habits : Laws and Penalties 133

166. Religion 134

167. Amusements 135

168. Mode of Travel 136

OCCUPATION AND MONEY.

169. Occupation 137

EDUCATION.

171. In New England 139

172. In the Middle Colonies 140

173. In the Southern Colonies 141

174. The Colleges 141

BOOKS AND LITERATURE.

175. Books, Newspapers, and Pamphlets 148

1 76. Literature 145

177. Benjamin Franklin 146

178. Libraries 147

SLAVERY AND INDENTED SERVICE.

179. Slavery in the Colonies 147

180. Sentiment against Slavery 148

181. Number of Slaves 148

182. Slave Laws 149

183. Indented Servants 150

184. The Trade in Indented Servants 151

POLITICAL LIFE.

185. The Government of the Colonies 151

186. Colonial Governors and Lords of Trade 152

187. Parliament and the Colonies 153

188. The Postoffice 153

189. Political Parties in the Colonies 154

190. The Colonists and Their Leaders 155

Chapter VII 1763-1783

191. Colonial Policy of England 157

192. Conditions in England 157

193. Conditions in the Colonies : Growth of Democracy 158

194. The Principle of Taxation as Used by England 159

195. Navigation Acts : Intercolonial Wars 159

196. Writs of Assistance 160

197. Stamp Act — 1765 : Protests 161

198. The Stamp-Act Congress — 1765 161

199. Organized Resistance: Repeal of the Act: Declaratory Act.... 162

CONTESTS XI

200. Sparks of Liberty 163

201. The Townshend Acts — 1767 163

202. "Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer" — 1768 164

203. The Sloop Liberty — 1768 : The Boston Massacre — March 5,

1770 : The Revenue Cutter Gaspee — 1772 164

204. Cheap Tea, and the Boston Tea Party — Dec. 16, 1773 166

205. The Boston Port Bill and the "Intolerable Acts" — March and

206. Effect of the Bill and the Action of the Other Colonies 160

207. First Colonial Congress — Sept. 5 to Oct. 26, 1774 169

208. Battle of Lexington — April 19, 1775 : "The Shot Heard Round

the World • 171

209. Gathering of the Hosts 173

210. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold at Ticonderoga — May 10:

Seth Warner at Crown Point — May 10 173

211. Second Continental Congress — May 10 174

212. Washington Appointed Commander-in-Chief — June 17 174

213. Bunker Hill — June 17 175

214. Montgomery and Arnold at Quebec 176

215. Howe Evacuates Boston— March 17 177

216. The British in the South: Battle of Fort Moultrie — June 28. . , 178

217. King George Hires Hessians 179

218. Independence Declared — July 4 179

Declaration of Independence 181

219. Washington at New York 185

220. The Howes Offer Peace 185

221. Battle of Long Island — August 27 : Loss of Now York 187

222. Nathan Hale 187

223. Retreat of Washington across the Delaware •. 187

224. General Charles Lee 188

225. The Darkest Period of the War 189

227. Lafayette, Steuben, and other Foreign Patriots 191

228. British Plan of Attack— 1777 192

229. Burgoyne Starts 193

230. The Battle of Bennington — Aug. 16 193

231. St. Leger Meets with Disaster 194

232. The Stars and Stripes 194

233. The Two Battles of Saratoga — Sept. 19 and Oct. 7 : Burgoyne's

Surrender — Oct. 17 195

234. Battle of Brandywine — Sept. 11: Philadelphia Taken 196

235. Germantown — Oct. 4 197

236. The Winter at Valley Forge 197

237. The Conway Cabal 198

238. France Acknowledges the Independence of the United States of

America — Feb. 6 : The French Alliance 198

239. England Offers All but Independence 198

240. Clinton Evacuates Philadelphia — Battle of Monmouth — June 28 198

Xll HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

241. Wyoming Massacre — July 3 200

242. Sullivan and the French Fail at Newport 201

243. Savannah Captured : Georgia Retaken by the British 201

244. Paul Jones and the Navy 202

245. Colonel Clark and His Work in the West 203

246. Slow Progress of the War : "Mad Anthony" Wayne at Stony

Point — July 15 204

247. Paulus Hook — Aug. 18 205

248. Lincoln and the French Fail at Savannah 205

EVENTS OP 1780.

240. The British in the South 200

250. Charleston — May 12 207

251. Gates in Command : Battle of Camden — Aug. 1(> 207

252. The Yeomanry at King's Mountain — Oct. 7 208

253. I'artisan Leaders — Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and Lee 208

254. Benedict Arnold 209

255. Arnold at Philadelphia 209

25G. West Point and Treason 210

257. The Fate of Andre 210

258. Arnold's Subsequent Career 211

EVENTS OP 1781.

259. Morgan Defeats Tarleton at the Cowpens — Jan. 17 211

200. (ireene Recovers the Carolinas and Georgia 211

201. Lafayette, "The Boy," Outgenerals Cornwallls and Saves Vir-

ginia 212

202. Battle of Yorktown— Oct. 19 212

203. Yorktown, and Its Effect in America 213

END OP THE STRUGGLE.

204. Yorktown and Its Effect on the British 214

205. I'arliament Overrules King George 215

200. England Acknowledges the Independence of the United States —

207. Cessation of Hostilities by Proclamation — April 10. 1783 215

208. The Treaty of I'aris— Sept. 3, 1783 215

209. The American Army Disbands: the British Army Withdraws.. 216

FINANCES OF THE REVOLT'TIOX.

270. Cost of the War 217

271. Congress and the Army 217

272. Continental Currency and Its Collapse — 1780 218

273. Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance 219

Chapter VIII

274. Steps in the Development of the Constitution 221

275. Government during the Revolution 221

276. The States Adopt New Constitutions 221

277. Articles of Confederation— 1781 222

278. Weakness of the Articles 222

279. State Pride 224

CONTENTS xiii

280. Shay's Rebellion 224

281. Movement toward a Stronger Government 225

282. The Annapolis Trade Convention — 1786 225

283. The Northwest Territory 226

284. The Ordinance of 1787 226

285. The Constitutional Convention — 1787 227

286. The Men Who Composed the Convention 227

287. The Constitution, the Result of Compromise 228

288. The Three Great Compromises 228

289. The Constitution before the People for Adoption 229

290. "The Federalist" 229

291. The First Two Political Parties — Federalists and Anti-Federal-

ists 230

292. Amendments to the Constitution 230

Constitution of the United States 230

Chapter IX From Washington To Jackson 1789-1829

293. The New Government Established — 1789 245

294. Washington Inaugurated April 30, 1789 246

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTKATION.

295. The First President 247

296. The I*resident's Cabinet 247

297. The Condition of the Government Finances in 1789 248

298. Hamilton's Financial I'olicy 248

299. The Tariff of 1789 : The Excise Tax — 1790 : Bank of the United

States— 1791 : The United States Mint— 1792 248

300. The Judiciary Established— 1789 249

301. The First National Congress : The Term of a Congress 250

302. The National Capital 250

303. Political Parties: Federalist and Democratic-Republican 251

304. Foreign Affairs 251

305. The Indian Trouble in the Northwest : Wayne's Decisive Vic-

306. The Whiskey Insurrection — 1794 253

307. New States : Vermont — 1791 ; Kentucky — 1792 ; Tennessee

308. Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin and Its Relation to Slavery — 1792. . . . 254

309. The First Census— 1790 254

310. Washington's Farewell Address 254

Till. The Presidential Election of 1796 255

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS,

' 312. John Adams 256

313. Trouble with France 256

314. The X. Y. Z. Correspondence: "Millions for Defence; Not One

Cent for Tribute" 257

315. War with France Averted 257

XIV HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

BEC. PAGE

316. The Alien and Sedition Laws — 1798 258

317. The Virginia and Kentucliy Resolutions — 1798 259

318. The Second Census^lSOO 259

319. John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court — 1801 259

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Dcmocratic-RcpuMican : 1801-1809.

321. Thomas Jefferson ' 260

322. The Louisiana I'urchase — 1803: Territorial Expansion 261

323. The "Territory of Orleans" and the "District of Louisiana" 262

324. The Lewis and Clark Expedition— 1803-1806 263

325. The Oregon Country and Astoria 264

326. Ohio Admitted to the Union— 1803 265

327. Duel between Hamilton and Burr — 1804 265

328. Burr's Conspiracy in the Southwest and His Trial for Treason — -

1807 266

329. The Cumberland National Road — 1806 266

330. Robert Fulton and the First Steamboat — 1807 267

331. The Barbary States and the Tripolitan War — 1803-1805 267

332. Trouble with Great Britain and France 268

333. The British Orders in Council : Napoleon's Berlin and Milan De-

crees 269

334. The Affair of the Chesapeake and Leopard— June 22, 1807 270

335. Jefferson's I'olicy of Nonresistance 270

336. Nonimportation Act Goes into Effect — Dec. 14, 1807 271

337. The Embargo Act— Dec. 22, 1807 271

338. Nonintercourse Act— 1809 271

339. Presidential Election of 1808 272

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Democratic-Republican : 1809-1817.

340. James Madison 272

341. Effect of the Repeal of the Embargo 273

342. Madison's Negotiations 274

343. The Macon Bill— May 1, 1810 274

344. Napoleon's Double Dealing 274

345. The Indians and the British in the Northwest : Battle of Tip-

pecanoe 276

346. President and Little Belt 277

347. War Declared June 18, 1812 277

348. Causes of the War of 1812 277

349. The Two I'olitical I'arties and the War 278

350. Relative Strength of the Two Nations 278

351. Madison's Conduct of the War 278

355. Treaty of Ghent — 1814 285

356. The Hartford Convention and the Federalist I'arty — Dec. 15,

1814 285

357. Results of the War 285

358. The Second Bank of the United States— 1816 286

CONTENTS XV

359. Tariff of 1816 : The "Protective Tariff" 286

360. Decatur and the Algerine War — 1815 287

361. New States : Louisiana — 1812 ; Indiana 1816 287

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.

Democratic-Repuhlican : 1817-1825.

364. James Monroe 288

365. The Seminole War, and the Purchase of Florida 288

366. New States Admitted: Mississippi — 1817; Illinois — 1818; Ala-

367. The Missouri Compromise — 1820 290

368. The Monroe Doctrine— 1823 291

369. The Tariff of 1824 : Internal Improvements 291

370. The Fourth Census — 1820 292

ADMINISTRATION OP JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

National-RepuhUcan : 1825-1829.

372. John Quincy Adams 293

373. Visit of Lafayette 294

374. Death of Adams and Jefferson July 4, 1820 295

375. The Erie Canal — 1825 295

376. Steamboats 296

377. Railroads 296

378. The Tariff of 1828, "The Tariff of Abominations" 297

Chapter X 1789-1829

380. Development of Territory 299

POPULATION.

381. Numbers 299

382. Growth of Cities 301

SOCIAL LIFE.

383. Manner of Living 301

384. Religion 302

385. Mode of Travel 303

EDUCATION.

386. Public Schools and Colleges 304

387. Literature 305

OCCUPATIONS.

388. Agriculture, Fishing, and Commerce 305

389. Growth of Manufactures 305

NATIONAL DEFENCE.

390. Army and Navy 306

POLITICAL LIFE.

391. Growth of Popular Government 307

XVI HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES