Twentieth century addresses, General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., Academy of Music, Philadelphia, Pa., May 17, 1901.

Contents

By the Rev. W. H. Roberts, D.D., LL.D. Philadelphia, Pa.

Review of the Nineteenth Century 15

By the Rev. Prof. Willis Green Craig, D.D., LL.D.,

Introduction

The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., meeting at Minneapolis, Minn., May, 1899, had before it overtures and communications concerning a movement to be known as the Twentieth Century Celebration. In connection with these papers the Committee on Bills and Overtures of that Assembly reported the following Preamble and Resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : —

" Whereas, the century now drawing to a close has been one of signal blessing to the cause of Christ and to our Presbyterian Church, a time when the power of the Holy Spirit has been clearly manifest in extending and deepening the life and work of the Church, and

"Whereas, the century soon to open presents to our Church unparalleled opportunities of service for the Master, therefore be it

"Resolved, 1. That the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., in session at Minneapolis, May, 1899, expresses its earnest desire to show in some fitting manner, our gratitude for the mercies of the past and our consecration to the opportunities of the future.

" Resolved, 2. That a Committee of six ministers and five elders be appointed by the Moderator to report to the next General Assembly as to the best method of fitly celebrating the close of the nineteenth and the advent of the twentieth century."

To carry out the above Kesolutions the Assembly appointed the following Committee on the Celebration of the Twentieth Century : Ministers — Robert F. Sample, D. D., Loyal Y. Graham, D. D., Eobert K Adams, D. D., W. L. McEwan, D. D., Walter A. Brooks, D. B., Howard Duffield, D. D. ; Ruling Elders — Cyrus H. McCormick, John M. Harlan, John H. Converse, Henry C. Symmes, and F. Wolcott Jackson.

This special committee of the Assembly of 1899, reported through the Chairman, Rev. Robert F. Sample, D. D., to the Assembly of 1900, and its report was adopted. A part of the report reads : —

"The Committee have held three meetings, and have carefully considered the important subject entrusted to their care. They feel that words are inadequate to express the richness of God ? s bounty to his people. The progress made by the Church of Christ in the U. S. A. during the century now closing is very great. Our own Presbyterian Church has increased from twenty thousand to one million communicants, and more than two million two hundred thousand persons have been received into our congregations on confession of faith in the course of the one hundred years. In the great missionary advance of the century, both on the home and foreign fields, our missionaries have been in the van, and the

Church was so blessed of God that she could give during the period, to the work of saving souls, through the Board of Home Missions, $21,154,867, and through the Board of Foreign Missions, $25,150,086. The total of the missionary and benevolent contributions of the Church from 1801 to 1900 exceeded $87,000,000. Such figures emphasize the truth that for the work of Christ in the world, America has been but another name for opportunity. ' Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name give glory, for thy mercy and for thy truth's sake. ' The divine favor accorded in the past is a sure foundation of hope for and new endeavor in the future.

"The Committee, after serious thought, feel that the Church, in connection with this historic period, should be summoned to praise and effort along three lines. First of all, there should be in our congregations a period of thanksgiving and prayer. This should be accompanied by a general effort for the strengthening of the financial interests of congregations and the extension of educational and missionary work. Having received from God so abundant a spiritual blessing, we should as a denomination manifest our gratitude by compliance with the scriptural command, ' Freely ye have received, freely give. ' In addition, it is believed that a public celebration, under the auspices of the General Assembly, would be a proper denominational tribute of praise to God, and an appropriate testimony to the world of the thankfulness of the Church for unnumbered mercies.

"In connection with the proposed day of public celebration by the General Assembly, it is respectfully submitted that historical reasons should lead the Assembly to appoint the services in the City of Philadelphia. It was at the beginning of the eighteenth century, nearly two hundred years ago, that the General Presbytery of this Church was organized, in that city, and in the year 1901 the First Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia will celebrate the two hundredth anniversary of the ordination of its first pastor. In the judgment of the Committee, it is highly appropriate that the Church should hold this historic celebration in the historic place in which, as an organized branch of the Church Universal, it was founded.

1 ' The Committee, in view of the preceding considerations, therefore recommend the adoption of the following Resolutions : —

"Resolved, 1. That during the observance of the Week of Prayer in January, 1901, and also wherever practicable during the week following, there be a grateful recognition of the goodness of God to his Church during the nineteenth century, and earnest supplication for his continued blessing on the Church during the twentieth century.

"Resolved, 2. That the first Friday of the General Assembly's sessions in 1901 be set apart for special services in connection with the advent of the twentieth century — the morning session to be occupied with the review of the history of the Church during the nineteenth century ; the afternoon session, with the outlook for the twentieth century ; much of the time during these sessions to be devoted to prayer and praise ; and the evening session to be of a popular character, with addresses appropriate to the occasion.

' ' Resolved, 3. That a special memorial fund, to be known as the Twentieth Century Fund, be raised for the endowment of Presbyterian academic, collegiate and theological institutions, for the enlargement of missionary enterprises, for the erection of church buildings and the payment of debts upon churches and educational institutions, and for the other work of the Boards, at the option of the donors ; contributions to specific objects to be strictly regarded, and contributions to the general work to be distributed according to the proportions which have been designated by our General Assembly as applying to miscellaneous offerings ; and care shall be taken that this special effort shall in no way conflict with or diminish the regular contributions to the treasuries of the several Boards.

" Resolved, 4. That in connection with the Fund a central committee be appointed, to consist of six ministers and five elders, whose headquarters shall be in Philadelphia ; which committee shall have a general supervision of the work, shall publish appropriate literature for the furtherance of the object, making the widest possible distribution of the same, all expenses to be met out of the general contributions ; and that the Stated Clerk of the General Assembly be appointed Treasurer of the Fund, to serve without expense, except for such clerical assistance as may be required.

" Resolved, 5. That for the reasons stated the General Assembly of 1901 meet in the City of Philadelphia."

The Committee also reported a Programme for the proposed public Celebration, and recommended " that a Special Committee of five, including the officers of the Assembly, be appointed to take charge of the Celebration, with power to attend to all matters connected therewith." The Committee as appointed was composed of — Ministers — Charles

A. Dickey, D. D., Wm. Henry Koberts, D. D., fra.

B. Noble, D. D. ; Ruling Elders — John Wanamaker, Wm. H. Scott.

The Committee thus appointed reported to the General Assembly of 1901 (see Minutes, p. 14) that " acting in accordance with the authority conferred," they had "arranged that the celebration should take place at the Academy of Music," Philadelphia, at the hours and with the speakers named by the Assembly of 1900, with the exception that the Kev. Henry van Dyke, D. D., having declined to accept the place assigned to him in the programme, owing to the pressure of other duties, it had been arranged that the report of the Committee on the Twentieth Century Fund should be presented on Friday evening. The report of the Committee was approved.

The Public Celebration thus arranged for was held as appointed, and was in all respects acceptable and successful. The audiences were large, enthusiastic and representative. The General Committee of Arrangements for the Assembly of 1901, composed of leading Philadelphians, cooperated heartily and efficiently with the Assembly's Committee, and much of the success attained was due to their efforts. The Programme of the Celebration was as follows : —

PUBLIC CELEBKATION OF THE ADVENT OF THE

ETH CENTURY,

Morning Session, 9 : 30 a. m.

John H. Converse, LL. D., Chairman.

Long Meter Doxology — " Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow."

Prayer — By the Moderator of the General Assembly.

Scripture — Eev. Geo. B. Stewart, D. D., Auburn, 1ST. Y.

Address— " Keview of the Nineteenth Century," Kev. Willis G. Craig, D. D., LL. D., Chicago, 111.

Hymn 300—" I Love Thy Kingdom, Lord."

Prayer— -Kev. D. J. Sanders, D. D., Charlotte,

K C.

Address—" Progress of the Presbyterian Church in the Nineteenth Century," Kev. Henry C. McCook, D. D., Sc. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

Prayer— Kev. J. P. E. Kumler, D. D., Pittsburg, Pa.

Hymn 298 — " Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken."

Benediction — Rev. L. Merrill Miller, D. D., Ogdensburg, 1ST. Y.

Afteenoon Session, 2 : 30 p. m.

Eev. E. R. Burkhalter, D. D., of Iowa, Chairman.

Hymn 524—" Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah."

Prayer — Rev. Herrick Johnson, D. D., Chicago, 111.

Address — "The Divine Purpose Developed in the Progress of Time," Rev. Henry Collin Minton, D. D., San Anselmo, Cal.

Hymn 225—" In the Cross of Christ I Glory."

Prayer — Rev. Samuel M. Hamilton, D. D., Englewood, 1ST. J.

Address— "The Problems of the Twentieth Century," Rev. George T. Purves, D. D., LL. D., New York, K Y.

Hymn 503 — " Christian, Seek not Yet Repose."

Prayer— Rev. William H. James, D. D., Springdale, Ohio.

Address — " The Speedy Bringing of the World to Christ," Mr. Robert E. Speer, New York, K Y.

Prayer — Rev. J. Milton Greene, D. D., Porto Rico.

Hymn 386—" The Morning Light is Breaking."

Benediction — Rev. John N. Forman, Fatehgarh, India.

Evening Session, 8 p. m.

Hon. John Wanamaker, Chairman.

Anthem — " Jubilate Deo," by the Young People's Choir, Mr. James Morrison, Jr., Conductor.

Hymn 425— " Blest Be the Tie that Binds."

Prayer — Kev. H. A. Ketchum, D. 1)., Salem, Oreg.

Report — Committee on the Twentieth Century Fund.

Addresses — Rev. M. A. Brownson, D. D., and Rev. Charles A. Dickey, D. D.

Hymn 347—" Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus."

Prayer— Rev. J. D. Moffat, D. D., Washington, Pa.

Address — "The Opportunity and Duty of the Presbyterian Church in the Twentieth Century," Rev. Samuel J. Mccolls, D. D., LL. D., St. Louis, Mo.

Anthem by the Choir — " The Recessional."

Prayer — Rev. S. Hall Young, D. D., Alaska.

Hymn 370 — " Onward, Christian Soldiers."

Benediction— Rev. W. H. W. Boyle, D. D., Colorado

Springs, Col.

The Committee on the Celebration presented to the Assembly the recommendation " that the Stated Clerk be directed and authorized to defray the expenses of the meeting, and that he also be empowered to prepare a volume containing the addresses delivered upon this occasion, the same to be published by the Board of Publication and Sabbath-

School- Work." The recommendation was adopted.

One notable feature of the Celebration was an Historical and Missionary exhibit arranged in the Academy of Fine Arts, illustrating the history of the Presbyterian Church and the progress of its missionary work during the nineteenth century. This exhibit set forth in an admirable and striking manner the work of all the Missionary and Benevolent Boards as well as the general History of the Church, and the gentleman to whose knowledge, skill and energy it was largely due, is the Kev. Henry C. McCook, D. D., Sc. D., pastor of the Tabernacle Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia. With Dr. McCook were associated other Ministers and Elders who cordially cooperated with him.

Special recognition is also made of the excellent services of the Chorus Choir, composed of young people, organized by the Eev. C. M. Alford, D. D., and led by Mr. James Morrison, Jr.

The General Assembly made record of its satisfaction over the Celebration, and tendered to the speakers, the chairmen, and all who participated therein, its profound sense of gratitude.

The Church is indebted to the Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work, and to the officers of the Board, for their hearty cooperation in this as in all the work of the Church, and for the admirable manner in which this volume of addresses has been carried through the press.

Wm. Henry Kobeets.

REVIEW OF THE NINETEENTH CEN- TURY

Rev. WILLIS GREEN CRAIG, D. D., LL. D.

REVIEW OF THE NINETEENTH CENTUKY

Eev. WILLIS GREEN CRAIG, D. D., LL. D.

Mr. Moderator, Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : —

It has been well said that, " the dawn of a new century affords a natural occasion for a retrospect into the past, for the taking of stock of the world's gain and loss, for a comparison of the world as we see it to-day, with its condition as it was known to our ancestors a hundred years ago."

The task imposed by this review is a difficult one. The period under consideration embraces the lifetime of three ordinary generations of men. The achievements of the century, as compared with all past time, border on the marvelous. The movement, especially in the latter half of the period, is so rapid, and upon lines of such far-reaching importance, that the reviewer is confused, if not appalled, as he undertakes his task. The problems handed over by the nineteenth to the twentieth century are so various, so grave and so far from

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18 TWENTIETH CENTDEY ADDRESSES

solution, that we look with awe upon the mighty things that have been done, in the light of the solemn duties that they impose upon those who must conduct the race along the perilous path of the era that has just dawned. And, above all, the time allowed for this discussion is so brief, as to all but guarantee inadequate treatment. But without further words we may enter upon our task.

In order that we may understand the distinctive and influential movements of the nineteenth century, let us observe the situation of the great nations of the earth at its opening.

M. Jules Roche in an article in the Paris Figaro, has given us an accurate outline of the population of the great nations, of what is called "active humanity," at the beginning of the nineteenth century. There is little resemblance between the Europe of 1801 and the Europe of to-day. The names of the larger states are the same, but they describe very different entities. The population of France with its new and natural boundaries was 33,000,000. Russia had but 36,000,000, mostly uncivilized. The United Kingdom had only 16,000,000. The old German empire, which was then but a political expression — having crumbled before the arms of France, — contained in its 300 constituent states, but 25,000,000. Austria and Hungary had as many. There was no Italy. The Kingdom of Sardinia had less than 3,000,000. The States of the Church, less than 3,000,000. The Kingdom of

Naples, almost 5,000,000. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1,000,000. On this side of the Atlantic, our country with its 5,000,000 inhabitants was the only one whose numbers were known. The population of what may be called the outlying peoples was unknown. The facts as to these nations were but feebly grasped, and no special account taken of them as forces to be considered in the ongoing of human civilization.

One hundred years ago " active humanity " numbered less than 175,000,000.

Consider the political condition of the " active peoples " at the opening of the nineteenth century.

The most terrific outburst of human passion against a grinding, pitiless, long-continued tyranny of king and ruling classes that the world has ever known, made memorable the closing years of the eighteenth century. The French people with a shout of wild agony had rushed for the throat of authority, had seized and strangled it to death. The nation raised its bloody hands to heaven and swore a mighty oath, that kings and nobles, ruling classes, tyrants, all destroyers of human liberty, and wanton enemies of all rational happiness, should exist no more. Out from the murderous riot and deadly killing of those awful revolution days, there issued the note of human aspiration, and hope for man, as man, and the maddened throng, even in the midst of the frenzied tumult of unchecked passion, demanded that liberty, equality, and fraternity, should henceforth be the watchwords of human society.

If the aspiration was lawful, and the expression of it had anything of the true and the practicable in it, the time was not yet, and the people had not arrived by whom it could be brought to realization. As our century opened, a gigantic spirit arose, almost unparalleled among men, voracious in his selfishness, far-seeing in vision, conscienceless in thought and corresponding act, resistless in power, who laid hold of the storm of human passion, guided it for a time along its purposed path, and then, with all but magical skill, turned it away from its origins, and required it to do his bidding, as he led it along the highway of his enormous ambitions, looking to personal glory and unrestrained power. Under the leadership of the great Napoleon, Europe blazed with war for the first dozen years of the nineteenth century ; war which left human rights, happiness and even life out of sight, and which threatened the very foundations of public order and rational government. Progress toward better things for humanity at large ; for the imposition and execution of just and humane laws; for sane education, which levels up the people as a mass toward civic righteousness and levels down rulers into a love for subjects and to a rightful exercise of acknowledged authority, did not begin in Europe at the beginning of our century. Another country was designated of God to discover and express the ultimate principles of human freedom, to establish these principles in abiding constitutional forms, and then to set them in practical operation through administrative agencies, for the happiness of its own people, as a beacon light for the oppressed in every land, and for the slow but sure instruction of the nations as to the rights of man, the necessary presupposition of human dignity, progress, and true happiness. That nation, our beloved land, thus summoned to this august enterprise, had assumed the commanding form of national life only a few short years before the nineteenth century opened. The scars of the embattled farmers who had won the prize of political freedom against enormous odds had hardly healed when the new century was called to begin its eventful course.

The new-born nation was few in numbers, all but impoverished by a long-continued devouring war, scattered over immense tracts of but partially settled territory, hemmed in by the sea on the one side and by unbroken primeval forests on the other, threatened day and night by savage tribes embittered by wrongs which they could not forget, and with every species of administrative perplexity clamoring for speedy settlement, with an untried instrument of government waiting to be expounded and illustrated by action, fitted to secure the liberties that had been purchased at such a costly price of blood and treasure. Who could say that the new nation would live? Or who would dare to imagine that, ere the century closed, it would forge to the side of the foremost nations in the world, and even challenge them, one and all, for the leadership in whatever makes a nation great in learning, in resources, in power, in numbers and in influence, wherever and whenever the mightiest world powers are gathered for debate and decision as to the destinies of the race ? And yet there need have been no uneasy questioning, for the young nation was designate of God. It came into national being at the appointed time. It was quick with living principles. It had obtained a stage for action, in its national possessions, broad enough to act out a mighty play before the world at large. A few leading spirits in England and on the continent, whose unclouded vision could in some real sense pierce the future, saw the promised potency of the newcomer among the nations, and they were glad. As for the most, they sat sullen, and prophesied evil.

We do not hesitate to say that the appearance on the scene of organized national life of our nation was the greatest single event in the world's history at the opening of the nineteenth century.

Concerning the lands and peoples outside of what I have called " active humanity," there is nothing of historical importance to record. When the year 1801 was first written on our calendars, bold voyagers had touched remote islands and distant ports. They had coasted the shores of unknown lands. A little trade here and a little there, sufficient to awaken the cupidity of the adventurers, but not great enough to stimulate arduous and sustained exploration. The knowledge of the outlying peoples was hopelessly inadequate, and consequently invalid.

A single people, China, ancient and mighty, with a population outnumbering, in point of fact, the entirety of the progressive peoples, was lying in hermit-like isolation, exclusive, and excluding all other men from its hoary precincts, and barely permitting approach to its outermost harbors. The real Africa, was " Terra Incognita." Even the old central seats of human life, from whence came the impetuous hordes that seized and settled Europe, had retreated from the gaze of civilized man, or, at most, remained an intangible reality, indefinite to thought, unknown as to conquest, commerce or evangelization.

India with its teeming millions, its recondite philosophy, its ascetic religion, its damaging system of caste, its fabulous wealth, was in the way of being exploited by a greedy commercial company, which looked down with haughty contempt on the softmannered natives, and sought, not them, but their possessions, their jewels, their gold, their lands, their very homes, founded by ancestors whose blood had run pure for a thousand years.

Even the Spanish Americans to the south of us were an uncensused people, and counted for little in the plans, the operations, and the general outlook, of the dominant nations at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Such was the political and territorial aspect of the world 100 years ago.

Next think upon the condition of letters at the opening of the century and its earliest years.

The brilliant lights of eighteenth century letters were still shining when our century dawned. Addison, Steele, Johnson, Gibbon, Garrick, and Keynolds, had passed away ; but their influence was not lost. We may find polish and sentiment, striving after a true ethic, a certain seeking unto God on the part of the essayist. The tone of the poet was often well modulated and sweet, the aspirations lofty, and the opinions just, but the singers were chanting to a narrow audience and the verse moved within a restricted circle. The world's peoples were far away, closed out from the thinker's thoughts, debarred from his sympathies, by the apparent unreality of their existence. The historian studied with unwearied industry the memorials of classic antiquity. He led his patient reader into the byways of Greek and Eoman life, and traced their adventurous steps along the highways of splendid national achievements ; but their national life was of the past, their glory faded, their significance to be measured by the value of the lessons which might be drawn from an extinguished career.

Living nations, incredible as to numbers, hoary with age, vital with living forces, waiting to be called, were unknown, and the polished essayist, the painstaking historian, the learned publicist, the impassioned poet, had no word for them, — their hour had not struck. Letters, no matter how brilliant, arising out of the bosom of "active humanity," could not reach to them, could not even find them. Another and a different agency must be summoned before the world of men could be brought face to face in order to mutual acquaintance and common benefits. Will the nineteenth century find the agency, while all past generations have failed to discover it ?

Let us pass now to consider the condition of Christianity as to numbers, organization, spiritual vigor, range of effort, general ideals, and practical plans for the extension of the gospel in the beginning of the nineteenth century.

It is no exaggeration to say that the period just preceding the dawn of the nineteenth century was one of the darkest in the history of the Christian Church, and perhaps the darkest in the history of Protestantism. A reliable historian informs us, " that the Protestantism of the Eeformation seemed almost to have spent its force. It had wasted itself in internal conflicts, lost its independence by partnership with the State, and minimized its influence by an alliance with nationalism, moderatism, and a destructive worldliness. In Great Britain the Wesleyan movement had not reached a dominative position. Presbyterianism in that realm was all but extinct, the English Established Church was negative in doctrinal teachings, formal in religious life, immersed in worldliness. On the continent torpor reigned, and Christian activity seemed a thing of the past. In America the feeble Christian life was sorely taxed in a struggle for self-preservation. One hundred years ago the aggressive power of Protestantism was reduced to its minimum. The science, the philosophy, and the culture, of that age were almost wholly against evangelical Christianity. Never before nor since has infidelity combined relatively so much wealth, culture and power. Hume's nameless blasphemies, Voltaire's brilliant wit and amazing industry, and the French Kevolution with its mighty sweep of radical revolt, combined to subvert the popular belief in Christianity and brand the Church as a creature of superstition and falsehood. In the first quarter of the nineteenth century this revolt struggled hard to maintain its ground and even to push the struggle on to the complete destruction of Christianity." Even after 1817, we are told, in the course of a few years nearly 6,000,000 volumes of the works of Voltaire and Kousseau and other infidel writers, besides countless tracts, were circulated on the continent of Europe. Was there ever such a whirlwind of destructive forces raging at one time against the kingdom of our Lord ?

To offset this we have in 1790, in the way of aggressive Christianity, only three foreign missionary societies in Europe, and none in America. In the last ten years of the eighteenth century five additional foreign missionary societies were founded. These new societies, however, at first encountered great unbelief and opposition from many in the Churches, and ridicule from the world. Ecclesiastical bodies in Scotland denounced the scheme of foreign missions as illusive, visionary and dangerous, and decreed that it was absurd to think of propagating the gospel abroad, so long as there remained a single individual at home without the means of religious knowledge.

Under these general conditions abroad and at home the nineteenth century opened. What will the human race accomplish during the course of the single century which we call the nineteenth ? There was no prophet to foretell. ]STo poet could have even fancied the mighty things to be accomplished in a single century. The past furnished no patterns for the work now to be attempted. The materials for a picture of the coming years were not within the grasp, nor even within the knowledge, of men. The human intellect was alive, vigorous and disciplined. Man was in the midst of his environments. But he had not made their acquaintance. Me may learn what is about him, and then a new movement will begin. The breath of the Spirit must blow upon man, if the new century is to move forward to any wider knowledge, to any real advance along the highway of Christian development, to any worthy deeds looking to the real fulfillment of Christ's great commission to disciple all nations.

The first great lesson that is impressed upon the student of the beginning of the nineteenth century is that nothing more of prime importance can be done to lift the race along an upward way looking to ultimate victory over the super-abounding evils that afflict this world, save in the power of a fresh and abounding baptism of the Holy Spirit. It is the old, old lesson — away from God, life in the mere energy of the flesh, and the race sinks back into moral corruption and consequent weakness, even though there be the glamour of wealth and the semblance of power. The needed baptism of the Spirit came in the early years of the century. Moderatism died the death in Scotland. Evangelical religion as the fruit of organized Wesleyanism in Great Britain, and the far-reaching revivals in this country, changed the face of things at home and abroad. Great religious organizations, fitted for the mighty tasks of a world-wide evangelization, began to take shape. Men were soon thinking of spiritual conquests on a scale never considered before. They laid the foundations deep, and inlaid them with principles pertinent to universal conquests. Mere local benefits no longer controlled the thinking and planning of Christian men. As we look back, we are amazed to observe the comprehensive principles which guided the organizing movements intended to propagate the gospel which the Christian fathers in the early days of the century undertook and perfected. They were, comparatively speaking, a localized generation — provincial we would say now — out of touch with the world qua world. But the mere local conception of things did not predominate in their thought as they wrought out the framework of their religious societies. Universality of Christian knowledge, Christian discipleship, and Christian benefits, guided their arduous endeavors and influenced their widening sympathies. They did not know accurately the mighty numbers of the world's teeming population, but they thought out toward them and stretched out their hands over the vast spaces of the habitable globe, ready to bless whatever distant tribe or nation might be found.